Agriculture PowerPoint

Green Revolution

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.

Agriculture

process by which humans alter the landscape in order to raise crops and livestock for consumption and trade

Primogeniture

right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son

economies of scale

the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Neolithic Revolution

(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization.

Three factors that distinguish subsistence from commercial

1. Percentage of farmers in labor force 2. Use of machinery 3. Size of farming

Homestead Act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

Clustered rural settlement

A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement.

Dispersed rural settlement

A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.

cons of irrigation

Can damage the local environment by: Disrupting the natural drainage of water and reduce the normal regeneration of soils Causing salinization Causing land to collapse

Rural survey methods

Metes and bounds, township and range, long-lot system

Agribusiness

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

Types of rural settlements

Dispersed, linear, clustered

township and range system

Established property lines in a grid pattern, one square mile sections that display uniformity

linear rural settlements

Feature buildings clustered along a road, river, or dike to facilitate communications.

Dispersed rural settlement are a result of

Government land policies, such as the federal land survey system specified how land could be divided and allocated. Individual pioneer families set up their farms on their claimed homesteads Farms being independently owned and operated, so there is one home surrounded by the land it operates and manages.

Arguments against labeling GMOs

Labeling would unnecessarily spook consumers because labeling is for health and safety, not types of seeds. Mandatory labeling would severely disrupt U.S. agriculture because GMO products are already widespread in the food system. The private sector is increasingly labeling GMO-free products, so requiring GMO labeling is unnecessary.

Diffusion of the First Agricultural Revolution

Major hearths of agriculture led to the first urban centers, which grew into the first civilizations Civilization brings trade, larger empires, and conquest As societies grew wealthier, people had time to specialize in their work and develop new occupations Diffusion in the ancient world was expansive ○ Rome carried on extensive trade in wheat from England to Africa and Southwest Asia ○ Silk Roads connected Rome with China (silk, rice) Columbian Exchange: global movement of plants and animals between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas ○ Europeans brought hundreds of plants and animals to the Americas and took hundreds of plants and animals back

Arguments for labeling GMOs

Mandatory labeling of GMO products would give consumers the information necessary to choose whether or not to consume GMOs. Most countries other than the United States have signed agreements to regulate GMOs, including labels. U.S. consumers may wish to cut back on their consumption of GMOs until more is learned about their long-term effects on ecosystems and health.

Examples of intensive farming

Market gardening (truck farming), plantation agriculture, mixed crop and livestock

Hearths of Agriculture

Meso-America, Andean America, West Africa, Nile River Ganges Delta, East China

Clustered settlements are the result of

Often a pattern remaining from times when farmland was communal instead of belonging to individual farmers or families. Houses being built close together to leave as much open land as possible for farming Also ensures residents have easy access to services provided by the settlement.

Driving forces that shape agriculture

Physical geography and economics

Examples of extensive farming

Shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, livestock ranching

Enclosure Movement

The 18th century privatization of common lands in England, which contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization.

long-lot system

a land distribution system that gave settlers a few hundred feet along a water source but as much land inland as they chose to cultivate

Linear settlements are the result of

access to a resource, such as a river. settlement occurring along a preexisting waterway or road that is necessary for farmers to transport goods to markets in low lying areas of western Europe, villages are located along dikes and levees, causing a linear pattern.

intensive farming

agriculture that involves greater inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the space being used

Extensive farming

agriculture that uses fewer inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the amount of space being used

seed drill

created by Jethro Tull, it allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths; this boosted crop yields

Terracing

creating flat platforms in the hillside that provide a level planting surface, which reduces soil runoff from the slope.

Types of villages

linear, cluster, round, walled, grid

metes and bounds system

natural features were used to demarcate irregular parcels of land

irrigation

process of diverting water from its natural course or location to aid in the production of crops

deforestation

removing or clearing away the trees from a forest

Bid rent theory

that refers to how the price and demand for real estate changes as the distance from the Central Business District (CBD) decreases. It states that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city centre. This is based upon the idea that retail establishments wish to maximise their profitability, so they are much more willing to pay more money for land close to the CBD and less for land further away from this area.

Global Supply Chain

the firm's integrated network of sourcing, production, and distribution, organized on a worldwide scale and located in countries where competitive advantage can be maximized

Second Agricultural Revolution

tools and equipment were modified, methods of soil preparation, fertilization, crop care, and harvesting improved the general organization of agriculture made more efficient