AIM Midterm Review - CT, MRI, Mammo

What are collimators and what do they do?

- effective way to restrict the path of protons emiited from the xray tube - keeps radiation dose to a minimum

What are detectors and what do they do?

- pick up and measure the radiation passing through a cross section of the patient - convert the transmitted photons into an electrical signal - send those signals to the computer for processing

Which of the following CT numbers represents water? 0 +1000 - 1000 + 500

0

As the display field of view (DFOV) decreases: 1. noise increases 2. spatial resolution increases 3. spatial resolution decreases 1 & 2 1 & 3 2 & 3 1, 2, & 3

1 & 2

What characteristic(s) must be present with nuclei to be MR active? 1. have an odd number of protons and/or neutrons 2. align with the magnetic field 3. have an even number of electrons 2 & 3 only 1, 2 & 3 1 & 2 only 1 only

1 & 2 only

When is the patient's position prone during breast imaging? 1. Miraluma scan 2. stereotatic biopsy 3. needle localization 1 & 2 only 1 only 2 & 3 only 1, 2 & 3

1 & 2 only

Window level (WL) refers to: 1. the midpoint in a range of CT numbers. 2. image contrast. 3. image brightness. 1 & 3 1 & 2 2 & 3 1, 2, & 3

1 & 3

Ferromagnetic aneurysm clips are subject to: 1. Torque. 2. thermal heating. 3. no effects from MR. 1 and 3 1, 2, and 3 1 and 2 2 and 3

1 and 2

When protons spin, they: 1. create a small magnetic field. 2. create a small magnetic moment. 3. lose their electrical charge. 2 and 3 1, 2, and 3 1 and 2 1 and 3

1 and 2

The process of producing voltage using magnetic fields is called: 1. electromagnetic induction. 2. the Larmor equation. 3. the Faraday law. 1 and 3 1, 2, and 3 1 and 2 2 and 3

1 and 3

The direction parallel to the B0 is the: 1.longitudinal direction. 2.transverse plane. 3.Z axis. 1 and 2 1 and 3 2 and 3 1, 2, and 3

1 and 3 (longitudinal direction and Z axis)

A patient in the scanner during an uncontrolled quench should be removed immediately to avoid possible: 1. frostbite. 2. ruptured tympanic membrane. 3. asphyxiation.

1, 2, and 3

Fringe magnetic fields can interact with: 1. CT scanners. 2. pacemakers. 3. nuclear medicine scanners. 1 and 2 2 and 3 1, 2, and 3 1 and 3

1, 2, and 3

Preventing potentially serious injury or death from strong magnetic field strengths requires: 1. a knowledgeable and concerned MR technologist. 2. controlled access to the magnetic field. 3. a detailed medical history of anyone entering the room. 2 and 3 1 and 2 1 and 3 1, 2, and 3

1, 2, and 3

Sudden increases in body temperature from RF energy can cause problems for patients with: 1. high blood pressure. 2. certain cardiac conditions. 3. diabetes 1 and 2 1, 2, and 3 2 and 3 1 and 3

1, 2, and 3

The speed of precessional frequency of a patient's hydrogen protons is: 1. dependent on the B0 strength. 2. the rate that the magnetization "wobbles." 3. called the Larmor frequency.

1, 2, and 3

The technologist might ________ to reduce specific absorption rate (SAR). 1. increase repetition time 2. decrease flip angle 3. reduce echo train length 2 and 3 1 and 3 1 and 2 1, 2, and 3

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following MR scanner types work well for large claustrophobic patients? 1. short bore 2. open bore 3. high field 1 and 3 1 and 2 1, 2, and 3 2 and 3

1, 2, and 3

One tesla is equal to ________ gauss.

