Alisom

Treaty of Paris (1783)

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

Women in the Revolution

import economic role (took over farms and businesses, etc.) almost no political role (all men created equal = all MEN created equal)

Sugar Act

(1764) British deeply in debt due to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. Colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

(May 1804) Expedition into the Louisiana Territory to trace the Mississippi River and find a route to the Pacific Ocean; called the "Corps of Discovery" headed up the Missouri River; found a path through the Rocky Mountains and eventually traced the Columbia River to the Pacific; increased American knowledge of the territory and gave the U.S. a claim to the Oregon territory along the coast, led to increased knowledge of Native American culture

Causes of the War of 1812

-Indians being generally annoying and invading when all the Americans did was take their homelands -French-British war neccesitated IMPRESSMENT policies -trade tensions -andrew jackson saying lets kill the indians and the spanish and then take their land

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 groups of NAs in western New york formed an alliance under pontiac and attacked frontier settlers. Led to the Proclamation Line of 1763

Boston Massacre

1770 British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them. Five colonists were killed. The colonists blamed the British and the Sons of Liberty and used this incident as an excuse to promote the Revolution.

Intolerable Acts

1774 - Coercive Acts British legislation that closed Boston Harbor, restricted town meetings, and required even private citizens to lodge British soldiers

Quartering Act

1774- Required colonists to house troops sent to Massachusetts to enforce the Intolerable Acts

Chesapeake Incident

1807 - The British ship HMS Leopard stopped the USS Chesapeake off the Chesapeake bay, and four alleged British deserters were taken off. Public outcry for the war followed and Jefferson was hard pressed to remain neutral.

Fletcher v. Peck

1810- Dispute over land which made its way to the Supreme Court. State legislature's repeal of a law was deemed unconstitutional. Deemed that matters of constitutional interpretation should be heard in the Supreme court, asserted federal power over state.

Henry Clay

5 time failed presidential nominee, gay, stupid, most influential speaker of the house ever, catalyst of modern-day dirty politics "corrupt bargain," stupid

Queen Anne's War

A contest among Europe's empire builders for territory, established England as the primary colonial power in North America

Molasses Act

A law that imposed a tax on molasses, sugar, and rum imported from non-British foreign colonies into the North American colonies; it was aimed to reserve a monopoly of the colonies. This caused anger among colonials due to the fear of increased prices of rum, since they felt that the British West Indies could not meet the needs of the colonies.

Paxton Boys

A mob of Pennsylvania frontiersmen vigilantes led by the Paxtons who massacred a group of non-hostile Indians.

Stamp Act

A tax that the British Pariliament placed on newspapers and official documents sold in the American Colonies

Battle of Princeton

A week after the Battle at Trenton, Washington left a few men to tend some campfires and fool the enemy again. He quietly marched his army to Princeton, where they suprised and beat a British force. New Jersey turned Patriot. This battle helped the American morale.

Quartering Act of 1765

Act forcing colonists to house and supply British forces in the colonies; created more resentment; seen as assault on liberties

Judiciary Act of 1801

Act passed at the very end of Adam's term, which created 16 new judge spots which Adams filled with federalists. These appointments known as "midnight appointments"

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases.

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

Adopted by the First Continental Congress, it promised obedience to the king, but denied parliament's right to tax the colonies.

Marbury v. Madison

After Marbury (a judge) sued Madison (secretary of state) for his commission, Marshall ruled that the Judiciary Act of 1789, which gave Marbury his commision, was unconstitutional. FIRST USE OF JUDICIAL REVIEW.

Burr-Hamilton Duel

After personal and political disagreements, Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel and fatally wounded him. Effectively the end of Burr's political career. Tried for treason by the Supreme Court, but Marshall acquitted him.

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Macon's Bill Number 2

Born after Non-INtercourse act expired in 1810Allowed trade with France/Britain, but gave president power to prohibit trade with any nation violating neutrality.

George Grenville

British Prime Minister Architect of the Sugar Act; his method of taxation and crackdown on colonial smuggling were widely disliked by Americans. He passed the Stamp Act arguing that colonists received virtual representation in Parliament

General Charles Cornwallis

British general who fought the Patriots in the south; surrounded and sieged at Yorktown and surrendered to George Washington

General Braddock

British-commander in chief in in north america, was in charge during battle at Fort Duquesne, "the worst defeat of British forces in North America to that time"

Patriots

Colonists who wanted independence from Britain Jets suck. Hard dicks.Go Pats.

Committees of Correspondence

Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.

