ALL AP Euro ID's ~ May contain duplicates

Cardinal Richelieu

(1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII. His three point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.

Armada

(1588) Spanish vessels defeated in the English Channel by an English fleet, thus preventing Philip II's invasion of England.

Thomas Hobbes

(1588-1679) Political theorist advocating absolute monarchy based on his concept of an anarchic state of nature.

Henry IV

(1589-1610) Formerly Henry of Navarre. Ascended the French throne as a convert to Catholicism. Surrived St. Bartholomew Day, signed Edict of Nantes, quoted as saying, "Paris is worth a mass."

Gustavus Adolphus

(1594-1632) Swedish Lutheran who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years War and lost his life in one of the battles.

Rene Descarte

(1596-1650) Deductive thinker whose famous saying "cogito, ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am") challenged the notion of truth as being derived from tradition and Scriptures.

Descartes

(1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical.

Edict of Nantes

(1598) The edict of Henry IV that granted Huguenots the rights of public worship and religious toleration in France.

James I

(1603-1625) Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings.

James I, Charles, I, Cromwell, Charles II, James II, William and Mary, Anne,

(1603-1702) Order of Monarchs in England, from the first Stuart King to Anne

Peace of Utrecht

(1713) Pact concluding the War of the Spanish Succession, forbidding union of France with Spain, and conferring control of Gibraltar on England.

Peace of Utrecht

(1713) Peace between major European powers after the War of Spanish Succession. Louis XIV agreed to never have the same Bourbon king sit on the thrones of France and Spain concurrently. Austria gained territory. Britain made off like a bandit: they gained Gibraltar and many of France's holdings in Canada

Edmund Burke

(1729-1797) Member of British Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought.

Pragmatic Sanction

(1740) An agreement stating that other nations would acknowledge Maria Theresa as the Queen of Austria and accept the Austrian Empire

Maria Theresa

(1740-1780) Archduchess of Austria, queen of Hungary. Lost the Hapsburg possession of Silesia to Frederick the Great but was able to keep her other Austrian territories.

Frederick the Great

(1740-1786) The Prussian ruler who expanded his territory by invading the duchy of Silesia and defeating Maria Theresa of Austria.

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

(1748) An agreement that ended the War of Austrian Succession and returned everything to prewar conditions, except for Silesia, which Frederick II of Prussia kept.

Jeremy Bentham

(1748-1832) British theorist and philosopher who proposed utilitarianism, the principle that governments should operate on the basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number.

Robespierre

(1758-1794) Jacobin leader during the Reign of Terror (1793-1794).

Napoleon Bonaparte

(1769-1821) Consul and later emperor of France (1799-1815), who established several of the reforms (Code Napoleon) of the French Revolution during his dictatorial rule.

Prince Clemens von Metternich

(1773-1859) Austrian member of the nobility and chief architect of conservative policy at the Congress of Vienna.

Nuremberg Laws

(1935) The first step in Hitler's march to the death camps. The laws stripped Jews of citizenship provided the definition for who was considered Jewish.

Rome-Berlin Axis

(1937) Agreement between Germany, Italy, and Japan

Battle of El Alamein

(1942) Turning point in North Africa, the Allies took back most of their middle East, and North African colonies.

Battle of Coral Sea/Midway/Guadalcanal

(1942-43) Turning point battles in the Pacific. The US forces led by MacArther and Nimitz began the process of island hopping, or taking back the Pacific lands from the Japanese one island at a time.

Normandy Invasion "D-Day"

(1944) Led by Eisenhower, the Allies invaded Europe starting with this battle. A huge victory for the allies, and this battle marked the beginning of the German retreat

St. Bartholemew's Day

(August 24, 1572). Catholic attack on Calvinists on the marriage day of Margaret of Valois to Henry of Navarre (later Henry IV).

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

(August 27, 1789) Document that embodied the liberal revolutionary ideals and general principles of the philosophes' writings.

Storming of the Bastille

(July 14, 1789) Responding to fears of a military threat, a Parisian mob attacked the Bastille hoping to seize weapons and gunpowder.

Mein Kampf

(My Struggle) After being sentenced to five years in prison, Hitler published this book in 1925. It became a best seller, despite being a mishmash of ravings on various topics, including anti-semitism.

Russian Civil War

(October 1917) Bolshevik Party seized power and created civil war between Bolsheviks and supporters of Tsar that Bolsheviks had executed but Bolsheviks won

Age of Enlightenment

18th century period of scientific and philosophical innovation in which people investigated human nature and sought to explain reality through rationalism, the notion that truth comes only through rational, logical thinking. This period formed the basis of modern science.

Wilson

28th President of the United States

Whose election was favorable to the Reformation?

Charles V

Was Luther of the laity or clergy?

Clergy; he was a priest

Toleration Act

1689 law passed by Parliament granting some religious freedoms to dissenting Protestants who has broken away from the Anglican Church. However, this prohibited them from holding public office.

Act of Union

1701 act of Parliament uniting England and Scotland into one kingdom: Great Britain. Intended to strengthen England against France. Abolished the Scottish Parliament.

Act of Settlement

1701 law by Parliament stating that should William III die heirless, Mary's Protestant sister, Anne, would take the throne, thereby protecting Protestant rule of England.

Pugachev's Rebellion

1773, tried to restore traditional system with rights for peasants.

The Directory

1785-1799. Five man group. Passed a new constitution in 1795 that was much more conservative. Corrupt and did not help the poor, but remained in power because of military strength. By 1797 it was a dictatorship.

Committee on Public Safety

1793 committee of the National Convention to direct the army in defeating foreign invasion and root out "enemies of the Revolution." Created a universal draft in the name of national security.

Concordat

1801 agreement with the Pope engineered by Napoleon to end the rift after the 1790 Civil Constitution of the Clergy. This recognized France as largely Catholic but guaranteed religious freedom. The Church agreed to give up claims to lands the revolutionaries had seized and sold.

Frankfurt Assembly

1807-82; personified the romantic revolutionary nationalism. Attempted to unify Germany.

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops

Fabian Socialists

A group of intellectuals who started a movement for laborers and stressed the need for the workers to use their vote to capture the House of Commons and pass legislation the would benefit the laboring class.

Aztecs

A group of people living in Central America before Columbus's arrival. Defeated by Hernando Cortez

Cardinal Richelieu

A high-ranking clergyman who placed practical politics first. Marie de Medici and Louis XIII relied on his skills after the assassination of Henry IV in 1610. He worked to strengthen royal control through better tax collection, divided France into 32 districts, revoked portions of the Edict of Nantes, and sided against the Catholic Habsburgs of Austria and Spain during the Thirty Years War.

Reign of Terror

Directed by Jacobin Maximilien Robespierre to suppress all opposition to the revolution within France. Lasted from September 1793 -July 1794. Ended with Robespierre's execution by those fearing his fanatical policies.

New Model Army

Disciplined fighting force of Protestants led by Oliver Cromwell in the English civil war.

Rosetta Stone

Discovered by the French at Rosetta, this stone held the key to deciphering ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics

Vespucci

Discovered that South America was actually a new coastline

William Harvey

Discovered the circulation of blood and the role of the heart in propelling it. Developed an accurate theory of how the heart and ciculatory system operated.

Territorial expansion led to _________.

Discovering the Americas.

Castiglione, The Book of the Courtier

Discusses courtesy and explains the refined courtier as opposed to a medieval knight; the setting for the book is the court at urbino (italian city-state)

Smallpox

Disease that killed many native americans

Benjamin Disraeli

Disraeli, a great leader of Britain's Conservative Party, held the office of Prime Minister in 1868 and again from 1874-80. He was a strong supporter of Britain's imperialist ambitions, but also supported a policy of liberal social reforms.

Rotten Boroughs (Pocket Boroughs)

Districts said to be "in the pocket" of some wealthy landowner who was routinely re-elected without opposition.

Germany

Divided into around 300 autonomous political entities (states)

German Empire-1871

Divided into states with no unified government.

Date

Diving Comedy

Jacobins

Dominant group in the National Convention in 1793 who replaced the Girondist. It was headed by Robespierre.

Internal disunity in France

Due to a series of lost wars. Bad foreign policy.

United Nations

During WWII, Allied leaders decided to establish an international organization devoted to promoting peace. The UN was formally established in 1945.

Major characteristics on the renaissance

Emphasis on classical. Want to be like Greek & Roman. Movable type printing press. Respect for literary use of local language (vernacular). Highest allegiance went to political states.

Secularism

Emphasis on the here and now rather than on the spiritual and otherworldly.

Treaty of Utrecht

Ended the War of Spanish Succession in 1713, recognizing France's Philip V as King of Spain, but prohibited the unification of the French and Spanish monarchies. England gained profitable lands in North America from France and the asiento from Spain.

Peace of Augsburg

Ended the religious wars. The division of Christianity was formally acknowledged, with Lutheranism granted equal legal standing with Catholicism.

Opium War

England's successful efforts to force China to allow the sale of opium in China, beginning in 1839. China's imperial government opposed the sale, but England's forces were too strong. England's colony, India, was a major source of opium and needed markets for the supply it produced.

Toleration Acts

England, 1689. Gave freedom of worship to all Protestants (but not Catholics), as long as they swore an oath of allegiance.

England vs France

England- military was better, France- 3x as many people, fighting on their own soil, wealthier, but they had internal disunity, 1347 trube because of the plague, john 2(French king taken captive) 1358- Jacquiere peasant uprising because higher taxes and repair war damage, Edward calimed he was no longer a vassal, gave back king and claim to the throne(1370) 1420- Treaty of Troyes 1422- Hnery VI king of England and france (1381 English peasants revolt(1429)ended Join of arc( raised up nationalism, captured by burgadians, then made saint after death) 1453(French win) duke of burgandy and Charles unify, England developed- own clothing industry

Emmanuel Sieyes

A liberal member of the clergy, supporter of the Third Estate, and author of the fiery 1789 pamphlet "What Is the Third Estate?" Sieyès was one of the primary leaders of the Third Estate's effort at political and economic reform in France.

