AIMA 2nd Edition Chapter 1: Artificial Intelligence

empiricism

"Nothing is in the understanding, which was not first in the senses."

physical symbol system

"a physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for general intelligent action."

utility

"preferred outcomes"

robotics

(Part of the Total Turing Test) Computer capability to manipulate objects and move about.

computer vision

(Part of the Total Turing Test) Computer capability to perceive objects

machine learning

(Part of the Turing Test) Computer capability to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and extrapolate patterns

natural language processing

(Part of the Turing Test) Computer capability to enable it to communicate successfully in English.

knowledge representation

(Part of the Turing Test) Computer capability to store what it knows or hears.

automated reasoning

(Part of the Turing Test) Computer capability to use the stored information to answer questions and to draw new conclusions

machine evolution

(now called genetic algorithms) were based on the undoubtedly correct belief that by making an appropriate series of small mutations to a machine code program, one can generate a program with good performance for any particular simple task.

materialism

An alternative to dualism is _________, which holds that the brain's operation according to the laws of physics constitutes the mind.

probability

Besides logic and computation, the third great contribution of mathematics to A1 is the theory of _________

dualism

Descartes held that there is a part of the human mind (or soul or spirit) that is outside of nature, exempt from physical laws

NP-completeness

How can one recognize an intractable problem?

Total Turing Test

It includes a video signal so that the interrogator can test the subject's perceptual abilities, as well as the opportunity for the interrogator to pass physical objects "through the hatch."

limited rationality

It is acting appropriately when there is not enough time to do all the comiputations one might like.

agent

It is just something that acts. But are expected to have other attributes that distinguish them from mere "programs," such as operating under autonomous control, perceiving their environment, persisting over a prolonged time period, adapting to change, and being capable of taking on another's goals. (comes from the Latin agere, "to do")

rational agent

It is one that acts so as to achieve the best outcome or, when there is uncertainty, the best expected outcome.

syllogisms

It provided patterns for argument structures that always yielded correct conclusions when given correct premises and was formulated by Aristotle. eg. "Socrates is a man; all men are mortal; therefore, Socrates is mortal."

Turing Test

It was designed to provide a satisfactory operational definition of intelligence.

certainty factors

MYCIN incorporated a calculus of uncertainty called _________ ,which seemed (at the time) to fit well with how doctors assessed the impact of evidence on the diagnosis.

Rationality

Measure against an ideal concept of intelligence and a system does the "right thing" given what it knows.

microworlds

Minsky supervised a series of students who chose limited problems that appeared to require intelligence to solve. These limited domains became known as _____________

computational linguistics

Modem linguistics and AI, then, were "born" at about the same time, and grew up together, intersecting in a hybrid field called ____________________or natural language processing.

objective function

Modern control theory, especially the branch known as stochastic optimal control, has as its goal the design of systems that maximize an _________ over time.

induction

Principle which says that general rules are acquired by exposure to repeated associations between their elements.

Systems that think like humans Systems that think rationally Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally

Some definitions of artificial intelligence, organized into four categories

true

The fact that a program can find a solution in principle does not mean that the program contains any of the mechanisms needed to find it in practice.

logicist

The so-called ________ tradition within artificial intelligence hopes to build on such programs to create intelligent systems.

cognitive psychology

The view of the brain as an information-processing device

logic

These laws of thought were supposed to govern the operation of the mind; their study initiated the field called _______.

logical positivism

This doctrine holds that all knowledge can be characterized by logical theories connected, ultimately, to observation sentences that correspond to sensory inputs

Artificial Intelligence

This field attempts not just to understand but also to build intelligent entities

cognitive science

This interdisciplinary field brings together computer models from AI and experimental techniques from psychology to try to construct precise and testable theories of the workings of the human mind.

confirmation theory

This theory attempted to understand how knowledge can be acquired from experience

data mining

Using improved methodology and theoretical frameworks, the field arrived at an understanding in which neural nets can now be compared with corresponding techniques from statistics, pattern recognition, and machine learning, and the most promising technique can be applied to each application.

frames

assembling facts about particular object and event types and arranging the types into a large taxonomic hierarchy analogous to a biological taxonomy.

Decision theory

combines probability theory with utility theory, provides a for- mal and complete framework for decisions (economic or otherwise) made under uncertainty- that is, in cases where probabilistic descriptions appropriately capture the decision-maker's environment

Hebbian learning

demonstrated a simple updating rule for modifying the connection strengths between neurons

COGNITIVE SCIENCE

development of computer modeling led to the creation of the field of _____________

Euclid's algorithm for computing greatest common denominators.

first nontrivial algorithm

intractability

if the time required to solve instances of the problem grows exponentially with the size of the instances

game theory

included the surprising result that, for some games, a rational agent should act in a random fashion, or at least in a way that appears random to the adversaries.

satisficing

making decisions that are "good enough," rather than laboriously calculating an optimal decision-gave a better description of actual human behavior

weak methods

methods that do not scale up to large or difficult problem instances

connectionist models

models of intelligent systems were seen by some as direct competitors both to the symbolic models

Cybernetics

possibility of artificially intelligent machines

behaviorism

rejected any theory involving mental processes on the grounds that introspection could not provide reliable evidence.

incompleteness theorem

showed that in any language expressive enough to describe the properties of the natural numbers, there are true statements that are undecidable in the sense that their truth cannot be established by any algorithm.

convergence theorem

showing that his learning algorithm could adjust the connection strengths of a perceptron to match any input data, provided such a match existed.

neurons

the brain consisted of nerve cells or __________-

knowledge representation

the study of how to put knowledge into a form that a computer can reason with

Neuroscience

the study of the nervous system, particularly the brain

control theory

viewed purposive behavior as arising from a regulatory mechanism trying to minimize "error"-the difference between current state and goal state.

Bayesian network formalism

was invented to allow efficient representation of, and rigorous reasoning with, uncertain knowledge.