AH 201 Midterm
Akkadian
"Semitic people" north of the Sumerian city-states;first empire
Which mathematical ratio contributed to the harmony and balance of the Parthenon?
4:9
The Eucharist
A Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine.
Mosque
A Muslim place of worship
Forum
A Roman public meeting place
Iconoclasm
A belief that the practice of worshiping and honoring objects such as icons was sinful.
Cuneiform
A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.
The Pantheon
A group of gods; a group of people so accomplished in a skill or field that they seem like gods
Basilica Ulpia
A huge basilica located in the forum of Trajan
Basilica
A huge marble government building in ancient Rome
Pharaoh
A king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader.
Constantinople
A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul
The Colosseum
A large arena in Rome where gladiator contests and other games and sporting events were held.
Parthenon
A large temple dedicated to the goddess Athena on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. It was built during the Athenian golden age.
Thutmose III
A pharaoh during the Middle Kingdom that was one of the greatest conquerers and many new lands were brought under control under his reign
Stylus
A pointed instrument used for writing
Narthex
A porch or vestibule of a church, generally colonnaded or arcaded and preceding the nave
Apse
A recess, usually semicircular, in the wall of a building, commonly found at the east end of a church.
Mesopotamia
A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires.
Islam
A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.
The Tigris
A river in southwestern Asia that flows through the eastern part of the Fertile Crescent
The Euphrates
A river in southwestern Asia that flows through the southern part of the Fertile Crescent.
Dome
A roof shaped like a half-circle or hemisphere
Contrapposto
A style of Greek sculpture where people are depicted standing and leaning so that the person's weight is being put on one side. People are depicted with their bodies curved like an "S"
Monasticism
A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith
Which of the following does NOT represent the art of the ancient Aegean?
Akkadian
Stele of Naram-Sin
Akkadian; depicts the akkadian victory over the Lullabi Mountain people. The empire reached its maximum strength; Naram-Sin was the first Mesopotamian king known to have claimed divinity for himself.
Which ruler conquered the Persian Empire in 334 BCE?
Alexander the Great
Which Egyptian period saw dramatic changes in the conventions used in royal art?
Amarna or Akhenaten
Prophet Mohammed
An Arabian man from Mecca whose teachings became the basis for a new religion
Kouros
An Archaic Greek statue of a standing nude male.
Kore
An Archaic Greek statue of a young woman.
Umayyad Dynasty
An Islamic Dynasty based on succession rather than election following the first period of caliphates. Continued advances in the kingdom, venturing as far as China in the East. Fell apart in 750 CE due to internal tensions.
Thebes
An ancient city in Upper Egypt that became the capital of the New Kingdom
The Sanctuary at Delphi was the sacred home of the Greek god
Apollo
Exekias Achilles and Ajax Playing a Gate
Archaic Period; An example of black figure painting. Ajax and Achilles are depicted playing a game during a lull in the Trojan War.
Funerary Krater
Archaic Period; Example of the Geometric Period of art. Made of terra-cotta. The figures may refer to the military exploits of the deceased, but the scene more likely evokes the glorious ancestry and traditions to which the dead man belonged.
Dying Warriors, Temple of Aphaia
Archaic Period; Pediment figures are reminiscent of the kouros style. Dying warrior positions himself on a bent elbow while pulling out a fatal elbow from his chest. Even though the warrior is dying, his face remains forward and unattached to the viewer down below with the "Archaic Smile" and rigid features. Unlike the Kouros, this warrior marks a step towards the classical art period.
Metropolitan Kouros
Archaic Period; The rigid stance with the left leg forward and arms down at the side is representative of Egyptian Art. The pose provides a clear, simple formula that was used by many Greek sculptors. The statue marked the grave of a young Athenian Aristocrat.
Mosaic
Art consisting of a design made of small pieces of colored stone or glass
Hatshepsut is one of few female rulers in ancient Egypt. How was she portrayed in Egyptian royal art?
As a male ruler, with upright position, and muscular shoulders.
The Parthenon was dedicated to ______
Athena
(image) which image represents the art of the Cycladic Island?
B
The Stele of Hammurabi
Babylonian; an ancient law code written with cuneiform lettering. The top portion of the piece is a depiction of Hammurabi receiving the law code from the god of justice.
Polytheism
Belief in many gods
Monotheism
Belief in one God
Khafre
Built a pyramid at Giza, carved Sphinx
Virgin of Vladimir
Byzantine Period, probably from Constantinople; The Virgin of Vladimir is a medieval Byzantine icon depicting the Virgin and Child and an early example of the Eleusa iconographic type. It is one of the most culturally significant and celebrated pieces of art in Russian history.
