AGRB 2050 Final Exam

Which of the statements is false? A. The highest condition cull cow is: Boning Utility B. We defined a calf as a young bovide of either sex (male or female). C. A complete fertilizer contains: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium. D. All of the options provided are false. E. Reducing the need to apply fertilizers is one of the benefits of cover crops.

A. The highest condition cull cow is: Boning Utility.

Engel's Law

As income increases the proportion of income spent on food falls, even if the actual expenditure rises. Income elasticity is between 0 and 1

Elastic

At any price above $P, quantity demanded is 0. When the price is exactly $P, consumers will buy any quantity. A number more negative than one. (-2, -3, -4, etc.) Ex: a candy bar

Conservation Crop Rotation

A sequence of crops on the same field for the purpose of supporting soil health, conserving natural resources, and improving environmental outcomes from farming. Includes at least one high-residue crop, at least one low-nitrogen crop, and as attaining a threshold level of average annual residue.

Explain to your friend what we mean with the term "beggar thy neighbor".

"Beggar thy neighbor" is when one country/region imposes a policy that is detrimental to other countries/regions retaliation may occur, as a result everyone is worse off.

Green Revolution

A series of research, development, and technology transfer initiatives that increased agricultural production.

Which of the following statements is correct? A. All of the options provided are false. B. GAP certification is a voluntary audit that ensures the use to verify that livestock products are produced, packed, handled, and stored in the safest matter possible. C. If price. elasticity of demand is -3 then a 1 percent increase in the price of the good causes quantity demanded to increase by 3 percent. D. Every product in a farmers market is local E. The. first state to introduce mandatory GMO labeling is California F. A bonding network is more fragile than a bridging one

A. All of the options are false.

What is the definition of a "farming dependent county"?

Farming dependent counties are those where 25% or more of the county's average annual labor and proprietors' earnings were derived from farming, or 16% or more of jobs were in farming.

Despite being a great political commentator Kent Brockman has no clue regarding the re-authorization of the U.S. farm policy. Please name the 6 steps to Kent so you will educate him.

1. Hearings and listening sessions in D.C. 2. The House Ag. Committee drafts and passes a bill. The bill is considered by the full house which will debate the bill, consider amendments and vote. 3. The Senate Ag. Committee also drafts and passes a bill which is considered and voted by the full senate. 4. A conference committee allows the House and the Senate to come together on a compromise. 5. Final bill passes by the House and the Senate. 6. Signed into law or vetoed by the president.

Which of the following statements is false? A. all of the statements are false. B. Examining why students in AGRB 2050 buy or do not buy GM products is an example of a macroeconomic topic C. When we refer to cull cow, a "boning utility' means a cull cow has a Body Condition Score of 7 or higher. D. Landlords should be free to charge whatever they want is an example of a positive statement. E. During our discussion about free range and grain fed beef livestock we talked about CAFOs. CAFO stands from Concentrated Animal Fattening Operation.

A. All of the statements are false.

Subsistence Farming

Farming system where the food and goods produced are predominantly consumed by the farm family and there is little surplus for sale in the market.

Commercial Farms

Farms with $350,000 or more gross cash farm income and non-family farms

Residence Farm

Farms with less than $350,000 in gross cash farm income.

Which of the following is true? A. None of the options provided are true. B. The most fundamental economic problem is ensuring that business will not lose money. C. The most fundamental economic problem is determining the most fair distribution of society's output. D. According to marginal analysis, the optimal decision is when marginal benefit is positive. E. Conventional Tillage has STIR rating less than 80 F. One of the four assumptions of the cobweb phenomenon is that farmers can manage supply with reserves

A. None of the options provided are true

Which of the following options is false? A. Photoperiodic Insensitivity was a side effect of Norman Borlaug's idea to develop shuttle breeding. B. According to Culinary Enlightenment Thesis: Attributes the changes in American "food culture" in the last few decades to advances in agriculture, nutritional sciences, global movement of people and ideas. C. All of the options provided are false. D. A complete fertilizer contains: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium.