List of Prohibited Books

A list of publications prohibited by the Catholic Church.

Steam Engine (James Watt)

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was then applied to machinery.

Henrik Ibsen

A major 19th-century Norwegian playwright, theatre director, and poet. He is often referred to as "the godfather" of modern drama and is one of the founders of Modernism in the theatre.

Alfred Krupp

A major developer in the Ruhr region who put together a thriving steelworks by the middle of the 19th century.

Gavrilo Princip

A member of the Black hand. Responsible for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife

Rasputin

A monk who is famous for his time influencing Tsarina Alexandria when Tsar Nicolas II went to the front to rally the troops

Romanticism

A movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization

Defender of the Faith

A name given to Henry VIII after he wrote the pamphlet "In Defense of the Seven Sacraments" in 1520

Mercantilism

A new economic theory in the 1400s based on the idea that a country's wealth was measured by the amount of gold and silver possessed. This led to fierce competition for metallic riches through exploration and imperialism.

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Palace of Versailles

A palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles

The Terror

A period from 1793 to 1794 in which the Committee of Public Safety, led by Maximilian Robespierre, tried to eliminate all enemies of the Jacobins, especially the Girondins. The guillotine was used for executions. Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI were killed.

Commercial Revolution

A period of economic innovation that was a result of colonization and exploration between the late 15th and 18th centuries. The Commercial Revolution saw the rise of joint-stock companies and the growth of mercantilism.

Siglo de Oro

A period of flourishing in arts and literature in Spain, coinciding with the political rise and decline of the Spanish Hapsburg dynasty

Impressionism

Artistic style developed in France in the late 1800s that employed light, shadow, color, and varied brush strokes to leave the viewer with a more natural impression. Claude Monet, Mary Cassatt, and Auguste Renoir pioneered the style.

Socialist Realism (USSR)

Artistic style whose goal was to promote socialism by showing Soviet life in a positive light.

English Civil War ("Puritan Revolution", Cromwell)

Charles I was disliked, and avoided calling Parliament to keep his power. He was forced to, and this lead eventually to Oliver Cromewll declaring a commonwealth and bceoming Lord Protector.

What happened in January of 1649?

Charles I was executed

Restoration (1660)

Charles II (Charles I's son) ruled as a monarch. Monarchy and Church of England Restored.

Who ruled after Cromwell?

Charles II, son of Charles I

Medici

Merchants in Florence who went into banking as the flow of money increased

When did the population finally recover from the Black Death?

Mid 1500's, about 200 years after the Black Death had occurred in Europe.

Spirit of the Laws

Montesquieu

Northern Renaissance

More religious in character and wrote for the non clergy. A bit later then the Italian Renaissance

What was the Third Rome?

Moscow

The political and religious center of Russia became _____ in the year ______.

Moscow in 1453.

Moscow was considered the ____ Rome?

Moscow was considered the third Rome, with Constantinople being the second, and Rome being the First.

Gustave Courbet

Most famous member of realist school. Painted only things that he saw. Phrase "realism" was coined in reaction to one of his paintings. All of his works represented everyday life.

Enrico Fermi

One of several important physicists of the 20th century whose work led to the splitting of the atom. He also was instrumental in the Manhattan Project (development of the atomic bomb).

Olympe de Gouges

Parisian who led a group of women to create the "Declaration of the Rights of Women and Citizenesses", which appealed (unsuccessfully) to the National Assembly for women's equality.

Who won the English civil war?

Parliament

Long Parliament

Parliament convened by Charles I in 1640. It officially lasted twenty years and was involved in the civil war against Charles I.

What are characteristics of the Whigs?

Parliament is the final sovereignty, favored commercial interests, religious toleration of non-conformist Protestants, favored by George I and II

England

Parliamentary monarchy- Catholic(limited toleration), ruled by the Stuarts, nobility in England- parliament only met for financial support, and couldn't meet unless the king called them, parliament wanted power, but didn't want to borrow their money or had to give up power, nobility protected- concerns, interests, and privileges and limited power with parliament

Departments

Part of the Nation Assembly's reforms, these were 83 districts wherein local official would be elected.

Detente

Period of increased cooperation between the US and the USSR. This was undertaken by President Nixon and his secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, in the 1970s. Detente was a factor in the end of the Cold war and of the USSR.

French Revolution

Period of radical social and political upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799 that profoundly affected French and modern history, marking the decline of powerful monarchies and churches and the rise of democracy and nationalism

Montesquieu

Philsophe who wrote "Spirit of the Laws" in 1748. He described the British model of divided branches of government with checks and balances as the ideal system, later influencing the framing of the US Constitution.

France & Piedmont vs. Austria—1859 (Italian Unification)

Piedmont ruler Cavour dragged France into war with Austria to assist with Italian unification. France later backed out, but it still assisted Italian unification.

Brethren of the Common Life

Pious laypeople in sixteenth-century Holland who initiated a religious revival in their model of Christian living.

Social

Plague hits Europe(1336) 100 years war between Englan and France(1337-1453) King Vs. Church

Elizabeth I

Queen of England from 1558 to 1603, This queen of England chose a religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England

Igor Stravinsky

Russian composed whose use of nontraditional harmonies and dissonant sounds revolutionized modern music. Two important works are "Rite of Spring" and "Firebird".

Romanovs

Russian imperial dynasty that strengthened absolutism in Russia. Ruled from 1613-1917, when the Revolution forced Nicholas II's abdication.

Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

Who were the streltsy?

Russian military

Duma

Russian national legislature

Dostoevsky & Tolstoy

Russian novelists who wrote of human suffering with humor and psychological insight, self-sacrifice, non-violence, and finding happiness from within

Who were the boyars?

Russian old nobility

Kandinsky

Russian painter who was a pioneer of abstract art (1866-1944)

Decembrist

Russian revolutionaries calling for constitutional reform in the early nineteenth century.

Catholic Beliefs

Salvation by faith and works Retention of all seven sacraments Latin Vulgate-only acceptable scripture translation Eucharist/Mass in latin Retention of doctrine of transubstantiation Celibacy of clergy Retention of indulgences, relics, saints, pilgrimages

Yeltsin

First person ever elected by popular vote in Russia; drafted a new constitution similar to France's which established a mixed presidential-parliamentary system anchored in a powerful presidency

Who is Bruni?

First to give the name humanitas, early supporter of humanism.

What did Flanders do for England and how was this used as a bargaining chip when Flanders attempted to side with the French?

Flanders made clothes with wool from England, and when Flanders tried to side with the French, Edward III embargoed all wool to Flanders, which would have crippled Flanders' economy. So as a result, Flanders was forced to side with the English.

How was Flanders one of the causes of The Hundred Years war?

Flanders was a part of France that England controlled.

Spanish Armada

Fleet of 130 ships launched by Spain's Catholic Philip II to conquer England during the time of Elizabeth I. England was victorious in defeating the Spanish, who never again posed a decided threat against England.

Charles V

Habsburg ruler of Spain from 1516-56. Elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1519. He defended the Habsburg lands from the Ottomans and decided to split the Habsburg Spanish and Holy Roman lands between his son, Philip II and his brother, Ferdinand I.

Peterloo Massacre

In 1819, a large group of disgruntled but peaceable laborers demonstrated their unrest at the state of unemployment in GB. They demanded universal male suffrage, annual elections for the House of Commons, and the repeal of the Corn Laws. Local authorities panicked and fired into the crowd, killing 11 and wounding around 400 more.

Fashoda Incident

In 1898 England and France almost came to war over Fashoda, located in Sudan. The area was of no economic or political importance. This incident illustrated the dangers of imperialism, in that European nations were willing to fight over useless territory.

"Bloody Sunday"

In 1905, a large but peaceful group of poor Russians marched to the Winter Palace to present a petition to Nicolas II. Soldiers opened fire on the group, and many (including women and children) were killed or injured; this further reduced trust in the Czar.

Innocent 3rd

Innocent 3rd(1198-1216) transformed church into a secular power, centralized papal monarchy, established lws and taxation, (college of cardinals- elected pope based on who they were related to for higher political power)

What happened to power of the nobility?

It came in the form of professional armies.

The Peterloo Massacre

In 1819 British troops sought to stop a peaceful meeting at St. Peter's fields in Manchester. Citizen favoring more liberal government policies organized the meeting. Soldiers killed several in the unarmed crowd and hundreds were injured.

Galileo Galilei

Italian scientist who invented the telescope. This enable him to reach new astronomical observations, such as that not every heavenly body revolved around Earth. His later work formed the basis for the study of objects in motion, or physics.

Carbonari

Italian secret societies calling for a unified Italy and republicanism after 1815.

economic

Italians wanted things from different countries, (increase in wealth) agriculture- main money, manor- self sufficient farming community

Henry VIII

King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Charles I

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649

Charles II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism

Louis XVI

King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. He and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

Louis Philippe

King of France following Charles X. Abdicated the throne against threat of republican revolution (smelled his popularity was diminishing)

Louis- Philippe

King of France following Charles X. Abdicated the throne against threat of republican revolution (smelled his popularity was diminishing)

Frederick the Great

King of Prussia (1740-1786). Successful in the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) and the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), he brought Prussia great military prestige in Europe.

Who was James I's mother?

Mary, Queen of Scots

Johannes Kepler

Mathematician who used models, observations, and mathematics to prove the heliocentric theory developed by Copernicus. His work was later supported by Galileo.

Locke

Wrote Two Treatises of Government. Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel.