Emperor Justinian
Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome. He initiated an ambitious building program, including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code.
David Composing the Psalms
Byzantine; A page from Paris Psalter, Constantinople, Tempera on vellum; The Paris Psalter embodies a complex mixture of the classical pagan past and the medieval Christian present—all brought together to communicate a political message by the Byzantine emperor. This work was unusually large and lavishly illustrated, with 14 full-page illuminations included in its 449 folios (a folio is a leaf in a book). Eight of these images depict the life of King David, who was often seen as a model of just rule for medieval kings. Because King David was traditionally considered the author of the Psalms, he is shown here in the role of musician and composer, sitting atop a boulder playing his harp in an idyllic pastoral setting.
Crucifixion and Iconoclasts
Byzantine; From the Chludov Psalter; Tempera on vellum; n the scene below, the patriarch of Constantinople, John the Grammarian, is an iconoclast considering he is white washing a picture of Christ by the means of another sponge on a rod. John is not depicted in a naturalistic way; His hair is sticking out everywhere, and he looks to be a chaotic mess to the viewers of the manuscript. To the usually elegant Byzantines, this scene invokes a chaotic feeling. Parallels can be seen between the two scenes in this illumination through the long rods, and the pots holding vinegar and paint. In both scenes, iconoclasts can be seen obliterating an icon.
Church of Hagia Sophia, Constantinople
Byzantine; The Hagia Sophia is one of the most important Byzantine structures ever built. It holds historical significance as a culminating feature of the Christian era Roman Empire and stands as a monument to artistic and architectural achievement.
Archangel Michael
Byzantine; panel of diptych, probably from the court workshop at Constantinople. This exceptionally beautiful leaf is the largest surviving Byzantine ivory panel. It depicts an archangel poised at the top of a flight of steps. He holds a staff in his left hand and a large orb in his right, surmounted by a jewelled cross. His wings and body overlap fluted columns with composite capitals and an arch richly decorated with acanthus leaves. A scallop shell niche below the arch contains a ribboned wreath around a cross. The size of the panel is so great that it exceeded the width of the tusk from which it was carved, resulting in angled corners on the left-hand side. The magnificence of the panel suggests it was carved in Constantinople, perhaps as an imperial commission. The style of carving relates to other diptychs carved in the AD 520s, and the leaf may have been associated with the accession of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I in AD 527. If this was the case, the angel may have been presenting the orb to the emperor, who could have been depicted on the panel that originally formed the other half of the diptych.
(image) Which sculpture was created as an illustration of the principles set out on the Canon of Polykleitos?
C
Christ Pantokrator with Scenes from the Life of Christ
Central dome and squinches, church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece; The image of Christ Pantocrator was one of the first images of Christ developed in the Early Christian Church and remains a central icon of the Eastern Orthodox Church. In the half-length image, Christ holds the New Testament in his left hand and makes the gesture of teaching or of blessing with his right. The typical Western Christ in Majesty is a full-length icon. In the early Middle Ages, it usually presented Christ in a mandorla or other geometric frame, surrounded by the Four Evangelists or their symbols.
Emperor Justinian and his attendants and Empress Theodora and her attendants
Church of San Vitale, Ravenna; [Justinian]This mosaic establishes the central position of the Emperor between the power of the church and the power of the imperial administration and military.Like the Roman Emperors of the past, Justinian has religious, administrative, and military authority. [Theodora] used her power and influence to promote religious and social policies that were important to her. She was one of the first rulers to recognize the rights of women.
Republic Rome
Classical Era
Figure of a Woman
Cycladic; Nude female portrayal probably linked with fertility and life cycle. Highly stylized depictions of the human body. May have been a symbol of a religious figure.
(image) Which sculpture was created during the Early Classical period in Ancient Greece?
D
The Five Pillars of Islam
Declaration of faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage
Pantheon
Dedicated to Mars, Venus, and Julius Caesar. The purpose of the building is not known for certain but the name, porch and pediment decoration suggest a temple of some sort. However, no cult is known to all of the gods and so the Pantheon may have been designed as a place where the emperor could make public appearances in a setting which reminded onlookers of his divine status, equal with the other gods of the Roman pantheon and his deified emperor predecessors.
Quibla
Direction of Mecca
A House Synagogue
Dura Europos, Syria; Tempera on plaster; The Dura-Europos Synagogue remains the earliest example of Judeo-Christian artwork available for study. It contains not only Hellenistic and Roman influences, but Sasanian as well. The layout of the paintings suggest that they were inspired by a copybook with examples and formulae.