A. Photoperiodic Insensitivity was a side effect of Norman Borlaug's idea to develop shuttle breeding.

Conventional Tillage

A combination of tillage management practices that result in a STIR of greater than 80.

What causes a demand curve to shift left?

A decrease in demand

Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)

A group of people buys shares for a portion of the expected harvest of a farm.

Cross Price Elasticity

A measure. of how the quantity demanded of one good changed given a 1% change in the price of another good.

Soil Tillage Intensity Rating (STIR)

A numerical index that represents the type and severity of disturbance caused by tillage operations.

Balanced Ration

A ration which furnishes all the necessary nutrients in the proportions and amounts needed by the animal for normal functioning and growth.

Which of the following options is correct? A. We defined as credence attributes, the ones that consumers cannot verify by themselves. B. GMO crops have shown an increase in intrinsic yield. C. All of the options provided are correct. D. When discussing the "Agriculture's Special Conditions" we categorized the "supply chain funnel" as part of the market conditions. E. One of the assumptions of the agricultural treadmill is that there are no reserves.

A. We defined as credence attributes, the ones that consumers cannot verify by themselves

Which of the following statements is correct? A. Resource and waste recovery is not part of the food system elements. B. The production function shows the combination of inputs used to produce the same amount of output. C. All of the options provided are true. D. Total Factor Productivity. (TFP) growth is a measure of the rate of growth of total output relative to the rate of growth of total inputs. E. Your instructor Mike is from Greece.

A. Resource and waste recovery is not part of the food system elements.

Which of the following options is true? A. Suppose that when Seinfeld's bakery raised the price of its bread by 10% the quantity demanded fell by 15%. Then the total revenue decreased. B. The greater the substitutability between Northwest timber and Southwest timber, the smaller is the cross price elasticity of demand between timber from the two regions and the larger is the elasticity of demand for Northwest timber. C. If elasticity of demand equals 0, then the good is perfectly elastic. D. The term organic farming was first introduced by Jerome Rodale in his book "silent spring". E. All of the options provided are false.

A. Suppose that when Seinfeld's bakery raised the price of its bread by 10% the quantity demanded fell by 15%. Then the total revenue decreased.

Which of the following options is correct? A. The acronym CSA stands for Community Sponsored Agriculture. B. Credible certification regarding labeling of organic products appeared in 1990. C. During the class we talked about the GAP certification. The acronym GAP stands for "Guidelines for Agricultural Practices". D. Produce can be called organic if it's certified to have grown on soil that had no prohibited substances applied for two years prior to harvest. E. Demand is inelastic when the price elasticity in absolute value is greater than one.

B. Credible certification regarding labeling of organic products appeared in 1990.

Homer Simpson claims that the end of the last ice age is the reason why humans transitioned to farming. His close friend Peter Griffin on the other hand claims that, as usual, Homer does not know what he is talking about. Explain who is correct and why by providing arguments and counter-arguments in a well developed paragraph.

After the last ice age, temperatures became warmer and more areas became more suitable for farming. The climate and environment provided quality conditions to grow crops. Homer's argument is. correct because when temperatures warm up it allows more plants to grow and melts ice which increases the water available to provide for the crops. The counterargument is that if the end of the ice age was the reason why humans transitioned to farming then farming would have developed at the same time across the world.

Which of following is false? A. a complete fertilizer contains: Nitrogen, Urea, and Potassium B. One of the requirements for animal domestication is for the animal to be herbivorous C. When referring to livestock, body conditions ranges from 1 to 10 D. All of the options provided are false E. All of the options provided are true

D. All of the options provided are false

Ration

Amount of feed that an animal consumes in 24 hours.

Elasticities

An elasticity measures the responsiveness of one economic variable to changes in other economic variables. Ex: How responsive is the quantity demanded of ice cream to changes in the price of ice cream

What causes a demand curve to shift right?