Machiavellli

Wrote the Prince, a book about using politics as a science. "feared rather than loved" and "fox and lion"

Anabaptists

believed only in adult baptism-believers baptism, rejected infant baptism, they were pacifists, refused to swear oaths, and they were called the swiss brethren, Menna Simmons(started the Mennoninites)

Rousseau

believed people in their natural state were basically good but that they were corrupted by the evils of society, especially the uneven distribution of property

Savonorola

bonfire of Vanities and Ruled Florence STRICTLY, later exectued by the Pope

What type of church organization did Catholics have?

centralized episcopal church; power flowed from the pope down

Wycliff and Huss

challenged the church saying Jesus was the head of the church not the pope, the bible was the chief consultant in religious disputes not church law

What did the Council of Trent change?

changed internal church discipline, no more selling of offices or goods, and changed the authority of local bishops (bishops have to preach in local area)

William Harvey

circulation of blood

William Harvey

circulation of blood in body

Clergy

claimed they were the only source of the magic- Echuarist, eternal penalties into temporal, and finally cast out demons, clergy encouraged fear of the devil, so they had more power, by removing witches they could establish control

August Comte

coined phrase "sociology"; believed in the scientific improvement of society and human condition

Petrarch

coined the term renaissance, , (1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization.

Stravinsky

composer who was born in Russia but lived in the United States after 1939 (1882-1971)

Reformation-Social and Political Conflict

conflict between emerging nation states and villages/towns(needed loyalty, language, religion, border and a leader) began in the free cities of Germany and Switzlerland, the reformation is a time of challenge to the established church, appealed to guilds with protestant members, those oppressed by authority (many people who where rich were protestant so they didn't have to give money to the church)

Important events in England?

conflict with Spain; victory over Spanish armada; Queen Elizabeth I ushers in Golden Age

Louis XIV wanted religious...

conformity

Whigs

conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster

Why did the pope refuse to grant a divorce between Catherine and Henry?

the marriage already had papal dispensation so to grant a divorce would contradict the infallibility of the pope; marriage had lasted 18 years and produced a child; pope was captured by Charles V, Catherine's nephew by her sister Joanna

Rene Descartes

french," I think therefore, I am.", believed that senses decieve you, used intellect to evaluate the earth, human reason can fully understand the world, deductive reasoner, invented analytic geometry

Spain was unified by

the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabelle of Castille

Bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

Lorenzo Medici

gave power to the lower classes of Italy, but he let his family business decline.

Church's view

geocentric

Brahe

geocentric, earth stationary, other planets going around the sun, then sun goes around the earth, did extensive data and observations

Frederick William

the Elector of Brandenburg who rebuilt his domain after its destruction during the Thirty Years' War (1620-1688)

Frederick William

the Elector of Brandenburg who rebuilt his domain after its destruction during the Thirty Years' War (1620-1688), placed very strong emphasis on the army

Frederick William ("Great Elector")

the Elector of Brandenburg who rebuilt his domain after its destruction during the Thirty Years' War (1620-1688), placed very strong emphasis on the army

What was the Act of Settlement?

the English crown would pass to the Protestant House of Hanover in Germany

What is the time of William and Mary's rule called?

the Glorious Revolution

Who did Louis XIV persecute?

the Huguenots and any other religious groups that opposed Roman Catholicism

"Divine Right of Kings" (Bishop Bousset)

the belief that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God

What was the Palace of Versailles

the largest secular structure in Europe; built by Louis XIV

Qing Dynasty

the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries; during the Qing dynasty China was ruled by the Manchu

Frederick William I

The early Hohenzollern monarch who made Prussia's army the fourth largest in Europe. He also centralized government power in order to manage the military. Historian often describe him as earthly and crude.

Schmalkaldic League vs. HREmperor (Charles V)

The early wars of religion between northern Protestant states and southern Catholic states in the Holy Roman Empire.

Great Depression

The economic collapse. Its repurcussions included the rise of totalitarian powers in many countries, and terrible conditions for those affected.

Enlightened Absolutism

The effect of the Enlightenment on new rulers in Austria, Prussia, and Russia (Maria Theresa, Joseph II, Frederick II, and Catherine the Great). Claimed their power for the good of their people (not divine right). Sponsored modern reforms and religious toleration.

Predestination

The idea that only God could know or decide who was saved and who was damned (Calvinism)

(Jeremy Bentham) Utilitarinaism

The idea that the moral worth of an action is determined solely by its utility in providing happiness or pleasure as summed among all sentient beings.

Renaissance man

The ideal person who used his opportunities, demonstrated control, and was casually expert in many areas

Cold War

The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another. (831)

Glorious Revolution

The name given to the bloodless regime change in 1688, when William and Mary became the unchallenged leaders of England.

The Age of Anxiety

The name given to the time period between WWI and WWII, mostly because of the uncertainty.

Weimar Republic

The name of Germany's fledgling post-WWI democracy. Name for the seat of government, it was beset by social and economic problems and ended with the election of Hitler.

Schlieffen Plan

The name of Germany's plan for WWI that addressed the possibility of a two-front war. The idea was to focus on France first, defeating her before the British could mobilize, and then turn to Russia

The Russian Revolution

The revolution in the Russian empire in 1917, in which the tsarist regime was overthrown and replaced by Bolshevik rule under Lenin.

Holocaust

The term means "burnt offering" and refers to the Naz efforts (1933-45) to exterminate the Jews in Europe. Of the 11 million European Jews, 6 million were murdered.

Absolutism

The theory held by most of the rulers of the European states who established themselves as absolute monarchs, which advocated taking control over taxation, the military, and religion.

Divine Right

The theory that kings ruled by the will of God.

Enlightenment

The time period known as the Age of Reason. Thought during this period focused on reason, education, progress, individual freedom, toleration, and reform. Such ideas led to two great revolutions in the US and France.

Ancien Regime

The traditional political and social order in Europe before the French Revolution

Agricultural Revolution

The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants were expelled

Define Fief.

The vassal's land that he gets from the lord.

The Black Death was transmitted by _______?

The victim's sneezing and fleas.

Marie Antoinette

The wife of King Louis the XVI and daughter of Maria Theresa. She was despised as a frivolous foreigner and often referred to as the "Austrian *****"

What had kings depended on for military support?

Their Vassals.

(Loyola) Jesuits

They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.

Elizabeth I

This queen of England chose a religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England

Taiping Rebellion

This rebellion attempted to overthrow the Qing dynasty in China. Hong Xiuquan, who claimed relation to Jesus, led it. It was defeated in 1864 after invention by European nations.

Galileo

This scientist formulated the experimental method and using this, came up with the law of inertia, among several discoveries related to the moon

Bacon

This scientist spread the word about the experimental method and formalized the empirical method and combined his thinking with Descartes to form the scientific method

Cottage Industry (Putting-Out System)

This system allowed men, women, and children to work in the home. Workers often engaged in the production of woolen cloth, copper, tin, iron, and leather goods.

2nd Industrial Revolution

This term refers to the second wave of the late 18th century industrial movement, which was focused generally in the US and Germany. This second wave, with movement from domestic systems of production too factory systems, involved heavy industry and innovations such as mass production.

The Restoration

When Parliament invited, in 1600, the Stuart son of Charles I, Charles II, to return to England to rule, thereby ending the Cromwellian republic.

Who were executed for refusing the Act of Supremacy?

Thomas More and Fisher

Suffragists

Those (mostly female) who were active in seeking voting rights for women as an inherent right for all individuals in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Limited Constitutional Monarchy

Though retaining the role of head of state, the monarch in this type of governmental system must consult with Parliament (like Britain).

Anglo-Dutch Wars

Three indecisive wars between the British and the Dutch, lasting from 1652 to 1674, in which England annexed the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, renaming it to New York

Chartists Movement

Tied into the anti-Corn Law movement, this movement was based on the idea of the great charter, or a national petition with thousands of signatures that would be presented to parliament.

What is the Reformation?

Time of challenge to the established church

salvation

To be saved from the punishment of suffering and sin. In 1302, the pope declared that this was only possible through the Church

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

To build France's economic strength, Louis XIC employed this man, who sponsored the development of manufacturers such as silk, tapestries, and other cloth by awarding tax exemptions and monopolies

War of Austrian Succession

War over the question of Maria Theresa's succession to Austria. Included War of Jenkins's Ear. Started when Frederick II invaded Silesia.

Castiglione

Wrote "The Courtier" describing all of the major things that a man must have in order to be a functioning societal person

Machiavelli

Wrote "The Prince", a book that recommended harsh and arbitrary rule for princes

World War I

War sparked by assassination of Archduke ferdinand. Causes were nationalism, and romanticism. Resulted in a humiliating German defeat and the establishment of communism in Russia

Which castle was Luther hidden in after the Diet of Worms?

Wartburg Castle

Hegel

Was a German philosopher who wrote and influenced many others (like Marx) with his writings. He is most often characterized by his 'three-step process' of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis.

Louis- Napoleon

Was not only the first president of the French Republic (for two terms), but was also the last emperor. As emperor, he was called Napoleon III and he was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Mary Wallstonecraft

Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women, in which she called for equal education for girls and boys. She felt that a woman should be able to decide what was in her own interest without depending on her husband.

Bayle

Wrote Dictionary. A religous skeptic who attacked superstition, religous attitudes, and dogmatism.

Spinoza

Wrote Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometric Manner. Rejected Cartesian Dualism and suported Pantheism where "god" is a singular self-subsistent substance.

Pico della Mirandola

Wrote On the Dignity of Man which stated that man was made in the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the Resurrection. Man is placed in-between beasts and the angels. He also believed that there is no limits to what man can accomplish.

Kulturkampf

Bismarck's anticlerical campaign to expel Jesuits from Germany and break off relations with Vatican. Eventually, after little success, Bismarck halted these policies.

How was Great Britain created?

Cromwell conquered Scotland and Ireland

An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding

David Hume

The number of farm laborers _______?

Decreased.