The Good Shepherd with Adam and Eve After the Fall
Dura Europos, Syria; The Shepherd symbolizes Jesus in the Bible, interpreted also as Apollo or Hermes. By the third century AD, the image of the Good Shepherd was popular among Christians. A later artist added the image of Adam and Eve below the Good Shepherd's feet. This may represent a shift in the symbolic focus of Baptism. Although becoming a member of the church remained a central function, the forgiveness of sin, especially Original Sin, seems to become more important. Adam and Eve symbolize the first sinners. Their placement below Christ as the Good Shepherd reminds the community that Christ conquered sin, in addition to his role as leader of the Church.
Virgin and Child with Saints and Angels
Early Byzantine; Monastery of St. Catherine, Mt. Sinai, Egypt; The icon shows the Virgin and Child flanked by two soldier saints, St. Theodore to the left and St. George at the right. Above these are two angels who gaze upward to the hand of God, from which light emanates, falling on the Virgin.
The Great Pyramids
Egypt; Tombs for pharaohs built at Giza, believed to be a kind of temple that guarantees life after death.
Constantine the Great
Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians
Reclining Couple on a Sarcophagus from Cerveteri
Etruscan; The smiling faces with their almond-shaped eyes and long, braided hair, as well as the shape of the feet of the bed, reveal Greek influence. However, the marked contrast between the high-relief busts and the very flattened legs is typically Etruscan. "The Etruscan artist's interest focused on the upper half of the figures, especially on the vibrant faces and gesticulating arms.
Emperor Trajan
Expanded the empire to its largest size
Emperor Augustus
First emperor of Rome, brought peace to the Roman empire after centuries of civil war.
Hatshepsut
First female pharaoh who expanded Egypt through trade
The Torah
First five books of the Hebrew Bible
Master Sculptor Vulca, Apollo
From the Temple of Minerva, Portonaccio; a dynamic, striding masterpiece of large scale terracotta sculpture and likely a central figure in the rooftop narrative. Other figures discovered with this suggest an audience watching the action. Whatever the myth may have been, it was a completely Etruscan innovation to use sculpture in this way, placed at the peak of the temple roof—creating what must have been an impressive tableau against the backdrop of the sky.
(image) Which period is exemplified by this pottery?
Geometric
Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus
Grottoes of St. Peter Vattican, Rome; Early Christian; The style and iconography of this sarcophagus reflects the transformed status of Christianity. This is most evident in the image at the center of the upper register. Before the time of Constantine, the figure of Christ was rarely directly represented, but here on the Junius Bassus sarcophagus we see Christ prominently represented not in a narrative representation from the New Testament but in a formula derived from Roman Imperial art. The traditio legis ("giving of the law") was a formula in Roman art to give visual testament to the emperor as the sole source of the law.
The Akropolis
High Classical Period; A citadel or complex built on a high hill. The Athenian Acropolis is the supreme expression of the adaptation of architecture to a natural site. This grand composition of perfectly balanced massive structures creates a monumental landscape of unique beauty, consisting of a complete series of architectural masterpieces. Has a religious character associated with the goddess Athena.
The Parthenon
High Classical Period; A former temple on the Athenian Acropolis, dedicated to the goddess Athena. The Parthenon was an expression and embodiment of Athenian wealth, and it was a symbol of Athenian political and cultural preeminence in Greece in the middle of the fifth century. It was larger and more opulent than any temple that had been constructed on the Greek mainland before.
Lapith Fighting, The Parthenon
High Classical Period; It depicts a battle between the civilized Lapiths and the brutish half -human, half-horse centaurs, where the legendary Athenian king Theseus fought on the Lapiths' side. Oddly, the metopes seem to counter the usual version of the myth by portraying the centaurs winning.
Polykleitos, Spear Bearer
High Classical Period; Polykleitos is one of the best known Greek sculptures of classical antiquity, depicting a solidly built, muscular, standing warrior, originally bearing a spear balanced on his left shoulder. Rendered somewhat above life-size, the lost bronze original of the work would have been cast circa 440 BCE, but it is today known only from later (mainly Roman period) marble copies. The work nonetheless forms an important early example of both Classical Greek contrapposto and classical realism; as such, the iconic Doryphoros proved highly influential elsewhere in ancient art.
East Pediment of the Parthenon
High Classical Period; The East Pediment represents the birth of Athena. According to Greek mythology Zeus gave birth to Athena after a terrible headache prompted him to summon Hephaestus' (the god of fire and the forge) assistance. To alleviate the pain he ordered Hephaestus to strike him with his forging hummer, and when he did, Zeus' head split open and out popped the goddess Athena in full armor. The sculptural arrangement depicts the moment of Athena's.