10,000

The typical kilovolt peak (kVp) range used for CT scans is: 100 - 140 90 - 100 100 - 120 120 - 160

100-140

Short-bore MR units typically are about ________ cm in length. 75 100 175 125

125

Volume acquisition scanners are based on: 1. slice-by-slice data acquisition. 2. slip-ring technology. 3. continuous rotation of the x-ray tube. 2 & 3 1 & 2 1 & 3 1, 2, & 3

2 & 3

A standard algorithm program was used to reconstruct the brain from the top of the head to the base of the skull. In order to have images that show bone contrast, the technologist must readjust the: 1. the raw data 2. the window level 3. the window width 1 only 1 & 2 only 2 & 3 only 1, 2, & 3

2 & 3 only

MQSA requires that technologists performing mammography have: 1. ARRT certification in mammography 2. continuing education in mammography 3. formal education in mammography 1 & 2 only 1, 2 & 3 2 & 3 only 1 only

2 & 3 only

The main characteristics of mammographic equipment must have according to MQSA are: 1. adjustable collimation 2. magnification capability 3. different size compression paddles 1 & 2 only 1, 2 & 3 1 only 2 & 3 only

2 & 3 only

Spatial resolution can be increased by using: (1) larger-size detectors (2) a smaller pixel size (3) thinner slice thicknesses. 1 and 2 1 and 3 2 and 3 1, 2 and 3

2 and 3

Under normal conditions, for which of the following magnet types is the magnetic field always on? 1.resistive 2.permanent 3.superconducting Answers: 1 and 2 1 and 3 2 and 3 1, 2, and 3

2 and 3 (permanent and superconducting)

Second generation scanning employed: 1) a pencil beam/a single detector 2) a fan beam/ multidectectors 3) more indexing (compared with first generation scanners) 1 only 1&3 2&3 2 only

2 only

According to MQSA guidelines, the manual compression must be able to apply a minimum of:

25lb

Arrange in order from most dense breast tissue to least dense breast tissue. 1. post-menopausal without hormone replacement therapy 2. peri-menopausal with hormone replacement therapy 3. fibrous-cystic breast 4. normal breast tissue of a 45 year old 2, 4, 1 and 3 3, 4, 2 and 1 3, 4, 1 and 2 2, 3, 4 and 1

3, 4, 2 and 1 3. fibrous-cystic breast 4. normal breast tissue of a 45 year old 2. peri-menopausal with hormone replacement therapy 1. post-menopausal without hormone replacement therapy

Which of the following represent advantage(s) with MRI? 1. scan time is less than CT 2. patient experience less claustrophobia with MR compared to CT 3. increased low contrast resolution compared to CT 4. uses non-ionizing radiation

3. increased low contrast resolution compared to CT 4. uses non-ionizing radiation

Patients taking metformin should stop taking the medication _____ hours after IV contrast media injection. 12 24 48 72

48

The general public must be warned at the point where an MR magnet's fringe field reaches _______G. 5 1 0.5 0.1

5

50 millisievert (mSv) is equal to: 5 rem 15 rem 50 Gy 100 Gy

5 rem

The ________ is a perimeter around the scanner defining where the static field is potentially hazardous. 3.0 T line 3-gauss circle 1.5 T circle 5-gauss line

5-gauss line

The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) recommends that the annual occupational dose for imaging professionals not exceed: 50 mSv 5 mSv 1 mSv 5 Sv

50 mSv

Which generation of CT scanners is associated with the term "EBCT" and the use of an electron beam gun? 5th 6th 7th 4th

5th

A CT scanner with 16 detector rows, each scanning 4 widths, is called a _____ -slice scanner. 64 128 16 4

64

According to FDA guidelines, adults can be scanned using a static magnetic field strength of up to ________ T. 1.5 8.0 11.0 3.0

8.0

CT scanner x-ray tube voltages range from _____ to_____ kilovolts (kV) 80, 120 80, 140 60, 100 100, 160

80-140

The term "translation" is associated with _____ generation scanners. first second third A and B are correct.

A and B are correct

A screening questionnaire for patients scheduled for an MRI procedure should include information about: A. previous allergic reactions to iodinated contrast all of the above B. previous injuries, surgeries or implanted devices C. pregnancy B and C

B and C (?)

Spiral-helical CT scanning is based on: sequential data acquisition. slip-ring technology. volume data acquisition. B and C are correct.

B and C are correct

The static magnetic field is abbreviated as ________. Bg B0 M B1

B0

Which of the following is considered a secondary protective radiation barrier? thyroid shield protective glasses lead apron CT control room walls

CT control room walls

Sampling occurs at the: CT detectors. prepatient collimators. analog-to-digital converter (ADC). digital-to-analog converter (DAC).

CT detectors

Which anatomical structures lie just proximal to the nipple?

Collecting ducts

Which of the following x-ray beam geometries is used by modern, multidetector CT scanners?