Power of the Purse

Constitutional power given to Congress to raise and spend money

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Napoleon

Dictator of France during early 1800s, sold Louisiana Territory to Jefferson because he preoccupied with Haitian Rebellion

Treaty of Utrecht

England acquired Newfoundland, acadia, areas of hudson bay. Led to postway tensions with Native AMericans, Made england most powerful nation in North America

Samuel Adams

Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence Beer

Treaty of paris 1763

France gave louisiana territory, plus NO, to spain, but kept its sugar islands. Britain gained until mississippi, and florida

Marquis de Lafayette

French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army.

Andrew Jackson

General who decisively defeated a British invasion force near New Orleans "with a polyglot army of frontiersmen, blacks, creoles, pirates", gained a lot of popular support as a war hero

General Burgoyne

Gentleman Johnnie, Surrendered to america at Saratoga originally wanted to control hudson river and cut of supplies

Battle of Quebec

Great european style battle, both commanders died, but british won. turning point in the war, eventually led to french surrender.

General William Howe

He took command of British troops in North America after the Battle of Bunker Hill. He captured New York and Philadelphia, but botched the plan to isolate the New England colonies in 1777. He resigned in 1778.

Thomas Jefferson

He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.

Battle of New Orleans

January, 1815 - A large British invasion force was repelled by Andrew Jackson's troops at New Orleans. Jackson had been given the details of the British army's battle plans by the French pirate, Jean Laffite. About 2500 British soldiers were killed or captured, while in the American army only 8 men were killed. Neither side knew that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the War of 1812 two weeks before the battle. This victory inspired American nationalism

Embargo Act of 1807

Jefferson's response to the cry for war. prohibited american ships from leaving port for any foreign destination, so they completely avoided France/Britain ships. Resulted in an economic depression, his most unpopular policy of both terms.

James Monroe

Last of the Virginia Dynasty hand-picked by Madison Elected with only one opposing electoral vote: a symbol of national unity

Tecumseh

Leader of Shawnees, defied Treaty of Fort Wayne because they hated whites, pretty much

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution, eventually won the freedom of his people

Patrick Henry

Outspoken member of House of Burgesses; inspired colonial patriotism with "Give me liberty or give me death" speech 1775

Gibbons v. Ogden

Marshall said that the National Government could regulate interstate commerce, reinforcing Commerce Clause of the Constitution.

McCulloch v. Maryland

McCulloch claimed that state taxes on branch of federal banks was unconstitutional, Marshall ruled in favor of him, deeming that the bank charter was Necessary and Proper, establishing national law over state law.

Non-Intercourse Act

Modified version of the Embargo Act, which allowed for open trade to all nations except for France and Britain. Started right before Madison's inaguration, ended 1810

Treatment of Native Americans during Jefferson's administration

Most Americans thought all NAs were savages, took their land without second thought, although some NAs assimilated into white culture

Louisiana Purchase

Napoleon sold Louisiana Territory (830000 sq miles) to American Government for $15 million, controversial deal that Jefferson supported because provided the possibility for exapnding the empire for liberty. Faced opposition Federalists, who worried about balance in Congress being tipped toward western-southern alliance, and diluted "civilized character" of American people. DRs argued that wasn't "necessary of proper"

Slaves and Native Americans' roles in the war

Not Applicable

Battle of Trenton

On Christmas day at night, Washington's soldiers began crossing the Delaware River. The next morning, they surprise attacked the Hessians.

Iroquois Confederacy

Only Native americans on the sides of the british

Thomas Paine/ Common Sense

Pamphlet that called for complete independence from Great Britain, said it was "common sense" catalyzed the DoI

Continentals

Paper bills issued by the Continental Congress to finance the revolution; supposed to be exchanged for silver but the overprinting of bills made them basically worthless.

Proclamation Line of 1763

Part of Treaty of Paris. To NA: if you won't bug colonists and don't go E of the line, we'll agree that no colonists can move W of line. ENG can't continue another fight against NA. Not ok w/colonists.

Townshend Act

Passed by Parliament in 1767, this act imposed import duties on tea, paper, glass, red and white lead, and painter's colors. It provoked the imperial crisis of 1767-1770. In 1770 Parliament repealed all of the duties except the one on tea.

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops

Adam Smith/ Wealth of Nations

Rejected government interference with commerce and trade, rejected mercantilism

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Ruled that charters are supported under the Contract Clause of the Constitution, reaffirmed powers of the federal government.

Sons of Liberty

Secret societies formed to protest new taxes passed by Parliament. Led the Boston Tea Party and threatened tax collectors. Founded by Sam Adams.