Columbus

Discovered the Americas. Took 33 days. Landed in the Bahamas. Realized on his third voyage that he wasn't in Japan or China

Christian Humanists

Christian-based thinkers and writers who were more spiritual in their outlook, less materialistic, and more focused on questions of morality and ethics

Donatello

"Living sculpture". "David"

Phillip IV the Fair

-Ruthless politician -Determined to end Englands continental holdings, control wealthy Flanders, and establish French Hegemony within the Holy Roman Empire

Concilar Theory

-Sought to fashion a church in which a representative council could effectively regulate the actions of the pope -Agreed that a council of the church acted with greater authority than the pope alone -Popes thought this threatened both the churches political and religious unity

Mongol Rule (1243-1480)

-Swept through China, much of the Islamic world, and Russia -Invaded Russia under the rule of Ghegis Khan; Kiev fell -Golden Horde (segment of Mongol Empire) -Sold Russians who resisted Slavery -Forced integration of Mongol and Russia created cultural divisions between Russia and the West -Ivan the Great (1505) ended Mongol rule -Political and religious center switched from Kiev to Moscow

Rota Romana

-The churches law court that tightened and centralized the churches legal proceedings

College of Cardinals

-There purpose was to minimize the political influence on the election of new popes

French Strengths (Hundred Years War)

-Three times the population of England -Wealthier -Fought on their own soil

Henry V (Hundred Years War)

-Took advantage of internal French turmoil, and took over Normandy -Burgundians realized to late that the French would crush them so they closed ranks with French royal forces -When the Duke of Burgundy died, his children avenged his death and joined forces with England

Avignon Papacy (1309-1377)

-Under strong French influence -French dominated the College of Cardinals -Made money by selling pardons for unrepented sins (even for the dead)

Papal Centralization

-Undermined both diocesan authority and popular support -Discontented lower clergy appealed to the higher authority of Rome against the discipline of local bishops

Germany and Italy

-Were not unified by late 1400s -Not centralized

Witch Hunts & Panics

1. 1400-1700 (70,000 to 100,000 died), (height) 1550-1600s 2. charged with harmful magic & diabolical witchcraft

Baroque Art

1. 17th Century 2. naturalistic 3. contrast between light and dark 4. realistic detail (dutch still life)

end of witch hunts

1. 17th century 2. more scientific world view 3. words/thoughts not believed to affect nature or material world 4. advances in medicine and insurance companies 5. witches started accusing judges, etc 6. sovereignty & power of God

Witch victims

1. 80% were older, single women 2. widows 3. midwives 4. healers/herbalists

Geocentrism

1. Earth is center 2. Reason=it was heavy

Thomas Hobbes

1. English 2. absolutism 3. wrote Leviathan 4. viewed man as evil, mechanical 5. "anarchy is worse than tyranny" 6. purpose of government: control man

John Locke

1. English 2. rejected absolutism 3. wrote "Second Treatise of Govt." 4. believed purpose of govt was to protect liberty of people 5. "man is basically good, govt. should help protect laws" 6. govt. has political contract to protect our liberties (life, liberty, property) 7. if rulers betray trust, governed people have a right to replace them 8. defended government/religious combo (toleration among Christians)

How long did it take on average for someone to die once they had become infected?

3-4 days.

1618- 1648

30 years war, austrian stasge, swedish intervened, Battle of White Mountain

Reagan

40th republican with a strong anti-communist view. influenced fall of communism. talked with gorbachev to end Cold War

How many arrows per minute could the long bow shoot?

6 arrows per minute, nearly 1 every 10 seconds.

How many wives did Henry the VIII have?

6; Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Catherine Parr

1756- 63

7 years war

War of League of Augsburg

8 years, won very little land, War fought between 1689-1697 that resulted in the loss of vast territory acquired by Louis XIV, secured Holland's borders and curtailed Louis' expansion into Germany.

80 percent

80 percent of the witches were 45-60 and women, due to socail position, vocation and influence, widows- no one to protect them and dependent on town for money, so if dead they had no more money spent on them, midwives- associated of deaths of mothers and infants, healers- seen as competing with the church

1517

95 Theses

What act began the Reformation?

95 theses against indulgences on Wittenberg church door by Martin Luther

Treaty of Nanjing

1842 agreement ending the Opium war between China and England and giving England control of Hong Kong and regional ports, as well as awarding British citizens extraterritoriality rights.

Putch

1923 armed revolt in Germany

Munich Conference

1938 Conference that mainly focused on the future of Czechoslovakia (Sudetenland), ending in a division among Nazi Germany, Poland, and Hungary

Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact

1939 pact that guaranteed no aggression between Germany and the USSR.

Battle of Britain

1940-1941: Germany tried and failed to gain air control over Great Britain (led by Winston Churchill)

Ausgleich

19th Century Term for the Dual Monarchy of Austria and Hungary

Jacob Burkhardt

19th century historian who formulated the concept that the Renaissance was a "rebirth" or "resurgence" of classical humanism.

Positivism

19th century school of thought which began in France and held that the scientific method could solve social ills. Leading thinkers were Count Saint-Simon and Auguste Comte.

James I, Charles I

1st two Stuart Monarchs, ruled by divine right

How much of the French aristocracy were Calvinists?

2/5; they hoped to established a principle territorial sovereignty like in the HRE

Unitarianism

A Protestant movement whose core belief was that God existed as the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.

Anabaptists

A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.

Raphael Sanzio

A Renaissance artist who painted religious topics, including Madonna and Child

Index

A list of books that Catholics were forbidden to read.

English Romantic Poets

Coleridge, Wordsworth, Blake, Burns, Shelley, Byron, Keats

Francisco Pizarro

Conqueror of Peru (1532-1533).

Fernando Cortez

Conqueror of the Aztecs (1519-1521).

Who was an early leader of Anabaptism?

Conrad Grebel

Prince Metternich

Conservative Austrian leader, who, as representative of the royal family at the Congress of Vienna, led the reactionary forces in shaping the early 19th century. He worked to keep liberal ideas at bay in Austria until 1859.

Margaret Thatcher

Conservative British prime minister from 1970 to 1991; held that office longer than any other person; worked to cut welfare and housing expenses, promote free enterpris

Charles X

Conservative Reactionary leader of France from 1824-1830

Metternich

Conservative Ruler of Austria from 1821 - 1848. He stayed successfully in control by ignoring nationalism. His idea of government was that of a benevolent ruling house.

What happened in 1453?

Constantinople was invaded by the Turks, who used Greek fire, which could burn on water and could not be put out with water.

Artists

Durer(1471-1528)- woodcarver and engraver, made knight, death and devil, greatest german artist, individualism in portraits Holbein-n(1479-1543)- finest portrait painter, painted Henry VIII and Eramus(1523) doesn't conceal weakness of his subject Van Eyck-(1370-1440) The Arnolfini portrait, more courtly/noble work Brueghel- (1525-1569)- realism, landscapes, contemporary life, Arnold Finni at wedding day

Pietà

A popular Renaissance sculpture featuring Mary cradling the body of the crucified Jesus

What was the Estates-General?

A representative council of towns People, Clergy, and Nobles.

Bartholomew Diaz

First European to reach the southern tip of Africa (1487-1488).

Christopher Columbus

First European to sail to the West Indies (1492).

Mikhail Romanov

First Romanov czar, ends the "Time of Troubles" in which there is chaos over who should rule Russia

Lenin

Founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924. Mr. Lorme's favorite.

ignatius Loyola

Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.

William Morris

Founder of the Arts and Crafts movement. This movement rejected the mass production of products and sought to revitalize careful hand production of goods.

Where did absolute monarchy develop?

France

Franco-Prussian War—1870-71

France attacked Prussia to attempt to stop them becoming too powerful. Prussia won, and Napoleon III was dethroned. This war established the Third French Republic and the German Empire

Huguenots

French Calvinists.

Joseph Sieyes

French clergyman and revolutionary, who authored "What is the Third Estate". It expressed the pains and complaints of the Third Estate, around which the revolutionaries rallied.

Voltaire

French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government.

Trench Warfare

From 1914-8, both the Allied and Central Powers quickly became entrenched, especially in the West. Due to massive artillery strikes and attrition, both sides relied on warfare in the trenches. The trench network stretched from Belgium to southern France.

Durer

German. Wood carving and engraving. Knight, Death, & Devil. Scholar and scientist. Self Portraitist.

Where did the Reformation begin?

Germany and Switzerland

Triple Alliance

Germany established a military partnership with Austria-Hungary in 1879, and then added Italy in 1882. If any of the three members found itself at war with two or more countries, the other alliance members would come to that country's aid.

Blank Check

Germany's support towards Austria before WWI. Austria felt assured of German backing, even if the matter led to war against Russia and France.

Friedrich Engels

He and Karl Marx coauthored "The Communist Manifesto" (1848), after which they continued to write about the need for and work toward socialist changes. Engels was born in Germany in 1820 but lived most of his life in England. He died in 1895

King Henry IV (France)

He attempted to restore peace and unity to France at the end of the religious wars and selected his councilors from the lower=ranking nobles, whom he believed to be more loyal. He chose to ignore the Estates General (body of people) after 1593, thus ruling without interference.

Benthamite

It is a term used to describe a follower of Jeremy Bentham, a radical philosopher that taught that public problems could be solved using a rational, scientific basis. (p.792)

What was the political state of Switzerland during the Reformation?

It was a loose confederacy of 13 autonomous cantons (states)

Raphael

Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.

Northern Renassiance

Italian Vs Northern- Italian (1375-1527) started after the Italian renassiance 1. moe religious 2.more diverse backgrounds 3.wrote for nonclergy Northern- realism, interest in landscapes, more emphasis on peasants, great skill in portraits 1450's(Gutenberg)center was Mainz

Galileo

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642)

The Directory

Lasting from 1795-99, this was the final stage of the French Revolution. Consisted of a five-man rule; they generally favored the wealthier class and were corrupt and unpopular. Napoleon ended their rule.

The Great War

Later called World War I, this war began in June 1914 and ended in 1918. The war began after the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and his wife.

Vulgate

Latin translation of the Bible by Jerome (348-420) and adopted as the standard version by the Catholic Church.

Parlement

Law court staffed by nobles that could register or refuse to register a king's edict.

Procurator

Lay official of the Russian church; represented the interests of the tsar and extended control of the tsar over the church.