An increase in demand

Unitary Elasticity

Any change in the price of a good will lead to an equally proportional change in quantity demanded. Exactly -1 Ex: a 10% price increase will lead to. a. 10% decrease. in quantity demanded.

Farm

Any place from which $1,000 or more of agricultural products were produced and sold, or normally would have been sold, during the year.

Which of the following is correct? A. During our discussion about the history of U.S farm policy, we mentioned that USDA was established in the "third period". B. Price elasticity of demand is not influenced by the units of measurement used for price or quantity demanded. C. If we know the elasticity of demand, we can tell producers what will happen to profit when they change price. D. The most. recent farm bill has 14 titles. E. The. term "gasohol" was introduced with the 2007 energy independence act. F. In general elasticity can measure whether a price increase causes quantity demanded to increase or decrease.

B. Price elasticity of demand is not influenced by the units on measurement used for price or quantity demanded.

Which of the following statements is correct? A. Famines, epidemics, and postponements of marriage are examples of preventive checks according to Malthus B. During our discussion about the 4 stages of demographic transition, we mentioned that on "Stage #1" there is a steady population. C. If we are "inside" the production possibility curve, we underutilize our resources. D. The production function shows the combination inputs used to produce the same amount of output. E. One of the main reasons for the "Malthusian Trap" is that food production increases in a geometric rate, while population grows at an arithmetic rate. F. Total benefit is maximized at the point where Marginal Benefit=Marginal Cost

B. and C. During our discussion about the 4 stages of demographic transition, we mentioned that on "Stage #1" there is a steady population. If we are "inside" the production possibility curve, we underutilize our resources.

Which of the following options is false? A. The facilitating functions of marketing include (but are not limit to) risk taking, and grades and standards B. The first U.S. legislation that contained a renewable fuel standard was the Energy Independence and Security act of 2007. C. Concentration is the process of larger companies dominating the market share. D. The Capper-Volstead act introduced the Extension system in U.S.A. E. The transportation function marketing overcomes the space barrier.

B. and D. The first U.S. legislation that contained a renewable fuel standard was the Energy Independence and Security act of 2007. The Capper-Volstead act introduced the Extension system in U.S.A.

Which of the following statements is correct? A. a change in the price of a good shifts the good's demand curve but does not cause a movement along it. B. A good with a horizontal demand curve has an infinite elasticity C. If a product has many substitutes then demand is inelastic. D. If elasticity of demand is -0.5 then the good is inferior. E. Longer adjustment period translate to more elastic demand. F. According to Engel's law, as our income increases we spent fewer dollars for food.

B. and E. A good with a horizontal demand curve has an infinte elasticity Longer adjustment period translate to more elastic demand.

Light

Body condition score of 1 or 2 and low dressing percentage.

Which. of the following options is correct? A. All of the options provided are correct B. suppose a. country produces only bikes and. clothing. The country. achieves an efficient allocation of resources when produces equal amount of bikes and clothes C. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for protecting agriculture from pest and diseases. D. Conservation crop rotation should include at least one high residue crop, one low nitrogen crop and attain a threshold level of average annual residue. E. Norman Borlaug developed the Shuttle breeding technique to reduce lodging problems.

D. Conservation crop rotation should include at least one high residue crop, one low nitrogen crop and attain a threshold level of average annual residue.

Which of the statements is false? (if all options are true, select the answer: None of the options are true). A. Famines, epidemics, and postponement of marriage are examples of preventive checks according to Malthus B. Cobweb phenomenon is a term used in agriculture to describe the cycle of improving technology, reducing the cost of production and eventually lower market prices C. None of the options are true D. The primary basis of trade autarky E. "Agriculture and Society is my favorite class, thus it should last for two semesters" is an example of a positive statement.

