Agriculture Reading Guide

How can solving one problem in agri lead to another?

Innovation to min chem inputs can = intensified use them: make crops herbicide resistant, pests exposed can become resistant= need more chems, crops may transfer genes to weeds= more chems, crop escape field threaten biodiversity by crowding out wild species, soil fertility: fertility down w/ intensified food production, farmers use synthetic ferts w/chems, fert build up in soil= fertility down + affect surrounding organisms, rain/sewage brings fert to water= toxic envir w/growth algae + O2 down,

Which type of agri feeds more than half the people living in densely pop semi-peri and peri countries? Give ex

Intensive sub agri, ex: in S Africa, SE Asia: rice, human labor, India: rice, flood rice paddies for more land, China, (wet rice preferred if climate supports, ex: Philippines)

Why is shifting cultivation practiced where it is? How is transhumance distinguished from nomadic herding?

Where: marginal agri areas of tropics, particularly areas w/high rainfall (i.e rainforests S Amer, C/W Africa, SE Asia) why: those area provide territory needed to constantly move/ switch land, it's easy to do and the regions it's done in are unsuitable for intensive agri, trans: different elevations seasonally (cooler/higher summer, lower winter), nomadic: move seasonally for best grazing, needs large area to prevent overgrazing

How did Trump's use of tariffs hurt US farmers?

25% tariff on foreign steel and 10% tariff on aluminum imports, affected products worth $34B from China, China responded w/tariffs on US products worth $34B (included agri products like soybeans/beef/ pork), was especially challenging to hog farmers b/c Chinese are world's top consumer pork, trade wars can lower price from producers/cause farmers lose business

List UN's FAO's 2018 data about food insecurity worldwide and in US. Percentage crop calories that go to feed people: ____, animals: ____, and make biofuels:____. How could eating less animals and animal products really help?

>700 M people had severe insecurity, 1.3B had moderate, combined total= 26% world's pop, US: insecurity affects 40M people, 820M don't have access food for healthy/active life even though planet produces enough for all, 55, 36, 9, Amount food crops used to feed livestock/make biofuel down= insecurity down, grow meat more efficiently/ shift to diets less meat intensive= release tons food crops for human consume, portion crop cals livestock eat reach humans through animal products but cal value= fraction original value fed to animals

What do the agricultural hearths share? List the agri hearths.

Agri flourished b/c of fertile soil/ availability of water/ moderate climates/ organizational skills of residents, were areas of independent innovation that people developed over time through trial and error and luck, many societies in hearths relied on collective work of most members to tend to fields/ harvest crops, hearths: Fertile Crescent (SW Asia), SE Asia, N Central China, S Asia (Indus River Valley), N Central America + S Mexico, Andean Highlands (S America, NW coast), E Africa, W Africa

The global demand for ____ is growing. According to the WHO, there's a direct correlation between the level of income and consumption of ___ ____. What's the tend in the US? How have tech and trade policies helped to change diets? Reference Chile and NAFTA/UMSCA

All meats, animal protein, total per capita consume meat grown over period 50 yrs but eat beef down by 1/3 while chicken double, data matter b/c different type meat= different costs of land for food crops, tech/trade= large variety foods available from around world, not limited to local crops, Chile: growing season opposite US, w/ refrigerated gives US fresh fruits in winter (consumers in other core too), improve aquaculture= sushi stay international fav, NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) (1994)= boom avocados Mexico to US, Mexico produced many yrs but exported few before NAFTA, now makes ~1/3 world avocados, 2018: NAFTA replaced w/USMCA (US- Mexico- Canada- agreement) provides similar trade protections, trade +tech + contemporary agri= boost process diffusion to provide people w/divers globalized diet

Describe how people lived before domestication. where and why did domestication first start?

As foragers: small nomadic groups w/mostly plant based diet and small animals/fish for protein, fished in rivers/lake or gathered shellfish, small bands formed within group for larger game, lived by ranging over land to exploit food resources in season and often returned to same areas each year, 11k years ago, SW Asia b/c average rainfall dropped significantly for a while (up to 1k yrs) which caused environmental stress, adapted by domesticating animals/plants for steady food supply (1st to do so)

Trace the commodity chain of cacao

Beans come from trees in tropical environments near Equator (most found in peri like Ghana/Cote D'loire), many farmers work tirelessly to cultivate (much done by hand), after bean picker/ dried they're sent to processing/manufacturing plants throughout world, there beans turned to cocoa powder which is used to make chocolate that's transported to retailers, then reaches consumer: bean travel from tropic to consumers worldwide, most goes to US/Europe

Use Brexit to explain how political change/instability can affect food supply.

Brits import most of what they eat especially during winter months, import fresh fruits/veggies from S Europe countries and other countries globally, w/EU's border system imports travel smoothly between members but w/Brexit supply chain became broken, new safety/document checks required at borders many cause delays, concerns over Brexit already created weaker currency and experts fear food prices in UK will soar w/new import concerns

Using map on pages 320-321, answer following questions: generally, where do you find shifting cultivation? (What do they have in common), generally where do you find nomadic herding? In developing countries, the best farmland is used for? In developed countries, the best farmland is usually in these categories? Make one other general observation.

C/W Africa, N Brazil, common: near equator so climate, not suitable for intensive agri, 2: C Asia, Middle East, N Africa + Somalia region, continuous strip, dryland areas3: mostly intense sub farming, plantation agri, 4: Mixed crop/ livestock, dairy, livestock ranching, sometimes Mediterranean, 5: most of S/SE Asia and E part E Asia is all intensive sub farming mainly rice or not, livestock ranching is present on every continent

Where and how does soil salinization occur? What contributes to desertification and which areas are most vulnerable?

Caused by irrigation, occur: arid/semi arid regions where water evaporates from ground faster than replaced by rain/ irrigation= concentration salts in soil, salts add up in root zone crop= plant can't get enough water= crop yield down, very saline irrigation water can add to problem (Egypt struggles w/this) D: (permanent land damage), when water use exceeds rate replenished (Aral Sea)/ poor pastoral nomadism practices/ overgrazing by stationary heard/ deforestation/ clearing land for human habitation, vul: low or variable rain (India has 1/3 land affected)

What are the risks of specializing in 1 cash crop?