Mohandas Gandhi

Leader of India's independence movement. He led the Congress Party, notable for its focus on nonviolent protest. His influence was confirmed when India gained independence from Britain in 1947.

Zwingli

Leader of Swiss Reformation. Agreed to disagree with Luther about communion. He thought it was only a symbol, and that it wasn't Christ's body or blood untill it touched your mouth, only symbolic. Found on the battlefield of the Swiss Civil War wounded and the Lutherans found him, cut him up into little pieces, then burn them and scattered the ashes over the land. Luther said Zwingli got what he deserved.

Nikita Kruschev

Leader of USSR from 1953-64. While famous for his "we will bury you" comment to the US, he also opened communication with the West, particularly the US. He also ended Stalinist purges in the USSR.

Ho Chi Minh

Leader of Vietnamese national opposition to French, Japanese, and American forces. He was the Communist leader of North Vietnam until his death in 1969.

Emmeline Pankhurst

Leader of the British suffragette movement, and helped women win the right to vote.

Leonid Brezhnev

Leader of the Communist Party and in effect leader of the USSR from 1964 until his death in 1982. Insisted that the Soviet bloc nations defer to him. He also followed a policy of building up the Soviet military.

Emmiline Pankhurst

Leader of the WSPU (Women's Social and Political Union), which fought for women's suffrage in Britain.

Ivan the Terrible

Leader whose actions were puzzling and cruel but who did lay the foundations for a new Russian state that included old Ievan Russia and stretched from Siberia to the Caspian Sea

What was the Schmaldkaldic League?

League of Protestant German princes

Simón Bolívar

Led Revolt against Spain in South America

Stephen Razin

Led a large peasant rebellion in 1670-1671 that secured the nobility into clamping down on the peasantry and giving more authority to the tsar

Provisional Government

Led by Alexander Kernesky, this new government kept Russia in World War 1 and was a transition to Lenin/Bolshevik revolution. Battled Petrograd Soviet

Bolsheviks

Led by Vladimir Lenin it was the Russian communist party that took over the Russian goverment during WWI

1517

Martin Luther- 95 Theses on granting indulgences

Louis XVIII

Moderate leader of France from 1815-1824

The Hundred Years war was the beginning of _____.

National Identity.

Imperial diet

National assembly of seven electors, non-electoral princes, and representatives from 65 imperial free cities

Renaissance Art

Nature/Natural world, math order, new technical skills, used oils

Hitler

Nazi leader and founder; had over 6 million Jews assassinated during the Holocaust

Einsatzgruppen

Nazi paramilitary groups (also called EGs) that operated in Eastern Europe. Their goal was the murder of Jews, Communists, and others who opposed Germany. Millions were murdered.

Louis XIV

Nicknamed "The Sun King," he famously declared "I am the state." He became king in 1643 at the age of four, but assumed personal rule in 1661. He built the Palace of Versailles and required the nobility to reside their. He hired Colbert to build France's economic strength. He revoked the Edict of Nantes. Under this king, France became expansionist. He led France in the War of Spanish Succession.

Anwar Sadat

Egyptian leader who began a policy of cooperation with the US and Western Europe. Under his leadership, Egypt was the first Middle Eastern nation to recognize Israel. He was assassinated in 1981 by a group of fundamentalist officers.

Golden Bull

Emperor chosen by a seven member electoral college. Archbishops of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne. Duke of Saxony. Margrave of Burgundy. Count of Palatine. King of Bohemia

One of the major characteristics of the Renaissance was?

Emphasis on classical (Greek and Roman) language, knowledge, Latin, critical historical scholarship.

Individualism

Emphasis on the unique & creative personally (personality?).

Calvinism

Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state.

Corn Laws

Enacted in 1815, these laws protected British agriculture by polacing strict limits on the amount of foreign grain to be imported. They resulted in keeping basic food prices artificially high until their repeal in 1846.

1713

End of Spanish Civil war, peace of utrecht, pragmatic sanction

1918

End of WWI with treaty of versailles.

Where did parliamentary monarchy develop?

England

Who supported the Dutch during this time of Spanish occupation?

England

Prejudice and Animosity between ____ and ____ were also a cause of The Hundred Years war.

England and France.

England forced _____ on France, John II was released for _____, and England was no longer a _______ of France.

England forced peace on France, John II was released for 3000 crowns, and England was no longer a Vassal of France.

Jamestown

England's first permanent settlement (1607) in North America, located in present-day Virginia.

Maria Theresa

Enlightened Austrian absolutist who fought for her kingdom in the War of Austrian Succession. Passed new reforms (trade unions, limited guilds, reduced obligations of serfs). The mother of Marie Antoinette

Catherine the Great

Enlightened Russian absolutist, limited by Pugachev's rebellion.

Northern Renassiance

Erasmus- reconciled Christian and classical values Thomas More- English author of Utopia Durer- German painter and engraver Fuggers- german banking family Shakespeare- English playwright rubens-great Baroque(extravagant) artist Rembradnt- dutch painter

What palace did Philip build?

Escorial

Warsaw Pact

Essentially the USSR's response to NATO's creation. The Pact began in 1955, with European communist nations pledging mutual military support to one another. It ended with the collapse of the USSR in 1991.

Ausgleich (Compromise of 1867)

Established the Dual Monarchy of Austria and Hungary: Separate governments except for a common King.

"ethnic cleansing"

Euphemism given to genocide committed in the 1990s in former Yugoslavia. Thi was a Serbian policy directed against Muslims in the region. Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic was arrested and awaits trial at The Hague.

Cromwell

Excellent military leader, helped Parliament win civil war, dismissed parliament and was dictator, attacked + destroyed Irish who said Charles II was rightful leader of England

Test Act

Excluded non-Anglicans from military and civil office

Sartre & Camus

Existentialist thinkers.

Carlsbad Decrees

Extremely repressive laws adopted in 1819 in Prussia and the German Confederation. The decrees were meant to discourage liberal views and movements.

1848

Failed Revolutions

Marie-Therese Geoffrin

Famous Salon hostess. Invited brilliant minds including Voltaire, Baron de Montesquieu, and Diderot. Made exchange of ideas fashionable.

Carl Jung

Swiss psychiatrist who was noted for his work dealing with archetypes. He also believed in the theory of collective unconscious (a dimension of human subconscious that all members of a particular social group share).

Calvin

Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Calvinism.

Sold indulgences

Tetzel

Van EYck

The Arnolfini Project. Flemish realism. Court painter of Philip the Good. The Virgin and Chancellor Rolin, Giovani Arnolfine and his wife.

What was the first thing printed with the Movable Type?

The Bible.

There was a truce in The Hundred Yeas war in 1347 due to ____.

The Black Death.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

The Bolsheviks signed this treaty in March 1918. This marked the end of a two-front war and ceded to Germany much of western Russia.

Chopin & Liszt (romantic composers of mid-19th century)

composers and audience came from same social class, few composers were financially successful, private music making more common

What did Philip Melanchton endorse?

compulsory primary education, schools for girls, humanist curriculum, and laity instruction

central ideas

condotories- mercenary armies(sold soldiers) humanism- study of latin/ greek individualism- individual acihievement secularism- life in the present can be improved rationalism- logic/ balance virtu- good for everyone

Important events in Spain?

conflict with England; Spanish loss and decline

New "institutions of sharing"

knowledge was gathered, exchanged and debated, examples- royal society in london, acadmey of expirements in florence, french/berlin academy of science, integrated new knowledge with- application to serve government and economy, everyone was involved- craftsmen- make instruments, sailors- reported observations, formed basis for the enlightenment

The decision made at Yalta was:

The division of Germany into the post war occupations

Treaty of Utrecht

The treaty that ended the War of Spanish Succession and stopped Louis XIV's attempts to gain more land for France, defending the balance of power.

Total War

The use of planned economies in which states tried to channel all resources into the war effort.

Kaiser William II

last German Emperor and King of Prussia, ruling both the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918.

Important facts about Cardinal Fleury's reign

last great cleric who served French monarchy; not enough tax support, scandal and lack of leadership

What were Walpole's policies?

peace abroad

"cunning folk"

people of the village that appeared to have 'special power' to help others in difficulties - feared & respected

Thirty Years' War (1618-1648, Holy Roman Empire)

The war began with a Catholic/Protestant conflict and matured into a multi-state political conflict, mainly France and the Holy Roman Empire competing for European dominance.

French Revolution/Napoleonic Wars

These wars began with the rise of an (eventual) French dictator, who conquered nearly all of Europe.

Girondists

These were the liberals of France who did not want to execute Louis XVI, but The Mountain did anyway

What were Robert Walpole's sources of power?

royal support, ability to handle the House of Commons, and his control of government patronage

Catherine the Great

ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations

Reasons (witch)

scapegoating, political movements, church leaders, govt. leaders eliminate competition

preoccupations...

sin, death, devil, power of magic, and occult

Charles V

This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation

Pragmatic Sanction

This was the act passed by Charles VI that stated that Hapsburg possessions were never to be divided, in order to allow his daughter to be ruler.

Holy Alliance

This was the alliance between Austria Prussia and Russia on the crusade against the ideas and politics of the dual revolution.

Peter the Great

This was the czar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army. He also was interested in building grand cities like those in Western Europe

Edict of Nantes

This was the document published by Henry IV that granted liberty of conscience and liberty of public worship to the Huguenots

Who was appointed in place of Wolsey?

Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell

What treaty ended the Thirty Year's War?

Treaty of Westphalia

Treaty of Paris

Treaty that ended the Seven Years War in 1763. Canada and all of North America east of the Mississippi River went to England. Territory west of the Mississippi River went to Spain. Prussia kept Silesia and Austria kept the southern Netherlands.

Peace of Westphalia

Treaty that ended the Thirty Years War. Independence for each German state, recognized Calvinists, Protestants kept Church property, Dutch Independence recognized

Peace of Augsburg

Treaty that ended the dispute between Lutherans and Catholics in the German States

Emancipation of Serfs

Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; required to stay in vilages until they could repay aristocracy for land.