C. None of the options are true

Which of the following is not an example of opportunity cost? A. By choosing to attend college, Jean was not able to continue working as an electrician; as a result, she gave up more than $85,000 in earnings while she was in college. B. Because David used all of his vacation time to paint his house, he was unable to visit the Caribbean last year. C. Because Mary is being paid a higher wage, she can afford to buy a new car even though she is moving into a bigger apartment. D. All of the options provided refer to opportunity cost. E. By spending Thursday night studying for an economics exam, a student was unable to complete a homework assignment for calculus class.

C. Because Mary is being paid a higher wage, she can afford to buy a new car even though she is moving into a bigger apartment.

Which of the following option is correct? A. a characteristic that can be used to differentiate among farm types is $350,000 in profit (if a farm has more or less than that threshold) B. Live weight is a unit of measurement of livestock, the equivalent of one mature cow weighing 1,000 Ibs C. Conventional Tillage has STIR rating greater than 80 D. Agricultural village societies relied more extensively on domesticated animals than on crops E. All of the options are false F. All of the options are true

C. Conventional Tillage has STIR rating than 80

Which of the following options is correct? A. Marginal benefit is the amount of one good that we must give up to produce one more unit of another good. B. According to Tulmin's theory of argumentation, the 3 different types of grounds are: factual, value, and policy. C. One of the most common crops that is not GMO is wheat. D. In terms of manipulating genes: Society has manipulated genes for a long time, but gene splicing is a recent phenomenon. E. On the top of the "food pyramid" that we discussed in class the top part is living well. F. The agency responsible for proper labeling of plant derived food and feed product is USDA

C. and D. One of the most common crops that is not GMO is wheat. In terms of manipulating genes: Society has manipulated genes for a long time, but gene splicing is a recent phenomenon.

Rudolf Steiner

Championed the biodynamic farming Grow crops with composed animal manure plus other preparations such as chamomile blossom and oak barks.

What are the 5 components of total cropland?

Cropland harvested Crop failure Cultivated summer fallow Cropland used only for pasture Idle cropland

Dressing Percentage

Divide the hot carcass weight by the live animal weight

During the class discussions about the dust bowl, we mentioned that farmers "did not understand" something important which had a substantial impact on the dust bowl. What was this factor?

During the dust bowl, farmers did not understand that the plants that were living in the area were native to the area. When farmers started tilling up the land, they dug up many roots from these native plants. The roots helped hold the soil together and keep water in the soil. after they dug up the roots, the soil became very loose and could not absorb water as well. This caused the soil to be loose and dry and made farming very difficult.

Which of the following statements is true? A. Production points inside the production possibility frontier are efficient and attainable B. A nation has a competitive advantage in the production of goods with the lowest opportunity cost C. Henry Blair was the pioneer of Green Revolution D. Farming was originally developed in the area between Spain and France known as Fertile Crescent E. None of the options are true

E. None of the options are true.

Which of the following statements is false? A. The term organic farming was first introduced by Jerome Rodale in 1942. B. The processing function of marketing overcomes the value barrier. C. An increase in the price of a soda drink will decrease quantity demanded for the drink. D. For organic meat, regulations require that animals are few 100% organic feed. E. According to Engel's law, as our income increases we spent fewer dollars for food. F. If a good is inelastic an increase in the price will increase profit.

E. and F. According to Engel's law, as our income. increases we spent fewer dollars for food. If a good is inelastic an increase in the price will increase profit.

Which of the following statements is correct? A. according to the cobweb phenomenon, farmers plan their future production based on future prices. B. We categorized the agricultural treadmill under the market conditions of agriculture C. Commodity crop is any crop that is sold off the farm to return a profit. D. A farmer who has not operated a farm or ranch for more than 5 consecutive years is defined as a new/beginning farmer. E. According to the theory of demic diffusion, farmers spread out by displacing or exterminating hunter-gathers. F. Pastoral societies relied more extensively on domesticated animals than on crops.