First Continental Congress

Sept. 1774 Delegates from all colonies except Georgia met to discuss problems with Britain and to promote independence

William Henry Harrison/Battle of Tippecanoe

Shawnees v. Indiana militia, losses on both sides, win for Harrison

Haitian Revolution

Slave uprising, led by Toussaint L'Oeveture, that occupied Napoleon's/ French attention during the time of the Louisiana Purchase. Resulted in L'Oeveture taking control of Haiti, and the establishment of first republic ruled by people of African descent.

Adams-Onis Treaty

Spanish surrendered all claims to the remainder of Florida territory, drew the mexico border all the way to the Pacific, around northern border of modern Cali, US agreed to assume $5million in debts.

John Marshall

Strong Federalist Judge, appointed by Adams, Supreme Justice from 1801 - 1835. Established many federalist ideas in the judiciary branch, like judicial review, and further asserted federal power over that of states

Benedict Arnold

Successful American general during the Revolution who turned traitor in 1780 and joined the British cause.

Hartford Convention

THE END OF THE FEDERALIST PARTY, December 1814 - A convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo and other trade restriction, and the War of 1812. They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated the right of states to nullify federal laws. They also discussed the idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored. The Hartford Convention turned public sentiment against the Federalists and led to the demise of the party.

Virtual Representation

The British argument that the American colonies were represented in Parliament, since the members of Parliament represented all Englishmen in the empire.

Baron von Steuben

The German commander who taught Washington's troops how to fight at Valley Forge.

Quebec Act

The Quebec Act, passed in 1774, allow the French Colonists to go back freely to their own customs. The colonists had the right to have access to the Catholic religion freely. Created resent among the colonists.

Yorktown

The last major battle of the war in which Charles Cornwallis surrendered to George Washington. The French helped a bit.

Regulators

These were vigilante groups active in the 1760s and 1770s in the western parts of North and South Carolina. They violently protested high taxes and insufficient representation in the colonial legislature.

Second Continental Congress

They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence

Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys

They were rebels that defended their New Hampshire deeds by creating a miltia...would burn homes, dress as Indians, demolish fences, and threaten their opponents ...eventually merged into the campaign for the American Revolution and captured Fort Ticonderoga

Declaration of Independence

This document was adopted on July 4, 1776. It established the 13 American colonies as independent states, free from rule by Great Britain. Thomas Jefferson wrote the majority of this document.

Guerrilla Warfare

War method using sneakiness, camouflage, etc not the traditional European style warfare where you lined up. Proved useful against the British, showed Americans how they could defeat them

Mercantilism

an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought, The theory that a country should sell more goods to other countries than it buys, the idea that the colony should benefit the mother country economically

Boston Tea Party

demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor

Bunker Hill

first major battle, although the british won it proved to be a pyrric victory because british suffered more losses, and it proved to the colonists that they had a chance to stand up to this super power.

Franco-American Alliance 1778

formal alliance with French recognizing American independance and agreeing not to negotiate with Britain without consultation

Fort Duquesne

franch fort in ohio valley. GWAsh tried to attack here, but failed

Crossing of the Delaware

george washington crossed river on christmas night big whoop

Hessians

hired German mercenaries who fought for the British

Olive Branch Petition

last ask for peace, sent to king george begging him to undo parliments acts, ignored

War Hawks

loose coalition of some Democratic-Republicans in Congress who believed the war was necessary to defend American citizens at sea ANDREW JACKSON, john C. Calhoun and Henry Clay leaders of faction Believed that war would also defend western southern land claims against Indians, florida. wHILE Federalists were focused on loss of commerce in NE, War Hawks were forcused on defending america's maritime and territorial rights.

William Pitt

new secreteary of state, promised coloniests financial compensation for fighting in the way

Albany Congress

reps from NE, ny, penn, tried to develop a plan for defence from french, aalliance with the Iroquis. Nothing happened

Tea Act

tax on tea; made the east india company the only tea company allowed to colonists; reason for Tea Party (1773)

French and Indian War and economic fallout

taxes, etc made colonists mad many amaerican colonists fought for eng

Lexington and Concord

the first battle of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775) Shot heard around the world colonies don't get raped

American Revolution

the overthrow of a government by those who are governed American: The war between the American colonies and Great Britain (1775-1783), leading to the formation of the independent United States.

Judicial Review

the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional

Dual Revolution Theory

theory that the revolution was based off of not only the struggle to separate from the injustices of British Government but also to make the social classes of the United States more equal

George Washington

young militia captain who tried but failed to take over fort duquesne