Changes in world markets due to supply/demand issues can disrupt country's economy that relies on 1 export, if demand for said export dramatically fails revenue that it generates for country declines, not only environmental issues= crop failure and leads to decline in country's exports/revenue but trade war can erupt between trade partners= costs of trading goods fluctuate, each scenario= uncertainty to country's economy, any disturbance in supply chain can impact financial stability country/region, infrastructure/ political relationships/ world trade patterns all impact complex food distribution network

Support statement: rural settlement patterns can take several forms, each w/advantages and disadvantages (cluster, disperse, linear)

Cluster (AKA nucleated): residents live close proximity, houses/farm building near one another, farmland/ pastures surround settlement, promotes social unity, physical closeness= share common resources/ expand land outward, proximity may lead to social friction or family's fields extending too far from settlement, disperse: houses/buildings isolated from one another, all houses distributed over relatively large area, often exist in areas w/difficult terrain, promote independence/ self sufficiency but lack social interaction/ access to shard institutions (i.e schools) and ability to easily defend their residents, linear: houses/ buildings extend in long line usually following land feature (riverfront/ coast/ hill/ or along transportation route), linear features (i.e railroads/roads) generally predate settlement, people settle along features b/c they provide access to water or transportation, fields stretch out from line of settlement= far end of said fields distant from homes

What's the global supply chain?

Commodity chains but on global scale, enables delivery product between 2 countries, commodity agri products (i.e wheat/ corn/ vanilla) traded through global supply chains, commodities= Highly sought after in global markets, supply chains for some commodities start in peri were cheaper, other commodities like wheat may start in US, processing/packaging product occurs in some or different country , finished commodity shipped to markets usually in core locations of world

Where are these found in the US: corn, soybeans, grain/wheat, beef cattle, pigs/hogs, dairy, chicken broilers, oranges, rice, cotton

Corn: Midwest (bottom Minnesota, IL, Indiana, Iowa, W half Nebraska), soy: same places as corn, some in W N and S Dakota, follow line from tip IL tip Louisiana, grain/wheat: N Dakota, small part N Montana, E half Kansas/Oklahoma, beef cattle: Strip of Central US, S Dakota, Nebraska, S Iowa, Missouri, E Arkansas, W Kansa/Oklahoma/ Texas, Center Kentucky/Tennessee, W Virginia/North Carolina, Pigs: S N Carolina, S Minnesota/ N Iowa, Dairy: Wisconsin, Center California, W New York, small part S Pennsylvania, Chicken: SE: Maryland, center N Carolina, N Alabama/Georgia, S Georgia, small part S Mississippi, border between Arkansas/Mississippi down to part border Texas/Louisiana, Oranges, S Florida, center California, Rice: center california, small part S Louisiana, border Arkansas/Mississippi, cotton: small part S Texas, W coast from Florida border to N Carolina

How did Norman Borlaug implement the changes of the Green rev?

Developed disease resistant strain to increase yields in Mexico, went to S Asia where his improved seeds/methods increased wheat harvests India/Pakistan fourfold, trained local agri scientist so they'd continue making advances, early 2000s: several groups begin work to spread Green Rev to Africa, overall rev: new crop strains brought to areas w/low yields and large pops

List the 4 key factors that affect climate variation. What are the main classifications in the Koppen Climate system? Which one are we in?

Distance from the Equator, wind/ocean currents, proximity to large bodies of water, topography, 5 main: tropical (warm temps year round), dry (commonly in continental interiors w/min precipitation), temperate (moderate temps, adequate precipitation, 3 basic types), continental (interior continents N Hemi, distinct seasons w/cold winters), polar (near poles, super cold), IL in temperate (maybe very N tip continental), US: SE/Midwest: temperate, NE: Continental, W:Dry

When was the 2nd agri rev? Where did it begin and what did it include?

Early 1700s, began in Britain/ Belgium/ Luxembourg/ Netherlands, included dramatic improvements crop yields/ innovations like better yoke for oxen/ later oxen replaced by horses/ advances in fertilizers and field drainage systems, change in way farms organized (enclosure system: owners/tenants instead of community owning which lead to more effective farming practices)

What are some advantages of on-farm mixing and mixed crop and livestock system?

Effectively combines farm's focus on 1/2 crops (i.e corn/soybeans) w/raising animals to meet demand for high quality meat, part of crop can be fed to livestock and animals' waste can be used to fertilize, boost labor needs which makes it intensive com, diversity of mixing can provide some protection from bad crop year or low market value

How did colonialism affect food production? List the pattern of monocropping in the following countries: Egypt, West Africa, South Asia. How is this an example of neocolonialism?

European cities were markets for exotic foods from around globe, when building colonies Europe powers dictated which crops grown on new land (often products popular in Europe), resulted in monocropping which was also way that countrolling country could monopolize (control) dependent country's economy, (British rule) cotton, cocoa, tea, some former colonies still economically tied to colonizer, ofter former (usually peri) gets aid from colonizer (core) that's in position to continue same unequal trade relationships of past that benefitted colonizer, peri= economically dependent on core that uses its natural resources/labor to cheaply produce export commodity, when colony got independence didn't have economy or workforce to compete in global market, b/c this it's reliant on colonizer for support

Use bid-rent theory to explain where different com crops are grown

Farmers w/dairy/ produce need freshness/ perishability/ transportation so pay more for land closer to market, farmers w/grains/cereal crops which can easily be stored/transported pay less/further away, image: 4m from market: intensive farming/dairying, high cost land, 8m: forestry, cheaper, 12m: grain/cereal crops, cheaper, 18m: livestock, cheapest

What is the difference between feedlots and open pastures? What are the pros and cons?

Feedlots: cattle fed corn to fatten them up before processed into meat, open pastures: fed on grass, less confined than feedlots (which are small spaces), pro feedlots: cheaper, faster, increase # that can be processed, popular (97% grain-fed 2017), cons: environmental effects of animal density, pro organic: better meat, higher profit per cow, cons: needs more land

Fill in the space after the arrows with a result of consequence of the first statement: famers learned to plant seed from their strongest plants, domesticated oxen pull plows, people begin using irrigation, increased efficiency, more food (3 arrows), surplus food, larger settlements

Generate more productive crops, made faming more efficient/ improved yields, expanded areas suitable for agri and ensured ready supply water during growing season, more good, supported growing pop + more workers+ need to store surplus, people made items to store/carry food which developed specialization of labor, surplus also brought new dangers (potential targets for raids) so needed to defend= fighting class, new forms of social organization

Look at the picture on page 358 (underwater)- what's in the cages? How's this an example of sus agri? You learned what shifting cultivation is. (Where's it mostly practiced and by who?) How is it environmentally sus? When is it not? Slash and burn agri can contribute to envir problems or be sus- give ex of both and where slash and burn is located