Cone beam

Which of the following statements is true regarding magnetism? Tungsten, platinum and gadolinium are examples of diamagnetic substances. Diamagnetic substances are repelled by the magnetic field. Diamagnetic substances have unpaired orbital electrons. Most substances have no magnetism.

Diamagnetic substances are repelled by the magnetic field.

Which of the following statements are true regarding MR imaging of a pregnant patient? Each situation should be evaluated based on the benefit vs risk of the procedure MRI procedures are considered completely safe since they do not use ionizing radiation gadolinium based contrast have been proven have no effect on the fetus MRI should never be performed on a pregnant patient because the harmful effects are not fully understood

Each situation should be evaluated based on the benefit vs risk of the procedure

True or False A net magnetization of zero results when the nuclei are aligned with external magnetic field.

False

True or False The first response nuclei have with application of the RF pulse is relaxation.

False

True or False The nuclei are considered in a high energy state when aligned with Mo and precessing along the Z-axis.

False

True or False The window width is 400 and ranges from -50 to +350. Therefore, the window level is 100.

False

True or False Accurate placement of the marker for labeling the projection/position and the side radiographed is at the cleavage.

False

True or False As slice thickness increases, the patient's dose increases?

False

True or False Breast examination for demonstration of dimpling of the skin is demonstrated with the one arm placed over the head while recumbent.

False

True or False Breast self-examination is recommended bimonthly between intervals of a mammogram.

False

True or False Emission of the RF pulses is delivered in the same direction as the external magnetic field.

False

True or False Needle localization is routinely used with stereotatic breast biopsy.

False

True or False Prior to the excision of breast tissue for a biopsy, a needle localization with placement of a fine wire into the tissue of concern is done by the radiologist with fluoroscopic examination.

False

True or False The American Cancer Society recommends that women have a mammogram every two years after the age of fifty.

False

True or False The women who are post-menopausal have breasts that consist mainly of fibroglandular tissue. Note: The woman is not on hormonal replacement therapy.

False

True or False To achieve optimum detail and the thinnest slice possible, modern spiral-helical CT scanner x-ray tubes contain only one filament/focal spot.

False

True or False Women using hormonal replacement therapy have a lower risk for breast cancer compared women not using hormones.

False

A seamless shield surrounding the MR room is called a(n)________.

Faraday cage

Which of these is not a characteristic of a superconducting magnet? Electrical current flows without resistance. Cost is between $1 million and $3 million. Field strengths are limited to below 2T. It uses liquid cryogens to control resistance.

Field strengths are limited to below 2T.

MQSA guidelines are enforced by: each state Food and Drug Administration American College of Radiology American Cancer Society

Food and Drug Administration

This agency developed the guidelines for implementation of the Mammography Quality Standards Act. American Cancer Society American College of Radiology Food and Drug Administration Office of Radiation Control in Florida

Food and Drug Administration

The greatest advantage of a 1.5-tesla magnetic field compared to a 0.3 magnetic field is: 1. the speed of precessing nuclei 2. a greater number of MR active hydrogen nuclei 3. less manipulation of radio frequencies 1 only 1, 2 & 3 1 & 2 only 2 & 3 only

I guess 1 only and 1,2,&3 and both of those answers were wrong, do not know the correct one

What does window width determine?

Image contrast

A high percentage of men with breast cancer have: Klinefelter's syndrome a mother and a sister with breast cancer a mother with breast cancer developmental lumps during puperty

Klinefelter's syndrome

Precessional frequency is determined by the ________ equation.

Larmor

Precessional frequency is determined by the ________ equation. Faraday Larmor inverse square precessional

Larmor

________ are used to cool the wires of superconducting magnets. Synthetic chemicals Solid cryogens Special electrical systems Liquid cryogens

Liquid cryogens

The _________ coil is located closest to the patient inside the MR magnet bore. RF gradient birdcage shim

RF

What must occur before nuclei relax along the Z-axis?

Removal of the RF pulse

If a patient has an emergency while in the scanning room, how should the MR technologist physically address administering lifesaving procedures? Leave the patient where he or she is to do no further harm. Remove the patient from the MR scanning room to a safe area on an MR-conditional stretcher and then begin lifesaving procedures. Remove the patient from the scanner, but keep the patient in the room and begin CPR. Transfer the patient to the emergency department.