E. and F. According to the theory of demic diffusion, farmers spread out by displacing or exterminating hunter-gathers. Pastoral societies relied more extensively on domesticated animals than on crops

Which of the following options is false? A. Chiefdoms are Societies in which agricultural communities were ruled by figures who inherited positions of power and privilege. B. According to the theory of cultural diffusion hunter gathers "decided" to become farmers by adopting domestication methods. C. Among other things, cover crops can be used for erosion control. D. Malthus obtained data from Benjamin Franklin E. USDA classifies commercial farms with $350,000 or more profit. F. Revenue that does not accrue to the farm should be included when we calculate gross cash farm income.

E. and F. USDA classifies commercial farms with $350,000 or more profit. Revenue that does not accrue to the farm should be included when we calculate gross cash farm income

Beginning Farmer

Farmers who have not. operated a farm or ranch for more than 10 consecutive years.

Female Cattle

Female who gave birth: Cow Female who hasn't birthed: Heifer

Farmer Al Falfa claims that "Free Range Grass Fed beef cattle is better for the environment". Explain using what we discussed in the class if his statement is correct. If the answer has 2 different points of view you need to clearly mention both of the different options.

Finishing cattle on grass requires more land for pasture but that may be offset by the land required to produce grain and soy used in feed. The impact of grazing and growing feed depends on a number of factors. Well managed pasture needs little or no fertilizer or pesticide and may be better at sequestering carbon, preventing erosion, and fostering biodiversity that land devoted for crops. However, overgrazing can promote erosion and desertification. Furthermore, grass finished cattle yield less beef per carcass, which increases the environmental impact per pound. Overall, the ecological impact depends on the particularities of the operation.

Specialty Crops

Fruits and vegetables, tree nuts, dried fruits and horticulture and nursery crops, including floriculture.

What is the definition of functional foods?

Functional foods are foods that benefits the body in more ways than regular nutritious foods do. These foods are designed to have more healing benefits and are used mainly for medicinal purposes.

Double Crop

Harvesting of 2 crops or commodities in a calendar year.

During the review lecture we mentioned how Mike selects what type of steak to buy from the grocery store...What is the anser?

He buys whatever steak is the cheapest.

Breaker

Highest condition cull cow, carrying heavy flesh. High dressing percentage and Body Condition Score higher than 7.

Bridging

Horizontal ties shaping heterogeneous groups of people with different backgrounds.

Inelastic

If demand is perfectly inelastic buyers are completely insensitive to price changes Any increase in price leaves quantity demanded untouched. A number between 0 and 1 Ex: Medicine

Gross Cash Farm Income

Includes the farm's sales of crops and livestock, government payments, and other farm. related income but excludes revenues that. do not. accrue to the farm.

What changes may cause the demand curve to shift?

Income Population tastes and preferences

Briefly explain what we defined in the class as the "push effect".

Labor productivity is high in agriculture (technological development). As a result, labor is pushed out.

Bonding

Links between like-minded people or the reinforcement of homogeneity.

Aunt Em recently attended a farmers meeting close to her farm in Kansas. During the meeting there was a very passionate debate about the impact on local foods on climate change. Aunt Em left that meeting very confused so she reached out to you for help. Can you explain to Aunt Em if local foods are good, bad, or both in terms of climate change and why?

Local foods can be both good and bad for the environment. Local foods describe agricultural food products that have been produced less than 400 miles from its origin. Local foods can still be grown with human-made fertilizers, pesticides, or preservatives which can be bad for the environment due to chemical runoff and ground water pollution. Too much animal waste can damage the land also. However, local foods that are grown without any additives are good in terms of climate change. The main thing about local foods that affects climate change is the way a person travels to buy local foods. A person can travel the same distance as another person to buy local foods but produce more gas emissions due to the type of car they are driving.

Local foods have the potential to provide health benefits. #1. Mention 1 reason to explain why this is a possibility (in other words, explain if/how local foods can provide health benefits). #2. Mention one of the 2 reasons related to consumers that should hold for local foods to provide health benefits.