Giant Japanese scallops, ex b/c scallops consume fish waste allowing scallops to live off waste fish in farm produce and prevents envir damage fish density would've caused w/out scallops, SC: mostly semi/peri: S Amer, C/W Africa, SE Asia, sus b/c land given time to recover before used again so no damage, not when land doesn't have enough time to recover which= soil degradation, usually practiced on small scale by indigenous, located: typically rainforests: L Amer, Africa, Asia, P: alters landscape permanent, massive deforestation, soil erosion, S: if done by small pop in large forest area and land has time recover (i.e Thailand)

What's conservation, Give conservation ex from these categories: gov efforts, NGOs, World Bank, Com farming, Sub faming, China/Tibet, AGRA

Manage/protect natural resources to prevent depletion, 1: laws/education encourage farmers modify practices, conserve water: gov Zambia charge fees on groundwater use (increase awareness usage w/cost), $ collected used to fix water pollution in country, 2: ex: EcoLogic: partner w/rural/ indigenous people C Amer/ Mexico to help communities w/sus/ preserve natural resources/ restore ecosystems, replace slash + burn w/ other methods: plant food crops alongside trees/ diversify crops, 3: deb-for- nature swaps w/peri that borrow $, local invest conservation and bank forgive portion country's debt, 4: set goal (reduce air pollution from machinery/ better use water resources/ min toxins into groundwater from chemical inputs), use financial incentives: Conservation Reserve Programs has annual payments for farmers avoid envir sensitive land and plant crops that improve envir, National Rural Water Association (NRWA) has protection plans for local communities to prevent water pollution, Food/ agri organization UN (FAO) helps countries develop unique sus agri, Fair trade, 5: farmer replenish soil + yields up by rotating fields to include crops that help soil, other methods improve thin/depleted soil, 6: 1st Chinese policies to nomads assume herders caused grasslands' degradation, recent change as see grasslands benefit from moderate grazing, past policies limit nomads/force settle, 7: Alliance for Green Rev in Africa, invest funds/ support projects helps Africa improve yields, want national policies help smallholder farms, main purpose: capitalize on production crops in areas that support agri, apply success solutions to other areas

Trade in food alone has ____ since 1995. What's this a result of?

Nearly doubled, economic growth in peri/semi peri countries that have become more engaged w/global markets= greater demand for agri products globally, core like US and EU states remain leading exporters/importers but increasing relevance of emerging economies (Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia- BRIIC- important!) is growing tend in global food trade, pop growth/ income changes= directly related to growth in agri trade

Explain the idea of "trade, not aid" and what the fair trade label meant

Not aid: establishing equitable relationships between core/peri would have stronger impact than continuing to send aid $ to countries w/economic challenges, label: to place on product must be small farms that engage in democratically operated cooperative and must follow basic health/ environmental/ safety/ labor/ human right regulations, products priced higher b/c certification and b/c higher quality or organic, consumers pay more $ for these products

Agri is bound to the ____ environment, and 4 factos have a profound effect on what can be grown: _____, which includes ____ and _____, ____, ______, and _____. How does latitude play a role in agri?

Physical, climate, temperature, precipitation, elevation, soil, topography, Generally greater distance from Equator= shorter growing season, at Equator/in tropics growing season can be year round, in temperate/subarctic temps of winter prevent plant growth for varying # weeks or months, in these regions growing season measured in # of frost free days (frost can kill plants)

Does the Indian program sound like a good way to help small farmers and the poor? Why or why not?

Program: state govs buy food grains from local farmers at guaranteed price to protect farmers from price fluctuations, qualifying households can buy food through program at lower prices (gov covers part), support: has helped make progress delivering food grains to poor, con: program unable to identify/ reach country's poor and guaranteed price too low for farmers

How did relocation and stimulus diffusion spread agri? During the Columbian Exchange, what happened to the indigenous pop of the Amers? Explain why

Relocation: migration to new areas b/c pop pressure/ different opportunities/ or conflict brought agri to new areas, migration expanded distribution crops/animals, stimulus: seeds brought when migrating didn't flourish in all regions, used cultivation knowledge to adapt practice to other more resilient plants, some people living there adopted migrants' innovations, Amers: isolation of the Amers= no immunities to diseases from E Hemi (i.e smallpox/malaria), when people from E Hemi came they brought disease indigenous weren't immune to which killed tons of indigenous

Compare where wheat, corn, and rice can be grown

Rice: warm temps of tropics allow year round agri which can permit multiple harvest of crops like rice in a year (type of tropical limits potential: can be too little rain during dry months or rain forest w/poor soil), needs longer growing season than other 2, grows in southernmost parts temperate, requires most water of 3, some ares well suited to wet-rice farming while others (California) need irrigation, wheat: temperate zones w/long growing seasons home to major grain-producing regions, hardier grains like wheat can thrive in shorter growing season/drier conditions, grow well toward N of temperate zones, Corn: requires higher average temp than wheat, generally grows further S in temperate zones

Where's the Sahel region of Africa? What are some societal consequences of the growth of agribusiness? What's the issue addressed in the Africa's Great Green Wall study? What are the results of the Green Wall initiative so far?

Semiarid region from Senegal E to Sudan, recent innovations= diet change consumers b/c concern envir/ health risks GMOs, buy organic, agri changes= roles women change fast, US: loss small/ midsize farms to large scale com, farm fams sell land when financially struggling, less small farms harm rural communities, small farmers hire more workers per acre so when out business rural towns lose pop= nonfarm business in rural close, monocrop= volatile prices (1 change impacts whole system, i.e drought), expansion of Sahara into farmland Sub-Sahar through desertification, goal: plant barrier trees across Africa along edge Sahara to prevent desertification, farmers already protect trees so using that, success: plant= Mils jobs= fight poverty, better soil= yields up, help communs' food security, establishes sus agri and energy practices/ climate change reduction and adaption/ preservation biodiversity

Which world regions suffer the greatest rates of malnourishment? The number one risks to health are... (2), How many women and kids are affected by poor diets? What are the key drivers of world hunger? T or F: most american fams that are food insecure live in household where adults unemployed. What's important about mobile food trucks for Chicago residents? ____ million Americans live in food deserts. ____ million are children. What characterizes these areas? What type of food is plentiful in food deserts? What have cities done to help their resident have access to healthier food?

Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East, S/SE/E Asia (somewhat), global hunger and malnutrition, 1 in 3 women (anemia (low red blood cell count)), 1 in 4 kids (stunting (too small for age)), climate extremes and poverty, False, mobile proved them w/fresh food in food deserts where don't have such food in stores, offers them more options/ better diet, 23.5, 6.5, where rural or urban: low median income, higher unemployment, higher poverty rates, typically high in cholesterol/ sugar/ fat, higher priced and lower quality w/smaller variety offerings, Milwaukee: mobile market: makes stops in food deserts to provide fresh foods, Baltimore: food retailers who open/ renovate establishments in/ near food deserts get tax credit, lift restrictions on temporary greenhouses to let people grow own produce

Look at page 302. What's the photo showing? What stereotypes do you have of this activity?

This page shows some farmers herding cattle in a field, stereotypes: done in the S of the US, old practice we don't do anymore, for less developed countries

What's the point of quotas used in farming? What ultimately drives the market in com agri?

Used in Canada in dairy/poultry to keep prices of these stable and guarantee famers steady income, US: form bill passed every 5 yrs to authorize policies about commodity programs and many parts of agri economically, policies set guidelines for participating in agri/ food programs (i.e standard required to farm organically or actions farmers must take to get gov payments), drives: consumers, general: famers'll look to market to determine what/how much to plant of most sought after crops each season

Explain women's role in agri in peripheral countries using Malawi as an ex.

Women largely limited to sub agri, Malawi: 11M people (majority pop) work in smallholder sub farming, opportunities to transition to com farming limited by gender bias in education/ other opportunities, when sus methods for sweet potatoes (major part country's production) taught men got training about market-oriented production while women trained on sub farming and how use potato in their roles as care provides for house, women viewed as cheap labor/ not as involved in decisions, this= exclude from education on how manage crop diseases/pests and other sus farming, only 10-20% landholders in peri women

What are some pros and cons of the advances of the 3rd rev?

Pros: saved lives, nourished million, increased mechanization, high yields, cons: agri workers displaced= less need human labor, some tech of rev dominated by multinational corps which makes producers vulnerable to companies' marketing/ sales practices, cost of some these= many individual farmers out business = large scale com agri replace small family farms, green rev increased demand water= regional inequities + need more water development projects which can have disastrous consequences, synthetic pesticides harm helpful animals and can pollute water supplies and cause human health issues, loss of biodiversity as focus is on high-yield stains, monocropping= decline soil fertility

Give a few ex of how govs get involved in agri markets

Proved payments to farmers for growing certain crops or not growing others, place regulations on agri imports/exports or establish price supports in form of crop purchases made by gov at guaranteed price, (all used by US gov in last century to help farmers), mid 1930s: limited production and farmers got gov payments to stabilize prices, lasted till late 70s when famers instead incentivized to produce max possible= surplus grains and low prices (excess corn used animal feed/ethanol fuel/ high fructose corn syrup)

What invention was the most important for the transportation of agri products? Explain. Is there such a thing as "out of season produce" anymore? Explain

Refrigerated container that can be transported on land/ air/ water, development of this has permitted perishable items to be produced much further from markets, even larger distances fruit/ veggies only grown in certain parts world can be flown to grocery stores in another Hemi, time- space compression/ growing demands for food globally expanded markets for most producers, past: famers sold goods to closest markets, now reach markets across globe, No b/c growers in tropical C Mexico ship avocados/Chilean vineyards air freight S Hemi summer grapes all winter long to US / N destinations

How is S Africa an example of a dual agri economy? Remember economies of scale? Give an agri ex

S Africa has sub farms + well- developed com operations, farmers w/resources to invest in equipment/ land/ materials participate in com agrie, those w/fewer resources are limited to providing food for their families, ex: large scale faming cost effective when fixed costs spread over greater area/ bulk prices negotiated for inputs like seeds/fertilizer, (farmers often get discounts for tons of pesticides for 100s acres= cost per acre down), production increase= expenses lower per unit output, economies of scale always existed in farming but increased substantially since intro modern farm tech/3rd agri rev that helped make agri business

Most products traded internationally move by ____ (why?). Many countries use ____ and railways to move goods within their country and to neighboring countries on shared rail systems. Compare imports and exports of the US and China. What's the biggest threat to a supply chain? When do they work best?

Sea (cheaper), trains, US: imports: coffee, beef, fruit, exports: soybeans, corn, wheat, China: imports: wheat, rapeseed, pork, exports: garlic, veggies, fruit, US imports China's export of fruit and China imports US's export of wheat, Work best when trade partnerships are stable/ reciprocal/ understood by all parties, any kind instability can rock trad boat but greatest threat= political instability which can affect global supply chains w/varying degrees damage to countries and their economies

What happened to the Aral Sea? The UN estimates the world will need to increase food production by ___% to support its growing pop. What will this demand put pressure on and what will we need to do? To gain more agri land, people across the world have drained _____. What envir issues have resulted from this action?

( in C Asia, inland, fed by 2 rivers), rivers diverted 1960s to irrigate nearby desert regions for cotton= water level down and salinity up so fish pop down, 2019: 1/10 original size, 60%, pressure on aquifers/ surface water sources, avoid water crisis: farmers better manage amount water drawn for irrigation, some use tech to measure/ gauge water use to slow rate water depletion, wetlands, loss habitat fish/ waterfowl/ mammals, wetland helps reduce storm and flood damage/ improve water quality/ trap co2 that would've been in air, remove= remove this protecion

List some problems resulting from present-day farming practices

-plating same crops= high soil loss through erosion, require lots of fertilizers/pesticides to maintain them, "Farmers have thinnest/ most nutrient depleted soil in history", - best farmlands are unequally distributed, - barriers to improving crop yields my arise from social/economic concerns as well as geographic challenges, -current practices harm soil for future

Explain the long-term environmental and societal effects Glover's work might have on communities and regions

-usage of perennial plants (survive year to year instead of replanting), use of these plants can provide nutrients and increase yield of crops, working on perennial food crops but none in large-scale cultivation yet, wants to adapt agri solutions to variety of local needs (may mean breeding perennial crops meant for specific soil/climate conditions, means working w/farming communities and forming an understanding of their social structure), envisions future generations feeding selves w/food sources that are developed in limited ways now (i.e seaweed/insects raise for protein), use advanced tech to more directly manipulate GMOs to better adapt them to local growing conditions, work with women to better agri practices and change their place in society (bottom right now in places like Malawi)

The largest American farms accounted for less than ____% of all farms, but ___% of sales. How do gov subsidies affect these farms?