Henry VIII

Tudor King of England from 1509-47. Established the Anglican Church as the official Church of England when the Catholic Church refused to nullify his marriage. His son, Edward VI, was sickly and died in 1553, leaving the throne to Mary I.

Elizabeth I

Tudor Queen of England. Succeeded Mary I in 1558 and ruled until 1603. In addition to leading the defeat of the Spanish Armada and developing England into a world power, she strengthened Protestantism. Daughter of Henry VIII.

Muhammed ALi

Turkish ruler of Egypt who one effective independence of Egypt from the Ottomans in early 1800s

Who was George I challenged by?

the catholic son of James II, James Edward Stuart

Domestic System (aka Putting out system aka Cottage Industry)

the change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850.

Industrial Revolution

the change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850.

Alexander I

the czar of Russia whose plans to liberalize the government of Russia were unrealized because of the wars with Napoleon (1777-1825)

Louis XIV believed in....

the divine right of kings

Absolute rule could only be established if...

the finances were not dependent on the noble estates

Who was the royal family of the Netherlands?

the house of Orange, but they were only called upon during times of war; the provinces retained considerable authority

What caused the need for income in the state?

the increased cost of war

What is pacifism?

the refusal to fight

What did the spiritualists believe in?

the religious authority of the Spirit of God

2nd Republic

the result of another revolution in France with which the emergence of universal male suffrage came about, also much conflict between middle and lower classes

Parliament only met when...

the ruler needed money

William II

the second son of William the Conqueror who succeeded him as King of England (1056-1100)

Bourgeoisie

the social class between the lower and upper classes

Alexander II

the son of Nicholas I who, as czar of Russia, introduced reforms that included limited emancipation of the serfs (1818-1881)

What symbol did Louis XIV use?

the sun

Who were the Puritans?

they wanted semiautonomous congregations (Presbyterian structure)

Cubism

No one single point of view, no continuity or simulaniety of image contour, all possible views of the subject are compressed into one synthesizes view of top, sides, front and back. Picture becomes multifaceted view of objects with angular, interlocking planes. Value: a new way of seeing, a view of the world as a mosaic of multiple relationships, reality as interaction.

Flemish masters

Norther Renaissance artists who constructed realistic portraits in oil.

Europe's population was weakened and vulnerable to the plague due to ___?

Over population (more people than food or jobs), economic depression, and famine.

The revocation of the Edict of Nantes caused...

emigration and animosity

What was the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle?

ended War of Devolution; gave France certain towns bordering Spanish Netherlands

What was the Treaty of Utrecht?

ended War of Spanish Succession; Philip could only rule Spain

What did the Treaty of Westphalia do?

ended all hostilities within HRE, reasserted major features of Peace of Augsburg, Calvinists achieved legal recognition, and independence was gained by Netherlands and Switerzerland

What did the Edict of Nantes do?

ended the French Wars of Religion

What was the Peace of Nijmwegen?

ended the second war with the Netherlands; France gained more territory

What did Elizabeth the I do in England?

established religious settlement in England and created moderate Protestantism; made the official religion the church of England (Anglican Church)

What is Elizabeth I known for?

establishing the English (Anglican) church/ Episcopalian

What was the Clarendon Code?

excluded R.C., Presbyterians, and Independents from official religious and political life

French nobility gained...

favor not power

natural philosophers view on new science

felt it contributed to a deeper knowledge of God & supportive of religious belief

Mussolini

founded fascism and ruled Italy for almost 21 years, most of that time as dictator. He dreamed of building Italy into a great empire, but he led his nation to defeat in World War II (1939-1945) and was executed by his own people.

Lenin

founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.

What was Richelieu's foreign policy?

he wanted to protect French interests by keeping the Hapsburg armies tied down

Geneva was also known for what two things?

home to exiled Protestants and just place for women

Important events in the Netherlands?

independence and recognition

Solidarity

Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe.

Holy Roman Empire

Political affiliation of Germanic and central European city states and principalities to perpetuate Latin Christendom. Did not include England and France. Emperors after the 14th century were elected by seven electors representing the clergy and important participants.

Bastille

Political prison and armory stormed on July 14, 1789, by Parisian city workers alarmed by the king's concentration of troops at Versailles.

Realpolitik (Bismarck)

Political theory that national success justifies any means possible. Very Machiavellian.

American Revolution

Political upheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which the Thirteen American Colonies broke from the British Empire. Started with the rejection of the Stamp Act and the Boston Tea Party. The War started at Lexington and Concord. The US was aided by the French. The War ended at Yorktown.

Feminism

Political, cultural, and economic movements aimed at establishing greater rights and legal protections for women.

Burschenschaften

Politically active students around 1815 in the German states proposing unification and democratic principles.

Dutch Revolt

Revolt against the Spanish Empire, which led to the formation of the Netherlands.

Peasant Revolt

Revolt in the mid-1520s, stemming from German grievances against social ills and abuses of the Church

Revolution of 1848

Revolutions broke out all across Europe for that year, triggered by the French Revolution. They were all subdued, but they had some sort of long lasting effects. The people were probably upset that they were silenced and they had no voice, that's my guess.

Corvees

Roadwork. An obligation of peasants to landowners.

Jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794. (See also Robespierre, Maximilien.) (p. 588)

Absenteeism

Rarely or never residing in the area where one had a position

Define Virtu.

Reaching for perfection.

"June Days" 1848

Reaction of the unemployed and the revolutionary artisans of Paris, without political leadership or coordination. Over 5,000 died during the revolution and another 3,000 were shot after.

The Beatles

a British band that had an enormous influence on popular music in the 1960s

How deep could an arrow fired from a long bow pierce a block of wood from 200 yards away?

an arrow fired from a long bow at 200 yards away, could pierce 1 inch of wood.

What was Henry the VIII declared?

"Defender of the Faith"

Facts about Frederick II

"First Servant of the State"; violated the Pragmatic Sanction by invading Silesia

Spanish Empire (1490-1800)

-300 years of Spanish conquests and exploitation in the Americas -Gold and Silver helped finance political and religious wars -Biological impact: introduced numerous fruits, vegetables, and animals. Brought many diseases

Progmatic Sanction of Bourges

-Agreement that there would be no papal interference when the French elect their own clergy -Prohibited the payment of annates to Rome -Limited the right of appeals from French courts to Curia in Rome

Great Schism

-13 cardinals formed their own conclave and elected Pope Clement VII (cousin of the French king) -England, the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, Bohemia, and Poland acknowledged Urban as Pope -France, Naples, Scotland, Castile, and Aragon acknowledged Clement VII as Pope

War of Roses

-1455 -House of York (white rose) -House of Lancaster (red rose) -Started due to lay in succession irregularities after the forced deposition of the erratic king Richard II

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

Babylon Captivity

-Ended under Pope Gregory XI -Went back to Rome

Two political corner stones for France

1) Collapse of the English Empire after the Hundred Years War 2) Defeat of Charles the Bold and his duchy of Burgundy

Three Main Social Crisis' and what years

1) The Black Death (1348-1350) 2) The Hundred Year War (1337-1453) 3) The Great Schism (1378-1417)

What was 1 man able to do with the Movable Type?

1 man could do the work of 500 scribes.

Francis Bacon

1. Father of Empiricism and Experimentation 2. believed in inductive reason 3. examined nature using senses (compared himself to Columbus) 4. rejected scholasticism (tradition) 5. linked scientific and materialism 6. two books of divine revelation: Bible and Nature (same author)

Galileo

1. First used telescope 2. Netherlands 3. Wrote dialogue of 2 chief systems of the world 4. Argued that nature displayed mathematical error 5. heliocentric 6. saw nature as cold, rational, logical, mathematical

Rene Descartes

1. French 2. "I think therefore I am" 3. senses can fool you, use empirical observation 4. deductive reasoning 5. invented analytical geometry

Brahe

1. Geocentric 2. Provided extensive observation and data

Kepler

1. Heliocentric 2. Assistant to Brahe 3. Wrote about 3 laws of planetary motion 4. Used Copernicus' sun theory and Brahe's data/observations

Scientific Revolution

1. New concepts set standards for truth of data 2. Can't reveal spiritual world truth 3. Cultural authority in the West 4. reevaluate natural knowledge

Copernicus

1. Polish (Poland) astronomer 2. Wrote "Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres" 3. Suggested heliocentric theory (sun is center) 4. Rejected geocentrism

After 1450 in Northern Europe

1. power divided by semindependant vassels 2. Representative houses- England(Parliament) France(Estates General) Holy Roman Empire(Diet) They were the nobles

Pascal

1. Reason and Faith 2. french 3. allied with Jansenists (believed in predestination) 4. believed it was better to believe in God and him not be real than not to believe and go to hell because He is real 5. reason= too weak to resolve human nature & destiny issues, leads to faith in God & reliance on His grace 6. belief that God improved life psychologically & brought moral discipline

Concentric crystalline spheres

1. Sun, stars, etc. 2. Weightless 3. Reason=God had angels that moves them 4. Problem: planets appeared like they were moving backwards and forwards

New Science

1. seen as challenge to religion 2. theories and discoveries didn't agree with religious statements 3. conflicts: church authorities vs. natural philosophers 4. replace spiritual (universe) meaning & significance with a mechanical & materialistic one

What was the population of Calvinism in France?

1/15 of the population; 2,000 Huguenot congregations

What was the Participation of Ghent?