Local foods have the potential to provide health benefits because they are fresher than other foods. Local foods are usually bought closer to when they were harvested allowing them to have more of nutritional advantage over other foods. Consumers should have a higher demand for nutritional foods and be more concerned about their health which will lead to buying more local foods because they are fresher.

Local Foods

Locally or regionally produced agricultural food product less than 400 miles from its origin, or within the state in which is produced. Canada: whole foods less than 7 hours of travel.

Boning Utility

Moderate condition cull cow with a Body Condition Score of 5 or 6.

Are most organic food grown on small or large farms?

Most organic food is grown on large farms. Small farms represent 70% of all organic farms but 75% of organic production comes from large farms.

Complete Fertilizer

Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium

Is hunger and food insecurity the same thing? If not explain why, if yes...just type yes they are the same.

No, they are not the same thing. Food insecurity refers to food availability. Hunger is an individual-level physiological condition that may result from food insecurity. f

Male Cattle

Not castrated: Bull (at least 24 month) Castrated at young age: Steer Castrated at. older age: Stag

Body Condition Score

Numbers used to estimate energy reserves in the form of fat and muscle of beef cows. BCS ranges from 1 to 9, with a score of 1 being extremely thin and 9 being very obese.

Is organic farming better for the environment?

Organic farming is both good and bad for the environment. Organic farming is less likely to generate damaging chemical runoff and ground water pollution which is good for the environment. However, it requires more land per bushel which causes a threat to fragile lands, and over application of animal waste may damage the environment which is bad. The best approach is to combine with conventional production (synthetic nitrogen and rotation). But this is not possible under the traditional organic standards.

What do we mean with the term "photoperiodic insensitivity" and how Norman B. achieved that?

Photoperiodic insensitivity refers to plants that are not very sensitive to differences in the length of the day. Norman B. achieved this through a process called shuttle breeding which is used to speed up the process of cross breeding to create a new breed that is resistant to specific conditions. He developed a stain of wheat that can tolerate different lengths of days which can thrive as a summer and winter crop and be grown in a wide range of climate.

When can produce be called organic?

Produce can be called organic if it's certified to have grown on soil that had no prohibited substances applied for 3 years prior to harvest.

Rachel Carson

Published Silent Spring in 1962. Reenergized the move against synthetic pesticides.

Jerome Irving Rodale

Published the Organic Gardening and Farming magazine in 1942. He created the term "organic farming".

What is rotational grazing?

Rotation grazing is the process of rotating cattle in an enclosed area all around a field so that the cattle are not roaming the whole entire field freely. This process allows the cattle to eat the grass that is in the enclosed area while the other parts of the field is being untouched allowing more grass to be grown there. When the cattle eat all the grass in the enclosed area, the farmer will move the enclosed area to a part on the field that does have grass so the cattle can have food. This become a continuous cycle.

If the cross price elasticity is greater than 0...

The % change in the quantity demanded of one good and the price of another good are directly related. These goods are substitutes.

If cross price elasticity is less than 0...

The % change in the quantity demanded of one good and the price of another good are negatively related. These goods are complements

Explain to your friend, Forest Gump, what the Florida model is and how it potentially relates to local foods (if it does not relate to local food please explain why).

The Florida model explains that as the economy increases, cities/regions have to change their competitive advantage. A more appealing city/region will attract new people to the area to preform business. This relates to local foods because if a city/region sells local foods, that could potentially attract people from out of town to the area to preform business. A local. farmers market is a good way for a city/region to become more appealing and attract more business.

Carefully explain what the GAP requirements are. (Why they are needed, for what type of production, how can a producer meet the requirements)

The GAP requirements stand for "Good Agricultural Practice". Products have to be GAP certified to be sold to local schools and grocery chains. These requirements use an audit process that makes sure that the best agriculture practices are being used in order for fruits and vegetables to be produced, packaged, handled, and stored in the safest way possible. A producer can meet these requirements if they have 80% compliance with each of the five farm-based major categories: General selection, farm review, field harvesting, packing house, and storage & transport.

Explain if Green Revolution reduced inequality. Make sure you will clearly indicate arguments for your answers.