1, 35, largest com farms get majority $20B in annual subsidies, 2019: gov gave farm aid package to offset losses from Chinese tariffs, most $19B went to large com farms, subsidies distort decisions businesses make by encourage overproduction/ discourage diversification, business view: must choose crops most cost- effective, gov policies may encourage crops that= exports up instead bolstering security

Use the 'Food Supply System' graphic to explain the commodity chan of agribusiness

1. Inputs (seeds/ fertilizers/ pesticides/ feed/ utilities), used to produce crop, 2. Producers grow/ harvest/ raise agri products based on farm type/size (farmers/ fishers/ ranchers), 3. Processors: agri transformed to ingredients/ packaged food after sorted/ cleaned/ milled/ prepared (manufacturers/ factories/ packagers/ storage facilities), 4. Distributors: food/ ingredients distributed locally/ regionally/ globally (importers/ exporters/ wholesalers), 5. Retailers/ food services: retailers make food available for consumers (restaurants/supermarkets/ convenience stores/ food banks) 6. Consumers: consumer cook and/or eat the food (individuals/ families) [end image], factor influencing process: weather/ physical environment/ financial markets/ labor relations/ gov policies/ trade, parties in chain can work together but remain independent entities

What role does war play in hunger?

60% world's hungry in countries affected by war, 2018: people w/severe insecurity up 11% from conflict in Democrat Republic Congo/ Myanmar/ Yemen, most serious hunger crisis in Afghan/ Sudan/ S Sudan/ Nigeria, S Sudan: war= mass displace citizens= crops untended= crops fail= >6M insecure, some cases enemies weaponize food by keeping it from opposition, many cases food distribution inadequate or unequal in conflict zones b/c political systems poor managed/ corrupt/ or in disarray, people in conflict areas have few food options and humanitarian trying to help face violence

Give few examples of advances possible with the use of GMOs. What does the 4th agri rev include, though not official?

Ability to resist disease of drought or have more nutritional impact or consumer appeal (added gene to crops to reduce need for pesticides, added daffodil gene to rice to boost betacarotene needed for consumption vit A), used to refer to use of info tech/ data analytics, involves intensive data collection/ manipulation relies on GPS/ smart tech from equipment w/sensors and wireless connection/ computer databases/info-processing power, recent period characterized by efficiency driven by data (i.e drones delivering things crops need)

How did the enclosure act help the beginning of the Industrial Rev? How did the Industrial Rev sustain the 2nd agri rev?

Act pushed peasant off land= labor surplus that added to Industrial Rev (started Britain 1700s), much of agri coincided w/indust, agri continued into late 1800s, new tech in Indust boosted/ sustained agri: horse-drawn seed drill (farmers don't have to scatter seed by hand), mechanical reaper (mechanized harvesting grain), steel plow (easier to plow tough soil midwest, made more land arable), new methods crop rotation adopted, changes= pop boom, farmers pushed off land provided factory workers for Indust, railroad let food travel larger distances= larger market for higher yields of rev

Explain why most of the assumptions the model was based on no longer apply

Assumptions: market's located in isolated self-sufficient stater w/out external influences, com agri system exists where farmers seek to max profits, single centrally located market's destination of farmer's produce, land is isotropic (flat/featureless), only 1 means transportation (Oxen pulling cart), today: cities have multiple centers business not one, isolated state that's uninfluenced by outside doesn't exist (modern tech alters, gov incentivizes certain crops), despite changes over time model can still be loosely applied to contemporary agri production especially w/role transportation influencing patterns production

How are women in sub-Saharan Africa suffering discrimination in agri? What did the Pathways program include? What were its successes?

Barred from owning property, denied access to financial backing/better seeds/ water/ tools/ agri extension services like training or business planning, patriarchal attitudes= women 2nd class citizens, program in 4 countries: Ghana/Malawi/ Mali/ Tanzania, special schools to improve womens' skills/ helps them believe could succeed, encourage greater connections to extension services, used innovative approaches to improve access to seeds/other inputs, coaching helped them gain access to markets= sell more for higher prices, success: Malawi: increased yields at time national output down 30-50% from weather, 50% increase women's income, Mali:4.5k more metric tons millets, 2k metric tons rice= Feed 31 k more families, Ghana:# communities w/laws protecting women's right own/work land doubled, attitudes about violence against women changed= improved lives

How has farming changed from small, self-sufficient businesses to a smaller part of the agribusiness system? Farmers today produce _____% more food with _____% fewer inputs than farmers in 1950. How's that possible? What are the pros and cons of insecticides and pesticides?

Before 1900s mostly self sufficient but as new innovations have made agri more efficient/ specialized farmers become much more dependent on food manufacturers/ distributors/ marketers, many farmers controlled by producers/ processors/ retailers who are part agribusiness system, advancements= farmers dependent on other companies, 262, 2, tech's changed growing season many crops/ improved production, scientists create hybrid plants to enhance desirable characteristics/ improve disease resist, some grow in extreme temps, new tillage practices= grow corn in areas couldn't before, pros: crop yields up, protect crops, last 60yrs wheat yields doubled b/c pesticides, w/out them crop production drops and food prices soar, cons: can harm human/environment health

Has the fair trade movement worked?

Benefit farmers, cooperatives improve land management practices/ invest in better seedling/ explore advanced production techs, has helped farmers/workers out of debt and better assist communities they live in economically, premium included in price of good provides extra $ to be used for community projects like infrastructure improvements, while cooperatives benefit workers may not see same level aid, poverty still in many areas, some say fair trade artificially inflates market prices, focus on cooperatives ignores small individual farmers that may need most help, peri countries see emergence of corporate controlled plantation (many moving in to compete w/small farming cooperatives) which creates unequal competition that ultimately hurts those benefitting from efforts of the movement

______, _____, and _____ are among techniques at the forefront of efforts to expand food practices. What are the concerns? Give pros and cons of biotech. Where is crop diversity the greatest? (3 regions)

Biotech, GMOs, aquaculture, sus: farmers must manage envir to min pollution to ensure productivity if future, must also be profitable, fear some latest tech= less sus systems, P: rev in biotech needed to solve world hunger, tech can = yields up/ resist drought disease pests/ nutrition up, Brazil benefited, cost food production down= food supply up= food more affordable, C: envir impacts not thoroughly investigated, long term consequences genetic change unknown, concerns about effects on species eating them (mod foods banned in Europe), pose threat to agri biodiversity, W Europe, N Middle East, SE Asia (less than other 2)

What inputs are used in intensive agri to achieve high productivity? How is intensive com agri different than sub in farming method?

Chemical fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators, other regions: human/animal labor, natural fertilizers, thoughtful care of soil, regardless inputs intensive need large amounts energy, tech/energy speed up essential steps farming (plowing/ planting/ harvest), inputs + energy maxes crop yields, com= heavy investment in labor/capital for high yields for profit, sub uses crops to feed family/local community, com uses chemical fertilizers/machines instead human/animal labor and natural fertilizers, can be done close or far from market, ex: dairy in N Europe relatively close to consumers but palm oil plantations Malaysia far from factories using product, regardless proximity all use intensive methods (capital or labor intensive) and high yield

Where do you find terracing and how does it work?