Remove the patient from the MR scanning room to a safe area on an MR-conditional stretcher and then begin lifesaving procedures.

Which of the following statements is true regarding resistive magnets? They require very little electrical energy to operate. Resistive magnets can be shut off easily by discontinuing power. They generally have open configurations. Resistive magnets have high field strengths, but low fringe fields.

Resistive magnets can be shut off easily by discontinuing power.

________ is a ferromagnetic substance that is ________ attracted to the MR magnet. Gadolinium; slightly Steel; highly Copper; highly Platinum; highly

Steel; highly

The time between excitation pulses is known as the: TI TE TR wait time

TR

T1 sagittal

The attached image represents: T1 sagittal DWI FLAIR axial T2 sagittal

an MRA of the carotid arteries

This image should be described as a lower extremity venogram an MRA of the carotid arteries an MRA of the COW none of the above

T1 coronal brain

This image should be described as: a T1 axial brain a T2 sagittal brain a T2 coronal brain a T1 coronal brain

T2 coronal brain

This image should be described as: a T2 axial brain a T1 axial brain a T1 coronal brain a T2 coronal brain

True of False The American Cancer Society recommends that women with a high risk for breast cancer to have a baseline mammogram at the age of thirty.

True

True or False Multiple excitations with the RF pulse results in a change in relaxation time.

True

True or False Nuclei are MR active when exposed to an external magnetic field and have an odd number of protons in the nucleus.

True

True or False Nuclei precess faster in a high-field magnet compared to a low-field magnet.

True

True or False A woman bearing her first child after the age of 35 has a higher risk of breast cancer compared to a woman who delivered two children before that age.

True

True or False Accurate placement of the marker for labeling the projection is at the axillary side of the breast.

True

True or False An image is said to have good spatial resolution if the boundaries of an object are distinct and have sharp borders.

True

True or False As window width increases the contrast decreases.

True

True or False Breast lesions which are nonpalpable may be seen with mammography.

True

True or False Linear attenuation coefficient values relate directly to density depicted as a CT number, where the CT value zero represents water density.

True

True or False Manipulation of the window width adjusts a select range of CT numbers needed to contrast the image.

True

True or False Radiopaque nonionic contrast agents are considered safe for pregnant patients.

True

True or False Statistics in the United States show one (1) in eight (8) women will be diagnosed with breast cancer within a given year.

True

True or False The American Cancer Society recommends a baseline mammogram at the age of forty for women without a high risk for breast cancer.

True

True or False The purpose for conducting a screening mammogram is to show a lesion before it is palpable.

True

True or False The receiver coil receives the RF signals which decay after excitation.

True

True or False The size of the field of view represents the length of the diameter created when the x-ray tube scans around the patient.

True

True or False The stereotactic biopsy unit localizes a lesion by computer using three image coordinates.

True

Which of the following would most likely be associated with a CT scan of the lung? WW 1500; WL - 400 WW 80; WL -400 WW 1600; WL 300 WW 80; WL 40

WW 1500; WL - 400

Which of the zones established by the ACR for safety, houses the actual magnet? Zone I Zone II Zone III Zone IV

Zone IV

The mathematical unit that describes shades of gray on a CT image is called: a voxel unit. the window level. the window width. a Hounsfield unit.

a hounsfield unit

The precession of hydrogen nuclei is best described as: (choose all correct responses) a magnetic field a wobble a dipole a secondary spin

a magnetic field and a wobble *THIS IS THE WRONG ANSWER, DO NOT KNOW THE CORRECT ONE*

Reformation is: a reposition of information (data) in the pixels to observe a different plane a reconstruction of the raw data into the plane that was scanned a display of the original image into a different matrix a miscalculation of data in the pixels

a reposition of information (data) in the pixels to observe a different plane

The main characteristics of mammographic equipment must have: a and b removable reciprocating grid a, b and c interchangable Bucky built-in compression device

a, b, and c

An image that appears grainy is said to have low ______. a. SNR b. Scan time c. Spatial resolution d. NEX

a. SNR

Which imaging procedure is ordered for follow up after a breast biopsy with normal pathology results? a.diagnostic mammogram b.stereotactic biopsy c.MRI of breast d.screening mammogram

a. diagnostic mammogram

Compared to barium used for regular fluoroscopy procedures, the barium used for CT procedures is: a. less dense. b. more dense. c. of the same density.