Polykleitos
High Classical Sculptor; devised mathematical formula for representing the perfect male body; famous work=Doryphoros (bronze statue of young man holding spear)
Pyramid
Huge, triangular shaped burial tombs of Egyptian pharaohs built during the Old Kingdom
Column of Trajan, Rome
Imperial Rome; Roman triumphal column in Rome, Italy, that commemorates Roman emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars. It was probably constructed under the supervision of the architect Apollodorus of Damascus at the order of the Roman Senate.
Ka
In ancient Egypt, the immortal human life force.
red-figure technique/black-figure technique
In later Greek pottery, the silhouetting of red figures against a black background, with painted linear details; the reverse of the black-figure technique.
Yusuf Fleeing Zulayhka
Islamic; From a copy of the Bustan of Sa'di. Herat, Afghanistan; refers to a medieval Islamic version of the story of the prophet Joseph and Potiphar's wife.
According to some scholars, the Greeks defeat of the Persians in 480 BCE had what effect on Greek art?
It accelerated artistic development that led to the Classical Period
Archaic Period
It was the earliest period of great vase painting and the beginning of monumental stone sculpture
Exterior of The Dome of the Rock
Jerusalem, Israel; At the center of the Dome of the Rock sits a large rock, which is believed to be the location where Abraham was prepared to sacrifice his son Ismail (Isaac in the Judeo/Christian tradition). Today, Muslims believe that the Rock commemorates the night journey of Muhammad. One night the Angel Gabriel came to Muhammad while he slept near the Kaaba in Mecca and took him to al-Masjid al-Aqsa (the farthest mosque) in Jerusalem. From the Rock, Muhammad journeyed to heaven, where he met other prophets, such as Moses and Christ, witnessed paradise and hell and finally saw God enthroned and circumambulated by angels.
Synagogue
Jewish place of worship
The Great Sphinx is though to be a portrait of ______
Khafre
Alexander the Great
King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia
Zeus
King of the gods; Jupiter; god of the sky
Assyrian
Known as a warrior people who ruthlessly conquered neighboring countries; their empire stretched from east to north of the Tigris River all the way to centeral Egypt; used ladders, weapons like iron-tipped spears, daggers and swords, tunnels, and fearful military tactics to gain strength in their empire
Guardian Figures at the Gate of Sargon
Lamassu is a Babylonian protective demon with a bull's body, eagle's wings, and a human head. They were believed to have warded off evil.
Kritios Boy
Late Archaic/Early Classical Period; With the Kritios Boy, the Greek artist mastered how the different parts of the body act as a system. Notice the contrapposto stance. The muscular and skeletal structure are depicted with unforced life-like accuracy. As a final forebearer of the classical period, the "smile" of Archaic statues has been completely replaced by the accurate rendering of the lips and the austere expression that characterized the transitional, or "Severe" period from the Archaic to the Classical era.
Lysippos, Man Scraping Himself (Apoxyomenos)
Late Classical Period; The Apoxyomenos depicts a young male who has just finished exercising and has cleaned himself off with olive oil. He is scraping the excess oil from his outstretched arm with a curved metal scraper. Although this depicts the traditional subject of the nude athlete, Lysippos introduces two innovations. First, he establishes a new rule of proportions that differs from the Polykleitan canon: the body of the athlete is slender with longer limbs, the torso is shorter, and the head is only a tenth of the height of the body (heads were an eighth of the height of the body in the Polykleitan system). Second, this sculpture is truly three-dimensional. The right arm extends directly out toward the viewer and protrudes daringly into the viewing plane. The audience cannot fully appreciate the work from the front, but must circle the piece, viewing it from several angles. This creates a physical interaction between viewer and image, which influenced the psychological aspects of Hellenistic sculpture.
This is a pottery from the early Classical Period in Ancient Greece. Which of the following does NOT represent this artwork?
Lysippos
The Ardabil Carpet
Maqsud of Kashan; Silk and wool; Carpets were fundamental of Islamic arts. While we think the main function of carpets is for preserving warmth in winter, Islamic had a different perspectives on the carpet. Carpets in Islam were used during prayers, as it is represented with numerous shapes and patterns that represents the shrine of God.
Carved Vessel (Sumerian)
Mesopotamian (Uruk); scenes suggest a sacred marriage between the king, acting as the chief priest of the temple, and the goddess-each represented in person and well as in statues. Their union would guarantee the agricultural abundance depicted behind the rams.
Twelve Votive Figures (Sumerian)
Mesopotamian; notice all figures are positioned in the same way, in a worshiper stance with arms folded across the chest. Part of a devotional practice where the men and women would make sculptures of themselves and place them in a shrine before the image of god. Though they are all positioned the same way, they have different shapes, heights, characteristics, etc. just like each individual person.