Commonly sub farmers, used in mountainous areas in various climates including tropical wet, process: carve parts hill/mt side into small/level growing plots, cut "steps" into steep slopes and create paddies for water-intensive crops, rain: paddies flood and water flows down slope w/out carrying soil: preserves nutrients= healthy crops, terraces slow heavy rain flows so plants/soil not carried away, makes hilly land otherwise unusable productive, labor intensive but cultural and well managed, prevent dangerous runoffs/ mudslides

How's a preference for healthy, plant-based foods changing production?

Creating new demands for production of veggie proteins that are used to make tofu/ other alternative to common meat products, tofu's popularity grown in recent yrs due to nutritional values/ low cost/ availability from soybeans, result of trend in some countries to eat less meat for health reason/ to lessen climate change, many farms shifting to cultivate these agri products like Montana that switched from wheat to pulses, food manufacturers are investing in infrastructure for emerging commodities like pulses and a variety of seeds/nuts, crop production will change as trends change

Why's monoculture appealing in com agri and what are its risks? Why wouldn't it be appealing in sub agri? In the US Midwest, crop rotation is between _____ and ______.

Crops are usually what market demands= profitable for plantations/ large corporate farms, allows for specialization/simplifies cultivation/ max efficiency, buy resources (i.e seeds) for 1 crop, don't need variety equipment/ other inputs that may need for growing several crops, growers choose crop matching environment increases efficiency, leads to high yields= increased sales, risks: can strip nutrients from soil, raises stakes for farmers, yields up= crop prices down, falling prices can form farmers out of business, to compete buy high-yield seeds/ fertilizers/ pesticides to maintain soil/ max plant growth but fertilizer harms soil long term and pesticides can contaminate water supplies/ hurt air quality, lack appeal sub: feeding selves not for profit, need varied diet, corn, soybeans

How did the Columbian Exchange change agri? Give ex from both E and W Hemis. Using tilapia as an ex, explain how agri diffusion continues today

Crops from Amers (i.e maize/potatoes)= very nutritious, E Hemi adopted in regions w/similar climate, these crops often thrived where native ones couldn't= pop explosions Eruope/Asia, over time some crops from Amers dominated diets of E Hemi, Europe crops/animal spread widely throughout W Hemi, wheat replaced native grasses in Great Plains, ranches in US W and S Amer Pampas have cattle/ sheep from Europe, sugarcane from SE Asian hearth became plantation crop Caribbean/Brazil, Coffee from Ethiopia -> dominant cash crop in some temperate highlands C/S Amers, Tilapia (from Africa) became major food 2000s b/c easy to raise/ feed and mature fairly fast, raised in >80 countries, global markets help spread goods and producers always seek new consumers

List some plantation corps. Why's plantation agriculture an example of neocolonialism? Why have the farm- to- table movement and organic farming given new momentum to market gardening?

Crops: cotton/ tobacco/ tea/ coffee/ sugarcane/ bananas/ palm oil/ rubber, ex b/c roots go back to Europe colonization, as tropical countries cut ties w/Europe they continued to take advantage of their plantation culture and became known for certain goods, these countries still rely on producing specialty crops and their economies depend on neocolonial relationship, farm to table: wants fresh/ locally grown ingredients, organic: use natural methods to fertilize land and prevent pest infestations, organic foods= more desirable= more people buy= market grows, these push for locally grown organic foods

When did farm subsidies start? Who are they helping today? Does this seem fair?

During Great Depression 1930s to help farmers/ ensure enough food produced for Amer consumption, today small farm don't see $, instead highest quantity producers of commodities like corn/soybeans/wheat etc benefit most, largest 15% operations get 85% subsidies, many say help agri despite being directed to large producers, others believe $ is bonus to operations already successful and don't need assitance

When did the 3rd agri rev state? What does it include?

Early 1900s, continues to present day, includes further mechanization/development of new tech, changes caused by science/tech advances outside agri, 1st shift: animal labor -> mechanical -> electric, made synthetic fertilizers/pesticides, rev in core first and brought some advancements to peripheral mid 1900s, late 1900s/early 2000s get 2 more tools to improve agri: make GMOs and producers use info tech to monitor crops and meet their needs

What are agri practice influenced by? Where do you find sub agri as opposed to com? Why do com farmers need access to capital?

Environmental/cultural factors, economic factors (cost materials/land/labor, availability capital ($/ other assets), impact gov policies, consumer preferences (market demands), sub: most in rural Africa/ part Asia/L Amer where connections to global market limited/farmers have less access to credit/ financial capital, many sub farmers in poverty, most labor costs (farmer's time/workers)= low relative to costs machinery, com: most core/semi peri countries w/infrastructure in place to access/supply global market, characteristics: modern equipment/ advanced tech/ large plots land, need access b/c com farmers max income by buying high level external inputs, impact of costs can make com expensive business so need access to capital (easier to get in core than peri)

What was von Thunen's basis hypothesis. Explain why each ring is where it is

Farmers decide to cultivate certain crop or raise certain animals depending on distance between farm and market, perishability of product/ transportation costs to market factor into farmer's decision regarding agri practices, rings: 1st outside market: intensive farming/dairy, perishability of products means have to be close to market to save costs, land costs more but products higher value and consumers pay more, next ring: forests, 1800s timber/ firewood important for heating/ cooking/ building, wood heavy/ bulky so transporting= expensive, closer to market= cheaper transportation, 3rd ring: grains/cereal crops, less perishable, not too heavy/bulky so can be grown further, farmers could profitably raise/ transport crop to market, land further= cheaper= less intensive agri, furthest ring: livestock, land cheaper, farmers buy tons land for extensive agri like ranching, walked animals to market so transportation cheap

What is happening to family owned com dairying? According to the UN, about ____% of farms worldwide are smaller than ____ acres, and these small farms operate about ____% of the total farmland. Meanwhile, about ____% of farms are larger than 5 acres and represent ____% of the world's farmland. Globally, the # of farms has _____, but the # of farms in the US has ____. How is McDonald's an example of vertical integration?