a. less dense

Select the statement that applies to obtaining a magnification view of the breast. a.remove the grid b.requires no compression c.more spreading of breast tissue d.increase exposure factors

a. remove the grid

The advantage of digital mammography over film-screen mammography is: ability to manipulate the projections ability to decrease dose ability to manipulate image contrast ability to manipulate penetration

ability to manipulate image contrast

Which of the following medications may be used to prevent nephrotoxicity? metformin acetylcysteine glucophage diphenhydramine

acetylcysteine

The people who should be educated about the effects of the static magnetic field, especially in high field superconducting magnets, are: a and c only nursing staff and the code team housekeeping and fire department all of the above anesthesiologists and respiratory therapists

all of the above

With RF transmission into the patient, the nuclei start to precess stop precessing are in an excited state are at equilibrium

are in an excited state

The x-ray photons transmitted through the patient are received by a/an: a. array detectors b. image receptor c. image intensifier d. selenium plate

array detectors

The most serious consequence which may occur if a patient or technologist is in the scan room during quench of the magnet is: hearing loss unable to open the scan room door thermal burns asphyxiation

asphyxiation

The primary/main advantage for compression to the breast until the skin is taut for mammography is to: decrease skin folds roll-out uneven breast tissue show the nipple in profile attain uniform breast thickness

attain uniform breast thickness

In CT imaging, the z- axis refers to the ____ plane

axial

Select two answers. Film-screen systems for mammography have: a.double emulsion film b.single screen c.double screens d.single-emulsion film

b.single screen d.single-emulsion film

Select the material used for the xray tube window that attenuates the least photons when exiting the x-ray tube. aluminum tungsten beryllium glass

beryllium

Select the most common reason a patient will have a biopsy after a mammogram. breast tissue shows a lymph node at the axilla breast tissue is mainly fatty breast tissue shows microcalcification(s) breast tissue is fibrocystic

breast tissue shows microcalcification(s)

Select the most common reason a patient will have a stereotatic biopsy following mammography. breast tissue is fibrocystic breast tissue is mainly fatty breast tissue is not well-defined breast tissue shows microcalcifications

breast tissue shows microcalcifications

Glandular dose per exposure with a reciprocating grid should not exceed: Answers: a.0.05 rads b.0.15 rads c.0.3 rads d.0.5 rads

c. 0.3 rads

After biopsy, the next mammogram is done at what interval? Answers: a.1 year b.24 months c.6 months d.18 months

c. 6 months

Name a finding seen in only one breast that would result in scheduling the next mammogram in six months for follow-up. There was no recommendation for biopsy. The previous mammogram did not show the finding a year earlier. a. multiple microcalcifications b. a suspicious lesion c. a single calcification d. a cystic lesion

c. a single calcification

A T1 weighted image is produced using a _____ TR and a _____ TE and produces an image with _______ *fat*. a. long; short; bright b. long; long; bright c. short; short; bright d. long; long; dark e. short; short; dark

c. short; short; bright

Slip rings eliminate the need for

cables

A CT gantry includes all of the following components except: central processing unit bow tie filters detectors collimators

central processing unit

Beam-shaping filters are designed to: change the spatial distribution of the beam remove higher-energy photons from the beam decrease subject contrast restrict the path of photons coming from the x-ray tube

change the spatial distribution of the beam

Which of these is not a contraindication for entering the MR suite? cardiac pacemakers aneurysm clips infusion pumps claustrophobia

claustrophobia

The process related to the first computed tomography scanner was called: computer-assisted tomography. reconstructive tomography. Hounsfield tomography. computerized transverse axial scanning.

computerized transverse axial scanning.