Tholos Tomb, Corbel Vault
Middle Minoan Period; consist of a passage way leading to a circular burial chamber roofed over with a corralled vault, shaped like a beehive.
(image) This wall painting demonstrates a sophisticated decorative sense in color and detail. Which culture produced this painting?
Minoan
Bull Leaping from the palace complex; Knossos, Crete
Minoan Culture; Depicts what appears to be a young man vaulting over a charging bull. Many say this form of bull leaping is purely decorative or metaphorical. Some say that is represents a cultural or religious event, not athletic skill. It is also a hypothesis that the three figures shown in the image are actually all the same person and that it is merely a depiction of movement.
Corinthian Order (Greek)
Most ornate of the orders- contains a base, a fluted column shaft, and the capital is elaborate and decorated with leaf carvings
The Kaaba
Most sacred temple of Islam, located in Mecca, said to have been built by Abraham and rededicated to God by Muhammad.
Funerary Complex (Sphinx) at Giza
Most scholars affix the ownership of this monument to Khafre, however, some believe it was built by Khafre's older brother to commemorate their father, Khufu, whose pyramid at Giza is known as The Great Pyramid. Also believed to be associated with the sun god.
The Dome of the Rock
Muslim shrine containing the rock from which Mohammad is believed to have risen to heaven; Jews believe Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac on the rock
Citadel at Mycenae and the Lion Gate
Mycenaean Culture; Mycenae was a fortified late Bronze Age city. The representation of lions a the gate was an emblem of the Mycenaean Kings and a symbol of their power.
House in Catalhoyuk
Neolithic; made of mud brick with entrances consisting of a hatch roof. These homes show the transition from exclusively hunting and gathering to increasing skill in domestication.
Stonehenge
Neolithic; one of the most mysterious places in the world. Set of stones laid out in concentric rings and horseshoe shapes on the empty Salisbury Plain. Used for a sacred burial site, a site for celestial or astronomical alignment, a place for healing.
Akhenaten and His Family
New Kingdom (Egypt); Depicts the Pharaoh Akhenaten, his queen Nefertiti, and their three children. Family motif originated with the new religion of monotheism; an example of piety.
Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut
New Kingdom (Egypt); Mortuary temple of Queen Hatshepsut. Her reign was the most prosperous and peaceful in Egypt's history. The temple was designed to tell the story of her life and reign, one of elegance and grandeur.
Hatshepsut Kneeling
New Kingdom (Egypt); On the upper terrace of Hatshepsut's Temple, the central sanctuary was dedicated to the god Amun. On the middle terrace, the pathway was flanked by colossal kneeling statues representing the image of the ideal Egyptian ruler.
Funerary Mask of Tutankhamun
New Kingdom (Egypt); Royal burial masks were made in golden images of the deceased. The King Tut Mask was used to cover the mummified face of the Pharaoh to ensure that his spirit would be able to recognize the body. His tomb was so significant because of how intact everything was when it was found.
The Palette of Narmer
New Kingdom (Egypt); This object depicts the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. Narmer was the unifier of Egypt and the founder of the first dynasty.
Khafre
Old Kingdom (4th dynasty in Egypt); Built a pyramid at Giza and carved a Sphinx.
Seated Scribe
Old Kingdom (4th dynasty in Egypt); Portrays a scribe at work, the figure model is unknown. Unique for its individualistic features. The most striking aspect is the face, namely, the inlaid eyes. Serves a funerary purpose to help the scribe transcend into the afterlife.
Lysippos
One of the great Late Classical sculptors; works included weary Herkales and Apoxymenos, attributed works that were "engaging" and meant to be looked at in multiple view points
Which period is named for the influence of Egypt, the Near East, and Asia Minor on Greek art?
Orientalizing
The Safavid Dynasty
Originally a Turkic nomadic group; family originated in Sufi mystic group; espoused Shi'ism; conquered territory and established kingdom in region equivalent to modern Iran; lasted until 1722.
The Good Shepherd, Orants, and The Story of Jonah
Painted ceiling of the Catacomb of SS. Peter and Marcellinus, Rome; Early Christian; They show Christ as a Shepherd because it was illegal to practice Christianity. The image represents Christ as someone who is willing to take care of his people, as well as willing to put his life at risk for his people, explaining idea of sacrifice and Crucifixion.
Hall of Bulls, Lascaux Cave
Paleolithic; consists primarily of animals, four black bulls are the prominent figures.
Woman from Willendorf
Paleolithic; this is one of the earliest known artworks, believed to be a fertility figure; Limestone
Portrait Head of an Elder from Scoppito
Patricians were the wealthy and educated people that ruled the Roman Republic. Form: This portrait has deep wrinkles, a furrowed brow, and sagging, sunken skin expressing a realistic, yet veristic style (over exaggerated features of the face).