Going out of business/changing practices, demand shifting= milk prices down and volatile market, 84, 5, 12, 16, 88, increased, decreased, it's got complete control over its agri sources/its own processing facilities/ distribution centers/ transportation systems/ land that restaurant occupy

Notes: A bunch of pork is from _____, coffee growing countries have _____, a ______ climate, and are _____ _____ ______, before globalization small farmers of coffee couldn't find ____ so they sold their coffee _____ because ______ it was hard, they sold it to middlemen called _____ that sold it to large companies, now w/_____ ____ and ____ ____ they can sell more directly to _____, in the commodity chain of coffee the _____ and _____ companies get the largest share of the income (usually large corporations w/ _____ _____

Iowa, mountains, humid, near the equator, consumers, unprocessed, processing, coyotes, fair trade, social media, consumers, importers, distributing, vertical integration

What are some reasons people go hungry in peri countries?

Low income may not have trans or finances to get food or may live in areas gov subsidies/ services not available or accesible, rising prices prevent buy enough, Africa/ L Amer: rise insecurity from trans/ storage issues, many peri: poor infra= food can't trans to those needing, 25% world's food cals lost or wasted before eaten, in peri lost from time harvest to market, farmers can't get crops to market, import food= costly, small farming= most cost per unit (economies scale favor large), small farms struggle more than larger when prices low

Compare the following land survey systems: Metes and bounds, long lot, township and range

MB: describes property boundaries in terms of lines drawn in certain direction for specific distance from clear points reference (natural features like hill top), result: unusually shaped land parcels, still seen in mid-atlantic region, 1600s Britain -> N Amer colonies w/relocation diff, LL: 1600s French/Spanish colonies, property divided into series of adjacent long strips land stretching from frontage along river or lake, still in Louisiana/ parts Missouri/ French Canada, allows equal access to waterway and a mix of soils, TR: designed to create survey town (6x6m, total 36^2m) each m^2= 640 acres, land sold by full/ half/ or quarter section, used to survey/sell land controlled by US gov as country got new land (most W Mississippi uses this, seen in Great Plains), based off baselines and principal meridians chosen for the land, township (N/S) and range (E/W), circles of farm b/c central irrigation/water in center and moves out

What are the practices of organic farming and where's it most popular? What are value added crops? Give a few ex

More costly but consumers pay, use natural fert (plant based/animal manure) to promote long term soil health/ prevent harmful runoff and water contamination, use crop rotation and focus on maintain biddivers within agri systems/ surrounding envir, reduce/ elim external inputs and strive for sus, most pop: Europe, will grow in developed like N Amer/Europe, organic or other specialty crops transformed from original state to more valuable state, ex: milk to cheese/ yogurt, coffee (beans roasted/ ground), tea, chocolate

Why does the Gulf of Mexico have a dead zone the size of Massachusetts? What are some ex land cover change? What's land cover change?

Most life in zone killed by o2 deprivation from human caused nutrient pollution: high concentration nitrate from ferts= uncontrolled plant growth/ low O2 levels in water, land: terraced farming (land saturation (can't absorb water during heavy rain), require tons labor maintain, if deteriorate soil erosion= mudslides), deforestation from slash + burn (bad when farmers replant b4 land recover, areas expand, Brazil fires) def: plants covering earth change, cult landscape but agri

What are some tech advancements that boosted productivity in the 3rd rev?

Motorized tractors (multipurpose attachments, replaced animal labor, sped up work and farmers used more land), developed special machines for huge farms now used in com agri in many core countries, electricity aided crop storage/preservation, enhanced livestock raising/dairy farming, electric= efficient rationing feed and maintenance for controlled growing, made synthetic fertilizers/pesticides= more productive fields, prevented damage to crops, crop dusting made delivery of those 2 more efficient

Give pros and cons of aquaculture.

P: less space/ care intensive= 1 fastest growing production sectors world, provide enormous/ constant amounts seafood= global food supply up, provides 1000s jobs, algae fuel being developed replace fossil fuel, farm shellfish= water quality up, C: water pollution from chems used/ excess nutrients like fish waste, farmers use antibiotics (prevent disease) but they can harm ecosystem, compromise native gene pools if farm/native interbreed, aqua amplifies/ transfers disease/ parasites to wild fish pop

A reaction to these cons has been increased interest in sustainable agri. Explain practices of this type of farming, including organic farming

Partially based on protect environment, ensure profitability/promote greater social equality, avoid use synthetic fertilizer/min water use to protect health of soil, organic farming: eliminates use chemical fertilizers/pesticides, relies on natural products (i.e manure/crop rotation), these method= crops better for environment but lower yields

Where are coffee producing countries located? Why does the supply chain seem unfair?

Semi peri that depend on income from coffee, near Equator (i.e Mexico, Indonesia, Cameroon), people who actually produce beans for export get smallest share of wealth from global coffee trade, farmer sell for 40¢ lb while end consumer pays $7-12 lb, largest shares total income go to companies that import/distribute the coffee (often large corporations that use vertical integration by controlling process to market of beans), fall in market price can be devastating to livelihoods of famers when they receive smallest share profits from sale of coffee

What role does climate change play in food insecurity? Why's suburbanization a concern for agri productivity?

Severe storms/ droughts/ extreme temps caused or intensified by climate change, >80% insecure people live in areas vulnerable to such weather events but even relatively secure vulnerable to such shocks, France 2019: storms damage "orchard of France"= gov declare state emergency, farmers lost 80-100% crops, Caribbean has decades long drying trend w/long droughts, sub: lose agri land b/c urban areas growing, reduction land available for agri adds to declining ration good producers to consumers, growing pop= demand up and as cropland replaced by urban hard to see if local farm communs can sustain demand/ remain profitable, some say urban growth= little effect meet demands

Where are these agricultural practices found in the world and the pop density of each: Sub: shifting cultivation, intensive wet rice, intensive other, pastoral nomadism, com: mixed crop and livestock, dairying, grain, ranching, mediterranean, commercial gardening, plantation

Shifting: C/W Africa, N S Amer, SE Asia (Indonesia part), sparse (can't support large pop), intensive wet rice: S Asia, SE Asia, dense, intensive other: S Asia, SE Asia, N Middle East, W coast S Amer, S part Mexico, dense, nomad: N Africa, Middle East, C Asia, sparse, Mixed crop: Europe, E US, middle, Dairying, N Europe, NE US/SE Canada (near cities), dense, Grain: SE Europe, NW C Asia, sparse, Ranch: Australia, W C Asia, W US, N Mexico, S half S Amer, sparse, Medi: Medi region, California, S Spain (people like living in the climate), dense, com garden: SE US, small parts W C Asia (mostly US), dense, Plantation: C Amer, dense

How is subsistence agri different than com (commercial)?