These structures help suspend the lobules in the breast and attach to the dermis. pectoralis muscles Cooper ligaments subsegmental ducts pectoralis fascia

cooper ligaments

An image acquisition that divides the body into front and back halves is called a(n) ________ projection. transverse axial coronal sagittal

coronal

In CT imaging, the y- axis refers to the ____ plane

coronal

Select the projections needed for a screening mammogram study. craniocaudal (CC) and lateral (ML or LM) craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO) spot compression with magnification implant displacement and craniocaudal (CC)

craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO)

Fourth generation scanners employed detectors that were: curved/nonrotating. linear/rotating. curved/rotating. linear/nonrotating.

curved/nonrotating

What percentage of lesions is missed with film-screen mammography? Answers: a.1 - 5% b.25-35% c.20-35% d.10-15%

d. 10-15%

Gating is a technique that can effectively reduce patient dose by as much as _____ %. a. 100 b. 90 c. 80 d. 70

d. 70

Diagnostic mammography could include the following optional positions/projections: Answers: a.mediolateral (MLO) b.craniocaudal (CC) c.from below (FB) d.magnification

d. magnification

A secondary advantage for compression to the breast includes: increase contrast decrease radiation dose decrease contrast increase radiation dose

decrease radiation dose

The function of a bow-tie filter is/are to 1. decrease the beam energy at the periphery of the patient 2. shape the beam to be more polychromatic 3. minimize beam hardening artifacts

decrease the beam energy at the periphery of the patient

As pitch increases, patient dose: decreases increases is unaffected

decreases

As postpatient collimation decreases, slice thickness: decreases. increases. remains the same

decreases

In multi-slice CT, as the pitch increases, the z-gap _____ and image quality _____ . decreases; increases increases; decreases increases; increases increases; is unaffected

decreases; increases

To view a CT image on a LCD monitor, data must be undergo: digital-to-analog conversion. analog-to-digital conversion. digitization. quantization.

digital to analog conversion

Which of the following most closely approximates the actual radiation dose to a specific patient for a specific exam? 1) dose length product (DLP) 2) multiple scan average dose (MSAD) 3) none of these

dose length product

Which of the following is not a common contrast injection reaction? pain at the injection site metallic taste flushed feeling in the pelvis dyspnea

dyspnea

Fifth generation?

electron beam, high speed CT scanners used for the heart

The state by which low-energy nuclei align with the magnetic field and high-energy nuclei align against the magnetic field is considered ________. magnitude the magnetic moment equilibrium net magnetization factor

equilibrium

Recovery means: equilibrium within external magnetic field a change in vector direction removal from the external magnetic field the degree of relaxation

equilibrium within the external magnetic field

Second generation?

fan beam

Compared with conventional (axial) CT scanning, spiral-helical CT has: longer interscan delays faster imaging times increased misregistration artifacts both b and c are correct

faster imaging times

As a technologist, if you want to decrease the original pixel size by half, what scanning parameter must be changed? field of view (FOV) slice thickness decrease the number of pixels increase the number of pixels

field of view (FOV)

Which of the following types of scanners used water bags? first generation only first and second generation first, second and third generation Water bags have never been used with CT scanning.

first generation only

First generation scanners were only capable of imaging the: head/brain extremities chest, abdomen/pelvis head/brain and extremities

head/brain

Spiral-helical scanners incorporate _____ slip rings. high-voltage low-voltage high- and low-voltage No choice is correct.

high and low voltage

Generators are often times located within the gantry. These types of generators are typically: high frequency medium frequency full wave/ 3 phase multiwave/ 2 phase

high frequency

A superconducting magnetic field generally runs: horizontally along the long axis of the patient's body. horizontally from bore to wall. vertically from ceiling to floor. in a straight line from the magnet bore to the edge of the room.

horizontally along the long axis of the patient's body.

Select a factor that moderately increases the risk of developing breast cancer. hormonal replacement therapy for 15 years paternal grandmother had breast cancer mother has fibrocystic breasts 2 live births before the age of 30

hormonal replacement therapy for 15 years

If extravasation occurs, contrast can be dissipated by reducing its viscosity. This can be accomplished by applying a: hot pack. cold pack. sterile bandage.

hot pack

In multidetector CT scanning, which of the following determines slice thickness? image reconstruction parameters prepatient collimators postpatient collimators detector type

image reconstruction parameters

When a ferromagnetic object gets closer to the magnet, the magnetic force pulling the object: stops suddenly. increases exponentially. increases slightly. decreases slightly.