Augustus of Primaporta, Roman
Perhaps a copy of a bronze statue. Augustus of Prima Porta is a full-length portrait statue of Augustus Caesar, the first emperor of the Roman Empire. The Augustus of Primaporta is one of the ways that the ancients used art for propagandistic purposes. Overall, this statue is not simply a portrait of the emperor, it expresses Augustus' connection to the past, his role as a military victor, his connection to the gods, and his role as the bringer of the Roman Peace.
Darius, a Persian ruler, constructed a new capital city in 515 BCE. What is the name of this city?
Persepolis
Darius and Xerxes Receiving Tribute
Persian; Darius holds an audience while Xerxes listens from behind the throne. Shows the power of Darius who built Persepolis, which included Persian, Median, Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Greek cultures.
Which of the following represents the Late Classical Period in Ancient Greece?
Praxiteles and Lysippos
The Column of Trajan
Roman
Arch of Constantine
Rome
Church of Santa Sabina
Rome, Early Christian; Basilicas—a type of building used by the ancient Romans for diverse functions including as a site for law courts—is the category of building that Constantine's architects adapted to serve as the basis for the new churches. The original Constantinian buildings are now known only in plan, but an examination of a still extant early fifth century Roman basilica, the Church of Santa Sabina, helps us to understand the essential characteristics of the early Christian basilica.
Arch of Constantine
Rome; The Arch of Constantine is a triumphal arch in Rome, situated between the Colosseum and the Palatine Hill. It was erected by the Roman Senate to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge. Dedicated as the largest Roman triumphal arch. The resulting work, like a massive stone collage or melding of used objects to make a new whole, sends a powerful message about victory and leadership.
The Flavian Ampitheater (Colosseum)
Rome; Used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles (for only a short time as the hypogeum was soon filled in with mechanisms to support the other activities), animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology. The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era. It was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a Christian shrine. Known for one of the first uses of concrete.
THE MASJID-I SHAH, ISFAHAN IRAN
Royal mosque,Cascading vaults,Geometry, calligraphy Courtyard is main space. The Mosque was built to the order of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar of Persia during the Qajar period, as one of several such symbols of legitimacy for the new dynasty. At the time of completion, the mosque was considered to be the most significant architectural monument in Tehran.
Idealization
Seeing someone else as perfect, ideal, or more worthy than everyone else
Minoan
Society located on the island of Crete that influenced the early Mycenaeans.
(image) Cave paintings like this one were probably created using what technique?
Spraying Paint onto the cave wall
King Tutenkhamen
Stopped influence of monotheism; Had tomb with much of treasure untouched
Verism
Style in which artists concern themselves with describing the exterior likeness of an object or person, usually by rendering its visible details in a finely executed, meticulous manner.
The "Court of Gayumars"
Sultan Muhammed; Intricate folio, part of the Shahnama, depicting first Persian king, family, and royals wearing fur foreshadowing tragic events;
Standard of Ur
Sumerian; inlaid with a mosaic shell, red limestone, and lapis lazuli. Comes from the city of Ur. It's function is not yet understood. The mosaics on the standard depict early life in Mesopotamia. It has two sides; "the war side" and the "peace side" and they tell a story if read from bottom to top.
View from Above of the Great Mosque, Damascus
Syria; Great Mosque of Damascus. Great Mosque of Damascus, also called Umayyad Mosque, the earliest surviving stone mosque, built between ad 705 and 715 by the Umayyad Caliph al-Walīd I. The mosque stands on the site of a 1st-century Hellenic temple to Jupiter and of a later church of St. John the Baptist.
Psalter
The Book of Psalms of the Old Testament, which contains 150 Psalms.
Which of the following represents the Old Kingdom period in ancient Egypt?
The Great Pyramids at Giza
Hagesandros, Polydoros, and Athenodoros of Rhodes / Laocoon and his Sons
The Hellenistic Period; Incredible agony and suffering is contained in the face of Lacoon with a head titled looking. His sons both look to their father with fear, and the statue seems life like with the abundance of emotion. The distended muscles of Laocoon show the intensity of his struggle. ... Laocoon's sons look towards their father with fearful eyes, in need of help, but Laocoon is already embroiled in his own struggle, a sea serpent biting his side. Laocoon reaches towards the sky, beckoning a reason for his suffering. The Laocoon is truly a miraculous sculpture; the emotion and excitement of Laocoon's epic struggle is frozen in one single pose.
Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt
The Nile Delta is called Lower Egypt. The land upstream, to the south, is called Upper Egypt. United by Narmer
Pont du Gard, Nimes, France
The Pont du Gard is an ancient Roman aqueduct bridge built in the first century AD to carry water over 50 km to the Roman colony of Nemausus. It crosses the Gardon River near the town of Vers-Pont-du-Gard in southern France. The Pont du Gard is the highest of all Roman aqueduct bridges, and one of the best preserved.
Persepolis
The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.
Akropolis
The citadel of an ancient Greek city, located at its highest point and housing temples, a treasury, and sometimes a royal palace. The most famous is the Akropolis in Athens.
Trajan's Forum
The first mall! Featured 150 shop spaces, market place for Roman people
the Bible
The holy book of Christianity
The Koran
The holy book of Islam
Nave
The long central part of a church, extending from the entrance to the altar, with aisles along the sides.
Empress Theodora
The most powerful woman in Byzantine history, she passed laws and advisd her husband, Justinian
Kaaba
The most sacred temple of Islam, located at Mecca
Imperial Rome
The period of Rome as an empire, ruled by emperors
Where is Mesopotamia, the birthplace of ancient civilization, located?
The plains between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
Cycladic
The prehistoric art of the Aegean Islands around Delos, excluding Crete.
What story does the stele of Naram-Sin tell?
The ruler's military success and the blessings of the sun god raining down
________ is the religious center throughout most of the New Kingdom in Ancient Egypt.
Thebes
Early Classical Period
Theme of this exhibition is Greek gods and goddesses
(image) Which of the following is NOT true about the Lascaux cave, where this cave painting is found?
This cave was mainly used to house an early form of divine figurines
The first ruler to call himself pharaoh was _______
Thutmose III
The Ottomans
Turkish empire based in Anatolia. Arrived in the same wave of Turkish migrations as the Seljuks.
The Mosque of Sultan Selim, Edirne
Western Turkey; The Selimiye Mosque (Turkish: Selimiye Camii) is an Ottoman imperial mosque, which is located in the city of Edirne (formerly Adrianople), Turkey. The mosque was commissioned by Sultan Selim II, and was built by the imperial architect Mimar Sinan between 1568 and 1575.
Sarcophagus of Constantina
When Constantina, daughter of Emperor Constantine, died in Bithynia in 354, her body was returned to be buried at an imperial a mausoleum on the Via Nomentana. The relief decoration of sarcophagus shows cupids, amidst vine scrolls, gathering and pressing grapes - a Dionysiac subject often adopted by early Christians as a symbol of the Eucharist. The long sides have other subjects from the Dionysiac repertory: peacocks, rams, and cupids bearing garlands. Interestingly, a fragment of a porphyry sarcophagus once at the Church of the Holy Apostles is almost identical to this sarcophagus. The similarity between the two sarcophagi suggests they were contemporary and made in the same place, perhaps Egypt.
Composite Order (Roman)
a Roman order that combines the Corinthian acanthus leaves with the spiral scrolls of the Ionic order
What does the uppermost scene of the Carved Vessel of Uruk represent?
a ceremonial marriage between the goddess and a priest-ruler
Engaged Column
a half-round column attached to a wall
The Stele of Hammurabi is significant as both a work of ancient Mesopotamian art and as _________
a historic document recording a written code of law
Sarcophagus
a large stone coffin
(image) What was most likely the original function of this sculpture?
a model
Mihrab
a niche in the wall of a mosque, at the point nearest to Mecca, toward which the congregation faces to pray.
Aisle
a passageway between rows of seats
Agora
a public open space used for assemblies and markets
(image) like this one at Catalhoyuk, the destruction of houses at some sites in the Neolithic period was part of _________, rather than being the product of invaders.
a ritual killing of the house
Which of the following best describes King Tutenkhamen?
a ruler of the New Kingdom who returned to traditional religious belief honoring Amun
Minbar
a short flight of steps used as a platform by a preacher in a mosque.
Squinches
a system shaped like an octagon that supports a dome using arches, corbels or lintels to bridge the corners of the supporting wall and form the octagon inscribed in the square
Amphora
a tall ancient Greek or Roman jar with two handles and a narrow neck.
Minaret
a tall slender tower, typically part of a mosque, with a balcony from which a muezzin calls Muslims to prayer.
Groin Vault
a vault formed when two barrel vaults meet at right angles
Corbelled vault
a vaulting technique in which each course of stones is placed closer to the center of the vault until they meet. These vaults are not nearly as strong as arched vaults, and cannot cover very wide spans.