Sub: getting enough yield to feed family/ close community w/fewer mechanical resources and more hand labor for crops/livestock, grow and raise diverse range crops/livestock for family's consumption, plentiful harvest= extra= barter/sell for $, Com: crops/livestock for profit to sell to customers, goods depend on geographic/economic factors (i.e comparative advantages of farmland/environments, market demands for specific products, agri practices)

How has pastoral nomadism been sus for 1000s yrs? What has made this lifestyle envir damaging? How's it under threat today?

Sus: has practices to preserve resources needed (rotate grazing zones/ limit excess concentrations people or animals/ protect dry season resources), land degraded where practices disrupted: overgrazing= land degradation (long term soil damage), desertification, herds favor plants: impact biodiversity + reduce plant cover, uncontrolled grazing on mt slopes= soil erosion, livestock compact soil= wind/water erosion, threat: has evolved in some places (Mongolia: motorcycle/ horses to travel), threat: Tuareg (Sahara): economy around cattle, recent lack rain= hard support herds, need animals (milk/ clothes/ tent/ trade/ societal power), Sahel: wells provide water but access to them= overgrazing= increase risk soil erosion, climate change= shift climate, less freedom: border change/ gov policies

In India and other peri countries, what are women responsible for doing, and what has been added to that list? At the household level, children receive better ____ and _____ when their mother's income increases What are the steps to empowering female farmers?

Take care all household responsibilities (cook/kids/ collect fuel and water) and maintain agri labor contributions, men migrating rural to urban and steady growth production labor-intensive cash crops= significant farm tasks added on, nutrition, education, education/ technical support/ access to capital/ gov policies that promote gender equality, some NGOs implementing programs targeting those, Women's collective called Gender in Agri Partnership (GAP): >150 institutions wok together to provide education/ land/ credit to females, also address gender discrimination

Look at the altitudinal zonation graphic. How does elevation affect what's grown?

Text: each increase 1k ft above sea level= decrease 3.6˚ F in average temp, higher elevation= shorter growing season, elevation can create different cultivation opportunities in all mountainous regions (i.e tropical regions C/S Amer), image (C/S Amer tropical): bottom -> top: Tierra Caliente (Tropical rainforest): bananas/sugarcane/ rice/ other tropical crops/ some livestock, Tierra Templada (zone w/largest human pop): sheep/cattle/ dairy/ veggies/ coffee/ corn/ small grains, Tierra Fria (highest zone C Amer): barley/potatoes/ grazing/ dairy operations, Tierra Helada (Punta) (Tree line): grazing: alpacas/ llamas/ sheep, Tierra Nevada (snow line): nothing, top of mt.

Using the Global Cropland map, compare the US to India and China. What's agri used for, other than food for humans?

US has about same % world's cropland as China (8.9 v 8.8) and in both countries cropland covers 18% entire country, India has highest % world's cropland: 9.6% (% country's land not mentioned), Feeding livestock (i.e oats/alfalfa), fiber crops like cotton used for textile/paper products, oil crops used for consumption/industrial purposes (i.e. olives/corn/ soybeans can be processed into oil for cooing/machinery lubrication/ or as biofuel)

How are gender issues similar and different to peri in more developed countries? What's the Grameen Foundation known for?

US: 2017: 36% producers in daily decision making female, female farmers exceeded earnings male, lead way in sus agri, still see resistant from males, Europe: women often surpass participation men, take produce to farmers market/ distribute it through catering companies/ hold leadership role in movement towards food sovereignty (right to healthy food and define own food), France: 2019: women= 1/4 all farmers, Italy: 1/3 farms run by women, many involved in roles in agri, hold more significant roles than simple laborers, still see some resistance, Grameen: works in Africa/ the Amers/ Asia, extends micro financing (tiny loans) to poor people, loans help farmers invest in new equipment or their business, Grameen's agri program uses tech/ large network resources to help women access micro loans/ agri supplies and tolls/ info/ tech assistance

Describe the livestock raches of the US W. How are they different than CAFOs (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations)? How does agri affect pop density of different areas?

US: large/open tracts land for livestock to roam/graze, arid grasslands suitable only for extensive agri so price land low, ranchers take advantage low cost/ availability of federal lands/ fact less labor and capital to prepare land for grazing, typically done in sparsely pop areas further from market, CAFO: small tracts land w/pigs/ cows/other livestock in limited spaces (feedlots) to max potential of land, easier to manage animals and fewer costs involved in operation, some cattle killed in feedlots, areas w/marginal agri potential only support small pops, areas w/high productive agri support large pops, populous society needs agri which creates cycle: intensive= high yields= support large pop which needs high yields= more intensive

Explain how tech in "precision ag" can be ex of a 4th agri rev. What are the goals of food choice movements and how is urban farming an ex?

Uses cutting edge tech to improve farming, use remote sensing like drones to get data, use GIS to analyze farm and target inputs to certain area, computer application= costs down and yield up and less input on field, has opened new possibilities max yields while mix cost and envir impact, goal: eat healthier/ encourage sus practices/ support independent farmers, urban: converts vacant areas into spaces to grow produce, many communs US working to use these for fresh produce where such scarce, allows public more aware origins their food, Commun support agri buys shares output local farm, get produce from farm and farmers get guaranteed income, strengthens relationship between growers/consumers food, farmers market and farm- to- table provides connections between producers/consumers

What could we, the wealthiest billion, do to significantly alter the global pattern of food production, distribution, and consumption? Women produce more that ___% of the world's food and make up ___% of the agri labor force. Most working women in ___ countries labor in agri, and about ____ of farmers in the US are female. How do unspoken gender roles affect women's opportunities?

now land used for livestock= grains costly for those in peri, cut intake meat/other crop intensive foods while also increasing market for locally produced fruits/veggies, 50, 43, peripheral, 1/3, sub farmers w/ small land holdings face technical problems/cultural biases that block from borrow $, some countries: law need women get signature husband to get loan, US before 1988: some states need male relative's signature for business loan, w/out access can't buy fert/ seeds/ advanced farming tools and equipment

When was the 1st agri revolution? Why was it such a big deal? What societal changes truly made it a Rev?

~11k yrs ago, shift from foraging to farming, marked beginning of agri, over 80% world's diet from staple crops (i.e rice/wheat) that came from 1st Rev, included domestication of most common animals raised today (sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, etc), society: people from nomadic to sedentary (settle 1 place) or semi sedentary, more durable housing/ possessed goods that didn't have to be light enough for travel, increased reliance on 1 place instead variety areas used by forages, farming/herding= less diverse diets, new tools/practices = easier, irrigation, store surplus