increases exponentially

For CT scanning, as mAs increases, patient dose _____ and image noise _____ . a. decreases; decreases b. increases; increases c. increases; decreases d. decreases; increases

increases; decreases

Which complication is most likely during an MRI of a patient who has had a pacemaker removed but still has the leads in place? displacement of the leads due to magnetic force hemorrhage from torquing (twisting) of the lead non-functioning pacemaker induced current in the leads

induced current in the leads

A patient with ferromagnetic intracranial aneurysm clips is at risk of intracranial hemorrhage from torquing (twisting) of the clip pulling of the clip out of the cranium hearing loss all of these thermal injuries

intracranial hemorrhage from torquing (twisting) of the clip

As the display field of view increases, the resulting radiation dose to the patient: is not affected increases decreases

is not affected

Body piercing jewelry often is made of stainless steel, which ________ to the magnetic field, but can ________. strongly attracted; heat up is not attracted; heat up easily rotated by; not heat up is slightly attracted; not heat up

is not attracted; heat up

When a spiral-helical CT scanner takes a scout image, the x-ray tube: is stationary rotates around the patient can take a frontal and lateral projection at the same time

is stationary

When the x, y and z planes (length, width and height) are equal, the volume data set is: isotropic. linear. anisotropic. rectangle-shaped.

isotropic

A pitch of ________ results in the highest dose to the patient. less than 1 pitch does not affect patient dose 1 2

less than 1

The typical modern CT scanner generator converts: low-voltage AC to high-voltage DC. low-voltage DC to high-voltage DC. high-voltage DC to low-voltage DC. low-voltage DC to high-voltage AC.

low-voltage AC to high-voltage DC.

What target material is best for imaging large pendulous breasts which are mainly fatty? aluminum rhodium molybdenum tungsten

molybdenum

Select the characteristic that would give a woman the highest risk to develop breast cancer. mother was diagnosed with breast cancer at the age of 72 mother and younger sister were diagnosed with breast cancer father's mother diagnosed with breast cancer after menopause hormone replacement therapy starting at the age of 65

mother and younger sister were diagnosed with breast cancer

Seventh generation?

multisection

A permanent magnet usually is constructed of magnetized ceramic bricks or a magnetized alloy made of aluminum, ________ and ________. nickel; cobalt steel; nickel tungsten; nickel cobalt; tungsten

nickel; cobalt

In preparation for an MRI procedure, patients should be encouraged to: wear their own clothing so they feel at home during the study none of the above keep their hearing aids in so they can hear and follow the technologists instructions wear a wrist watch to monitor the length of the scan time

none of the above

Which of the following devices is the most accurate monitor used to measure occupational radiation exposure? film badge thermoluminescent dosimeter optically stimulated luminescent dosimeter Geiger counter

optically stimulated luminescent dosimeter

In a well-known accident that occurred in July 2001, a(n) ________ flew through the scanner room, striking and killing a 6-year-old boy. pair of forceps oxygen tank wheelchair emergency crash cart

oxygen tank

Name the muscle tissue imaged with the MLO projection of the breast. pectoralis major serratus anterior pectoralis minor trapezius

pectoralis major

First generation CT scanners used _____ beam scanning. pencil cone fan pinpoint

pencil

First generation?

pencil beam

Which of the following describes a characteristic of a first-generation CT scanner? image intensifier multiple beam sources & multi-row detectors pencil x-ray beam and 1 detector multiple detectors and fan beam

pencil x-ray beam and 1 detector

To meet the ARRT requirements to take the mammography exam, the mammographer must:

perform 25 mammograms under direct supervision

Which of the following would normally not be used to administer contrast with a power injector? perma-cath power port-a-cath power PICC line any of these may be safely used

perma-cath

The most common cause for a repeated mammogram is due to: exposure error processing error positioning error breast size

positioning error

The patient's position for stereotatic needle core biopsy is:

prone

When image data is acquired by a CT scanner, it goes through a process known as: quantization digitization photon flux convolution

quantization

If patients have claustrophobia, they should discuss pre-examination medication with ________. radiologists referring physicians MR schedulers MR technologists

referring physicians

Which of the following magnet arrangements is listed correctly in order (from left to right) from weakest magnetic field strength to strongest:

resistive, permanent, superconducting.