Which term means city on top of a hill?
akropolis
Mycenaean
an Indo-European person who settled on the Greek mainland
Mastaba
an ancient Egyptian mudbrick tomb with a rectangular base and sloping sides and flat roof
Etruscan
an ancient inhabitant of Etruria, a land in north and central Italy
Persia
an empire in southern Asia created by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC and destroyed by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC
Tuscan Order (Roman)
an order of ancient architecture featuring slender, smooth columns that sit on simple bases; no carvings on the frieze or in the capitals
Paleolithic Period
another name for the Old Stone Age
How were rulers typically portrayed in the Old Kingdom in Ancient Egypt?
athletic and youthful
Terra-Cotta
baked earth; hard, brownish-red pottery
Ziggurats functioned symbolically as _________
bridges between the earth and heavens
Which medium did the Greeks prefer to use for figurative sculpture because it allowed for complex action poses?
bronze
Concrete
building material made by mixing small stones and sand with limestone, clay, and water
Ionic Order (Greek)
classical Greek architectural style that features a fluted column shaft, capitals with volutes (spiral scroll-like ornaments) and a large base
Scholars see the transport of bluestones to Stonehenge from more than 150 miles away as a sign of________
connection to ancestral homelands
Which term refers to presenting standing figures with opposing alternations of tension and relaxation around a central axis, a convention that dominates Greek Classical art?
contrapposto
A Greek Cross
cross with four arms of equal length
The Sumerians invented the first system of writing called _______
cuneiform
(image) These are from the Hellenistic period. What are the characteristics that are UNIQUE to this period's sculptures?
dramatic and emotional
The Flavians
dynasty of the Roman emperors Vespasian, Titus, and Dominitian, whose rule was a time of relative peace and good government
Akhenaten
early ruler of Egypt who rejected the old gods and replaced them with Aten, the sun god (monotheism)
Dura Europos
early site with church and synagogue located in present day Syria
Apollo
god of music, poetry, prophecy, and medicine
High Classical Period
had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire and greatly influenced the foundations of the Western Civilization
Icon
image, idol
Iwan
in Islamic architecture, a vaulted rectangular recess opening onto a courtyard
Edict of Milan
issued by Constantine, ended the "great persecution" and legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire
Ancient Egyptians believed that the _______, a life force or soul, lived on after the death of the body.
ka
_______ means "young man" in Greek. This term usually refers to a type of male statue representing gods, warriors, and victorious athletes.
kouros
The Nile
longest river in the world
Iconophiles
lovers/supports of religious images
Ziggurat
massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mudbricks. It is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown.
_________ is the most common tomb structure in ancient Egypt. It is a flat-topped, one story building with slanted walls built above an underground burial chamber. This is an earlier form of a pyramid.
mastaba
What new theme is represented in the relief of Akhenaten and His Family?
monotheism
Sumerian
one of the first inhabitants of Mesopotamia
Frieze
ornamental band on a wall
(image) This is a temple from the New Kingdom on ancient Egypt. Which of the following is NOT appeared in this temple?
pediment
What term refers to the triangular upper part of the front of a building in Ancient Greece?
pediment
Praxiteles
sculptor - life sized statues that emphasized grace rather than power.
Corbelled arch
stacked cantilevers that progressively step inward as they rise, until they join, with a capstone at its apex
What did the Sumerians use to produce cuneiform writing?
stylus
Aten
sun god
Hellenistic Period
that culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms
Hagia Sophia
the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian
Babylon
the chief city of ancient Mesopotamia and capitol of the ancient kingdom of Babylonia
What story does the Palette of Narmer tell?
the commemoration of the unification of Egypt
The great lions of the Lion Gate at Mycenae were inserted into _____
the corralled arch
Orientalizing Period
the cultural and art historical period which started during the later part of the 8th century BC, when there was a heavy influence from the more advanced art of the Eastern Mediterranean and Ancient Near East.
Byzantium
the eastern portion of the Roman empire; lasted 1000 years after the fall of Western Rome
Neolithic Period
the final era of prehistory; also called the New Stone Age
Geometric Period
the formative period of Greek art
Sinan
the greatest of all Ottoman architects
Mount Olympus
the higest mountain in Greece, where the ancient Greeks believed many of their gods and godesses lived
Judaism
the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud
Prehistoric Period
the period before humans invented writing and kept written records.
Spolia
the re-use of earlier building material or decorative sculpture on new monuments
Christianity
the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices.
What features do Greek sculptures of the Archaic period have in common?
the rigid stance
Barrel Vault
the simplest form of vault consisting of an unbroken series of arches; it forms a tunnel like shape
Doric order (Greek)
the simplest of the classical Greek architectural styles, featuring unadorned columns with no base
Pediment
the triangular upper part of the front of a building in classical style, typically surmounting a portico of columns.
Catacomb
underground cemetery
What events or occurrences do NOT determine the onset of Neolithic culture?
writing
Prehistory includes all of human existence before the development of ___________
written records