10 Catholic provinces and 7 Protestant provinces unified in opposition to Spain

"Essay Concerning Human Understanding"

1. author: John Locke 2. mind at birth=blank tablet 3. all about senses and experiences 4. human condition can be improved by changing environment

Galileo's condemnation

1. condemned by Roman Catholic Church in 1633 2. seen as forces of religion-smothering scientific knowledge 3. recanted, "but it does move" 4. later church changed ruling based on poor advice

Isaac Newton

1. discovered laws of gravitation 2. wrote "Principa Mathmatica" 3. explained motions of planets by gravity 4. "God is Rational" 5. upheld importance of empirical data and observation 6. physical universe is governed by natural law (natural universe=rational)

Women in the World of Scientific Revolution

1. excluded from intellectual exchange of knowledge until 19th century 2. could participate through their husbands 3. considered intellectually inferior and bared from science & medicine

Institutions of Sharing

1. knowledge was gathered, shared, and debated 2. examples: Royal Society of London (1660), Academy of Experiments in Florence (1657), French Academy of Science (1666), & Berlin Academy of Science (1700) 3. application to serve govt. and economy-better tech 4. those outside of 'elite' were involved 5. formed basis of the Enlightenment (17th and 18th century)

Margaret Cavendish

1. noblewoman 2. wrote scientific knowledge 3. had education

Influence of the Clergy

1. only source of 'magic' 2. cast out demons, eternal penalties into temporal 3. encouraged fear of demons/devil (then clergy has more power) 4. by removing witches, the church and state are able to establish power/control

new, natural knowledge

1. opposed to scholasticism & aristotilianism (Aristotle thinking: "if this then that...") 2. criticism of universities (conservative)

Effect of 100 Years War/ Great Schism

100 Years war- made nobility decline because government became centralized Great Schism- separated the church nobles and clergy were in decline because feudal society was weakened by ally with king and town 1. town gets protection 2. also positions in king's workforce 3. King gives them law and order power of king went up because he controlled taxes, knights, and law enforcement, they also made a set military and paid them as well as taxes came up but they just borrowed money from nobility

When was the Avignon Papacy?

1309-1377.

(Dali) Surrealism

A 20th century movement of artists and writers (developing out of Dadaism) who used fantastic images and incongruous juxtapositions in order to represent unconscious thoughts and dreams

Trotsky

A Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist. He was one of the leaders of the Russian October Revolution, second only to Lenin.

Benjamin Disraeli

A British Prime Minister, parliamentarian, Conservative statesman and literary figure. Only Prime Minister of Jewish heritage. He played an instrumental role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party after the Corn Laws schism of 1846.

Thomas Malthus

A British author who believed that population growth was a great danger. He believed that it was impossible for agricultural output to keep pace with the expanding population and that social, political, and economic crises would ensue if population growth was not checked.

Inquisition

A Church court that was vigilant in enforcing religious uniformity (Spain)

Tycho Brahe

A Danish astronomer who believed that the planets revolved around the sun, as well as the geocentric concept.

Victor Hugo

A French Novelist who wrote inspiring tales of heroic action. His novels, The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Les Misérables featured poor and ostracized members of society.

Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith

1776

Adam Smith "Welath of Nations" American Revolution

War of Three Henrys

After King Henry's men assassinated Henry of Guise, a Catholic monk killed the King. Henry of Navarre (Catholic, Henry IV) took over as the first Bourbon monarch of France

Treaty of Tordesillas

Agreement between Spain and Portugal to divide from north to south the Atlantic Ocean so that the two nations would not be competing for the same lands in their zealous explorations. Spain was to explore the lands west of the line, while Portugal was to have the eastern region.

Ptolemy

Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until Copernicus

Sturm und Drang (Storm and Stress)

An early name for romantic movement in Germany, where romanticism emerged in part as a rebellion against French occupation.

Who ruled after William and Mary?

Anne

Who became king of Bohemia?

Archduke Ferdinand

Baroque Art

Art that originated in Rome and is associated with the Catholic Reformation, characterized by emotional intensity, strong self-confidence, spirit.

Indians

Aztecs- Mexico (early 1400's) conquered by Cortez(1519) they thought he was a god, they performed human sacrfices Incas- Peru, Perezo holds their empire hostage and tells them to bring his weight in gold, they do this but he slaughters their king anyways, and tries to convert them

The Medici Family was a powerful _________ Family.

Banking.

Church in Spanish America

Bartolome de Las Casa- don't need conquest to convert, he wrote to the king and stopped slavery, the church partners with the government, Spanish elite prosper, and the impact of explorarion was skeptism

Bismarck's alliance system

Based on two goals (the isolation of France and never fighting a two front war), Bismarck constructed a set of alliances among European neighbors. Fell apart when Bismarck was forced to resign when he clashed with William II

Civil War in Yugoslavia

Bitter ethnic conflicts lead to wars of independence. Most ended with democratic institutions being established.

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend

Puritans

Calvinist strand of Protestants in England who wanted to purify the Church of England. Opposed bishops and wished to eliminate the Book of Common Prayer

What are English Protestants?

Calvinists

Belgian Independence (1830)

Came because of an agreement in England which made it a nutral country

Kiuprili Family

Came to power in the middle of the 1600s, arousing the Ottoman Empire to attempt further conquest in Eastern Europe

St. Petersburg

Capitol city created by Peter the Great to resemble a French city. Part of Peter's Westernization and attempts to get a warm-water port.

Artists 17th Century

Caravaggio, LeNain, Bernini, Rubens

Who assisted Louis XV?

Cardinal Fleury

Who was Louis XIV's regent?

Cardinal Mazarin

Who was Louis XIII's regent?

Cardinal Richelieu

Who was Richelieu?

Cardinal who ruled as regent for Henry Navarre's son Louis XIII

War of American Independence

Costly war of Americans against British and George III that France was involved in that later led France to bankruptcy. (American name)

Charles X

Count of Artois, succeeded Louis XVIII. Pursued religious policy that encouraged Catholics to reestablish control over the educational system. (brought instability to France)

Castiglione

Courtier

What happened during the Swedish phase?

Gustavus Adolphus (Lutheran) led a Swedish army into HRE

Erasmus

Dutch Humanist and friend of Sir Thomas More. Perhaps the most intellectual man in Europe and widely respected. Believed the problems in the Catholic Church could be fixed; did not suport the idea of a Reformation. Wrote Praise of Folly

What type of art did Calvinists have?

Dutch Mennonite; subtle baroque

Besides England, who else did Spain have conflict with?

Dutch and Turks

William of Orange

Dutch prince invited to be king of England after The Glorious Revolution. Joined League of Augsburg as a foe of Louis XIV.

Bank of Amsterdam

First bank to not only received deposits of gold and silver and exchanged foreign currencies, it made loans.

The Consulate

First five years of Napoleon's rule as dictator after his 1799 coup d'etat in which he had sole power to propose new laws that the legislature could only approve or reject.

Selling Indulgences

Give money to the Church/Priest in exchange for this, which would grant forgiveness for the obligation (debt) of sin or help dead souls out of purgatory (between heaven and hell)

Nepotism

Giving lucrative church jobs to one's children or other relatives

World War II

Global conflict that stemmed from unresolved WWI issues, declarations came after Germany invaded Poland. Germany gained almost all of Europe before its defeat began with the loss in Stalingrad.

What did John Wycliffe do?

He challenged the papal infallibility and transubstantiation (communion/ bread "turned" into the body of Christ).

What was Luther's response to the peasant revolt?

He condemned it

When did Dante Alighieri live, what did he write, and what did his writings become?

He lived from 1265-1321, he wrote the "Vita Nuova" and "Divine Comedy Form", these became the cornerstone of the Italian Vernacular.

Who is Boccaccio?

He lived from 1313-1375, he was a student of Petrarch, pioneer of humanist study, wrote 100 plague stories, and was one of the first to study Greek.

French protestants

Huguenots

What are the 5 central Ideas of the Renaissance?

Humanism, Individualism, Secularism, Rationalism, and Virtu.

How where humanists different from Scholastics?

Humanists are less bound to recent tradition, didn't focus on summarizing and comparing the views of recognized authority.

Monet, Renoir

Impressionist painters.

Prince Henry, the Navigator

Led the Portuguese during their exploration of the Atlantic

Who ruled after Henry IV?

Louis XIII

Pico della Mirandola

On the Dignity of Man

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Coup d'etat

Overthrow of those in power.

Indulgence

Papal pardon for remission of sins.

Church vs king

Pope Bonaface and Phillip the fair (French king) bonaface said papal power over kings power, so he sent men to beat up the pope claiming he wasn't the true pope(people saved him, but died months later) papacy moved to Avinglong(70 years) popes never threatened government again- Modern Age

Bartholomew Diaz

Portuguese explorer who reached the tip of Africa in 1488

Separatists (Puritans)

Radical Protestants in England who believed Henry VIII did not take extreme enough measures in merely creating the Anglican Church. They favored "purifying" the new Anglican Church of all similarities to the Catholic Church.

Diggers and Levellers

Radical groups in England in the 1650s who called for the abolition of private ownership and extension of the franchise.

Nietzsche

Radical questioning of the value and objectivity of truth n. His key ideas include the death of God, perspectivism, the Übermensch, the eternal recurrence, and the will to power.

Protestant Beliefs

Salvation by faith alone Importance of scripture in vernacular Emphasis on sermons Two or three sacraments only No friars, monks, or nuns No saints, purgatory, or reverence for the Virgin Mary, Symbolic Eucharist or real "presence" No celibacy Priests became ministers w/no special status No confession, no priestly absolution

Sea Dogs

Sir Francis Drake, Sir John Hawkins, and Sir Walter Raleigh were among this group of adventurous English sea captains who challenged Portuguese and Spanish sea trade supremacy and robbed foreign vessels of their valuables.

Realism

The artistic and literary school emphasizing the dignity of common people, doing common things.

Deism

The belief that God has created the universe and set it in motion to operate like clockwork. God is literally in the wings watching the show go on as humans forge their own destiny.

Laissez-faire capitalism

The belief that a natural law applied to the world of manufacturing and trade, based on Adam Smith's principle of supply and demand.

Red Terror

The campaign of mass arrests and executions conducted by the Bolshevik government

What were pogroms?

The casting of Jews as scapegoats.

Yugoslavia

This country was created after WWI, uniting ethnicities that spoke similar Slavic languages.