The Green Revolution reduced inequality in some countries but not everywhere. In Latin America, the Green Revolution led to an increase in inequality because only the privilege rural elite owned land and had access to credit. The elite are able to adopt new technology faster and they also have access to government subsidies. In Asia, the Green Revolution reduced inequality because farming was dominated by small plots and they had access to irrigation which allowed an equal competition for all the farmers.

Explain to Mr. Know it All, why Green Revolution was potentially good and bad for the environment.

The Green Revolution was good for the environment because the higher yields allowed less marginal land to be used. Fertilizers allowed more crops to be produced on the same amount of land. It was bad for the environment because fertilizers polluted waterways and the air, and led to occupational hazards.

Which law/act established the Land Grant Colleges in U.S.A?

The Morrill Act established land grant colleges in the U.S in 1862

Diminishing Marginal Utility

The additional satisfaction provided by the consumption of the next unit of a good declines as more of the good is consumed.

What lead to the "whiskey rebellion"?

The federal government passed an excise tax on domestic whiskey to fund debts accumulated by the colonies during the Revolutionary War.

Golden rice is a GM rice with the goal of providing what (What does Golden rice help with)? Considering that proponents of GMO mention golden rice as one of the success stories, what is a counterargument? (the argument should be specific for golden rice)

The goal of golden rice is to provide vitamin A, which is not normally produced in rice. A counterargument is that big companies do not focus on creating products that can potential improve lives.

The growth of superweeds is a good reason to stop the production of GMOs. Explain why this argument is correct or wrong (you need to mention both sides of the argument if there are 2 sides).

The growth of superweeds is not a good reason to stop the production of GMOs. The use of one specific kind of herbicide can lead to weeds evolving and becoming resistant to that herbicide, but that is not a good reason to stop producing GMOs. Weed resistant species already exist and is an issue when pesticides are used. Also genetically engineered cotton, such as Bt cotton, reduces the use of pesticides which leads to less superweeds.

Monoculture

The practice of replanting the same crop species in the same field, with no break to a different crop.

Live Weight

The weight of the animal before it is slaughtered.

Hot Carcass Weight

The weighted of the unchilled carcass in pounds after the head, hide, and internal organs have been removed.

What did Fritz Harber and Carl Bosch discover?

They discovered a method to capture atmospheric nitrogen for agricultural use by combining it with hydrogen under high pressure and temperature resulting in ammonia.

Lean

Thin-fleshed cull cow with a body condition score of 3 or 4 and low dressing percentage

A.G. Pennypacker is arguing that explaining why human transitioned from hunter-gatherers to farmers is an easy task. "There was no more stress from the hand to mouth existence". Explain to A.G. why this argument is not correct using at least 2 reasons.

This argument is not correct because farming was not an easy task and farmers did not have less stress than hunter-gatherers. Farming produces more food per unit of land but is less productive when measured by the amount of food produced per hour. Also, farming was more time consuming which resulted in a less balanced diet because people were not eating a wide variety of food as much anymore unlike hunter-gathers who eat a wide variety of plants, nuts, and animals all year round. A less balance diet led to more diseases.

Milton Friedman said "Nothing is so permanent as a temporary government program". Explain if this quote is relevant to the agricultural sector and why. (if it is not relevant, you still need to explain why)

This quote is relevant to the agricultural sector because agricultural subsides benefit farmers and increase the economy but are not removed when they are no longer needed. The Agricultural Adjustment Act in 1933 was a temporary policy created because of the great depression and the dust bowl and is still the base of todays agricultural policy.

Linking

Ties connecting individuals, or the group they belong to, to people or groups in positions of political or financial power.

Conservation Tillage

Tillage management practices that result in a STIR of less than or equal to 80, and do not use a moldboard plow. Conservation tillage practices can include mulch-till, no-till, or strip-til.

Calf

Young bovine. of either sex that has not reached puberty. Usually up to 9 months of age.