What target material is best for imaging fibrocystic breasts that are firm? tungsten aluminum rhodium molybdenum

rhodium

Third generation?

rotating tube, detector array

Fourth generation?

rotating tube, stationary detectors

In CT imaging, the x- axis refers to the ____ plane

sagittal

Which of the following is the most effective type of CT detector? scintillation xenon gas linear array photodiode

scintillation

When patients arrive at the imaging center with a cranial scar, the screen the patients and/or ask their doctor or family what type of surgery they had cancel the procedure immediately perform the MRI scan to find out what type of surgery they had cover the head with a sterile drape

screen the patients and/or ask their doctor or family what type of surgery they had

The spot compression device is used to: increase overall radiographic sharpness separate overlying (clumped) breast tissue decrease the thickness of the breast roll calcifications to one side

separate overlying (clumped) breast tissue

A T2 weighted image is produced using a ______ TR and a ______ TE and yields an image with ______ CSF. short; short; bright long; long; bright long; short; bright long; long; dark

short; short; bright *THIS IS THE WRONG ANSWER, DO NOT KNOW THE CORRECT ON*

Which of the following International System of Units (SI) measurements is associated with monitoring radiology staff? sievert (Sv) gray (Gy) becquerel (Bq) coulomb/kilogram (C/kg)

sievert (Sv)

MR-approved ECG leads are made of ________ to prevent thermal burns.

silver

The CT dose index (CTDI) is most accurate when applied to: single-slice scanners multislice scanners helical/spiral scanners

single slice scanners

All power to the gantry of a spiral-helical CT scanner is conveyed via: slip rings photon flux rotating wire brushes high tension cables

slip rings

Select two answers. Suspect malignancy when the image shows:

speculated margins around a ill-defined mass, clustered microcalcification of different shapes

During T2 relaxation, the hydrogen nuclei?

spinning out-of-phase

Sixth generation?

spiral/helical beam

In multislice CT scanners, detector systems with equal-size detector elements are called _____ arrays. symmetric adaptive curved linear

symmetric

With respect to detectors, the term "dynamic range" refers to: detector consistency. how efficiently the detectors gather the photons coming from the patient. the accuracy of response to low- and high-energy radiation. No choice is correct.

the accuracy of response to low- and high-energy radiation.

Patients with large or especially dark tattoos are at risk of thermal injuries nothing torquing injuries current induction in the skin

thermal injuries

Which of the following results in higher resolution? thin collimation thick collimation collimation does not affect resolution

thin collimation

Partial volume averaging can be improved by using: smaller pixel sizes. a smaller SFOV. thinner slice thicknesses. a larger DFOV.

thinner slice thickness

Which generation of CT scanners was the first to use a curved array of rotating detectors? second third fourth fifth

third

Nutating refers to the process of: tilting the detector ring. tilting the x-ray tube. tilting the gantry. translation.

tilting the detector ring

T 1 relaxation time refers to the time required for nuclear spins to return to the longitudinal axis duration of the RF pulse while aligned with the magnetic field time required for nuclei to cease precessing in-phase in the transverse axis time of pulse echoes to return to the receiver coil

time required for nuclear spins to return to the longitudinal axis

Slip rings are responsible for

transferring power and image data

Modern CT scanners have x-ray tubes designed to withstand large amounts of heat. The anode on these tubes includes a target made of: molybdenum. copper. rhodium. tungsten.

tungsten

CT scanner x-ray tubes incorporate rotating anodes composed of: tungsten, molybdenum and rhenium tungsten, copper and molybdenum molybdenum, tungsten and rhodium rhenium, tungsten and rhodium

tungsten, molybdenum and rhenium

What modality is used for aspiration of fluid from the breast? nuclear medicine magnetic resonance computed tomography ultrasound

ultrasound

Which of the following is associated with a 3-D representation of tissue volume? matrix pixel voxel sampling

voxel

When using a gonadal shield for a CT exam, the shield should be: wrapped 360 degrees around the patient It is not necessary to use gonadal shielding for CT scans placed posteriorly (underneath the pelvis) placed anteriorly (on top of the pelvis)

wrapped 360 degrees around the patient

In sixth generation CT scanners, which of the following elements rotate around the patient? x-ray tube and detectors the xray tube detectors no choices are correct

x-ray tube and detectors

What is the position of the x-ray tube in relation to the gantry when obtaining a lateral scout scan for a brain. x-ray tube is directed overhead or in the 12 o'clock position x-ray tube is horizontal or in the 9 o'clock position x-ray tube is directed under the patient or in the 6 o'clock position The x-ray tube is in the 3 o'clock position

x-ray tube is horizontal or in the 9 o'clock position