Richard Arkwright

This person applied waterpower to the spinning process.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Type of warfare used by the Germans in WWI, most famously to sink the passenger ship Lusitania, killing 1200 people, including 118 Americans. When the Germans refused to stop this warfare, the United States entered the war.

Pearl Harbor

US naval port in Hawaii that was attacked on December 7, 1941 pushing the US into WWII

1914-19

WWI, Treaty of Versailles

1939-45

WWII

1939

WWII begins, non agression pact between soviets and germans

1815

Waterloo defeat and Congress of Vienna

De Medicis

Wealthy merchant families bankers who controlled the Italian city-state of Florence during the Renaissance era. Their subsidization of the arts, especially under Lorenzo, supported the flowering of the Renaissance.

Louis XV

When Louis XIV died in 1715, the crown was to be succeeded by his five-year-old grandson Louis XV. Under Louis XV, the French minister Maupeou began the restoration of royal absolutism by abolishing the parlement of Paris.

Franz List

a Hungarian[3][4][5] composer, virtuoso pianist and teacher. He was also the father-in-law of Richard Wagner. In 1865 he became an abbot in the Roman Catholic Church.

Marshall Plan

a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe

Marshall Plan

a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

Mozart

a composer from Austria, who was known for classical NEW STYLE. Child prodigy.

Sack of Rome (1527)

a military event carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, then part of the Papal States

Versailles

a palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles

Concert of Europe

a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions

Social Security

a system of federal financial support for retired workers and workers unable to continue working because of a disability

NATO

an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Ramsey McDonald

abor gov. of britian in old fashioned- raise taxes cut gov spending and balance the budget

France Kings and Wars

absolute monarchy, Louis 14th, sun king- narcissistic, unpreceded authority, made monarchy extremely powerful while being nice to nobles, advisor was Mazarin, Fronde occurred under his rule- rebellions with nobles who wanted power(when he was 5), built palace of Versaille(1682)- largest secular palace ever built, dominanted nobility by keeping them busy and dependent, gained favors not power, kept them divided and believed in divine right of kings, Bishop Bussuet agreed with him, Louis 14th said," I am France"

Thomas Hobbes

advocated absolutism, english, wrote Leviathon, strong authority, believed man was evil, materilliastic, must be ruled by a soveriegn ruler, anarchy was worse then tyranny

2nd half of 1500s - conflict and location

all Protestants vs. Catholics; western Europe

Galileo

argued for mathematical laws, wrote," Dialogues of 2 chief systems of the world." (1564-1642), italian, developed the telescope (the netherlands invented it), saw rings around Saturn, believed nature displayed mathematical/regularity, popularized heliocentric- church told him to recant, but he did and then said "but it does move" sentenced to house arrest, saw nature as cold and rational, condemned by roman catholic authorites, seen as smothering knowledge, (only church could interpet bible), index- list of forbidden books by church, later church changed ruling based on poor advice

Kepler

assitant of Brahe, heliocentric, german, mathematical planets move in elliptical fashion, wrote motion of mars and new astronomy , wrote 3 laws of platerian motion, Copernicus supporter

What is one of James I's most significant accomplishments?

authorized the new translation of the Bible, KJV

Which two sacraments did Luther endorse?

baptism and the Eucharist

Walter Scott

born in Edinburgh; personified romantic movement's fascination with history-raised on grandfather's farm, fell under spell of old ballads and tales of Scottish border-influenced by German romanticism-esp. Johann Wolfgang con Goethe-translated Gotz von Berlichingen: play about a 16th century knight who revolted against centralized authority and championed individual freedom-storyteller, composed long narrative poems and series of historical novels-recreated spirit of bygone ages and great historical events

What were some important aspects of the Bourbon leadership?

capable regents (Cardinal Richelieu and Mazarin); religious toleration -> religious conformity

What was the Act of Supremacy?

declared Henry "the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England"

What was the Petition of Right?

declared no forced loans or taxes without Parliamentary consent

What did the French king do in response?

denounced and physically attacked the Pope, in the end, the people had to rescue Pope Boniface VIII.

Levenhouck

developed microscope

Currie

discovered radium

Family

divorce- permitted women to divorce if they were abonded or their husband cheated on them, nuclear family- father/mother 2-4 children, wet nursing- noble women would hire someone to nurse their children, doctors and church was against this

What are some similarities between Protestants and Catholics?

dogmatic, aggressive, and irreconcilable church systems

Facts about Montmorency-Chatillons

dominant in central France; strong Huguenot roots

Facts about Guises

dominant in eastern France (strongest) and synonymous with militant Catholicism

Facts abut Bourbon

dominant in south and west France; strong Huguenot roots

intellectual

education- most people were illiterate, to be special you needed to speak Latin literature- vernacular- the common language donte- wrote in Italian choser- wrote in english

Charles Lyell

effectively discredited the long-standing view that the earth's surface had been formed by short-lived cataclysms, such as biblical floods and earthquakes-his principle: uniformitarianism: same geological processes that are at work today slowly formed the earth's surface over an immensely long time

Zemstvos

elected local rural governments allow some democracy without weakening the central government

Great Schism

elected pope from Avignon, but then roman pope as well because people were getting angry, then because of the feud they elected a third pope to try to even it out (papal states became separated) Moscow was known as the third rome

End of Witch Hunts

more scientific-world view, words and thoughts were no longer believed to affect the nature or world, advances in medicine and and insurance- led people to look at other possible reasons, accused witches started- blaming townspeople and even judges, luther wrote"one little word will slay him."

Was there religious toleration in the Ottoman Empire?

more toleration that anywhere else

What was the nuclear family?

mother, father, 2 - 4 children

Did the Dutch have a strong central authority?

no

parliament

powerful families, burroughs(self governing), wealthy nobles could buy seats in parliament, paid high taxes because more land meant supremacy of parliament, limited kings power, no tax exemptions, had freedom of speech/press, no large standing army, religious toleration

Reformation emphasized study of ....

primary sources

Picasso

prolific and influential Spanish artist who lived in France (1881-1973)

What did the Reformation Parliament declare?

put clergy under royal supervision

Charles I

son of James I who was King of England and Scotland and Ireland

Philip II

son of Louis VII whose reign as king of France saw wars with the English that regained control of Normandy and Anjou and most of Poitou (1165-1223)

Who were the supporters of Calvinism in France?

those opposed to the Guise's domination of French monarchy

Anne

throne goes to Anne, no heir, last Stuart ruler, act of settlement- no catholics can rule (1701) then begins George 1st- Hanover reign begins, didn't speak English, was challenged by James Stuart son of James 2, who claimed he should have the throne, wigs- parliament, commercial,toleration, puritans (for George), torries- strong for the king, landowners, Anglican, wanted peace in the church, (for James), since George 1st couldn't speak English Robert Walpole (1676-1745) was the first prime minister, was in parliament, had support from the house of commons, Georges, "Let sleeping dogs lie" George 2- halleuigah chorus, George 3- king during revolution, crazy, long rule, George 4- chubby and fat

How did Louis XIV create his political image?

through propaganda and manipulation of symbols

Catherine de Medici

wife of Henry II, influenced her sons after the end of there father's rein. She placed an alliance with the ultra-Catholics (the militant Catholics), which was led by the second most powerful family in France, The Guise Family. She permitted the Guise Family their own independent army,which they would use to take out the other religions residing within the French Borders. This led to the civil wars in France and also the St. Bartholome's Day Massacre.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

wipes out protestantism, kills 7,000 people, france remains catholic

How did James I raise funds?

without Parliament

Who was Ignatius Loyola?

wrote a program of religious and moral discipline (Spiritual Exercises)

Was Henry of Navarre a politique?

yes

Was James I tolerant of religion?

yes

Was there religious toleration in the Netherlands?

yes

2001

War in Afghanistan, 9'11. US war on terrotism

Great Northern War

(1709) The conflict between Russia and Sweden in which Peter the Great took the Baltic coastal Areas of Latvia and Estonia

Blitzkrieg

"Lightening War" Style of war used by Germany, characterized by a fast-rolling ground force of tanks and personnel, supported by air attack.

Kristallnacht

"Night of Broken Glass" The occasion of concerted violence by Nazis throughout Germany and Austria against Jews and their property on the nights of November 9-10, 1938.

Kristallnacht

"Night of broken glass," occurring in November 1938. This marked the beginning of overtly violent Nazi attacks against the Jewish population in Germany.

Brezhnev

"No experimentation.", "re-Stalinization" modest liberalization and more consumer goods

Luther wrote...

"One little word will slay him"

Perestroika

"Restructuring," a policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

DaVinci

"mona Lisa

The Hundred Years' War

(1337-1453) Struggle between French and British monarchies, England scores initial victories, Joan of Arc saves France.

Lorenzo Valla

(1407-1457) Humanist who used historical criticism to discredit an eighth-century document giving the papacy jurisdiction over Western lands.

Nicholaus Copernicus

(1473-1543) Polish astronomer who posited a heliocentric universe in place of a geocentric universe.

Copernicus

(1473-1543), polish astronomer, "Revolution of Heavenly Spheres", rejected earth centered universe, priest, rejected the Ptolemic System- geocentric claimed- earth was heavy, so it did not move, believed moon, sun, were trapped in Chrystal spheres, believed they were rotated by angels (beyond he believed there was the realm of God), said farther planets take longer to rotate

Sir Thomas More

(1478-1535) Renaissance humanist and chancellor of England. Executed by Henry VIII for his unwillingness to publicly recognize his king as Supreme Head of the church and clergy of England.

Martin Luther

(1483-1546) German theologian who challenged the church's practice of selling indulgences, a challenge that ultimately led to the destruction of the Roman Catholic world.

Thomas Cromwell

(1485-1540) Became King Henry VII's close advisor following Cardinal Wolsey's dismissal. He and his contemporary THomas Cranmer convinced the king to break from Rome and made the Church of England increasingly more Protestant., (1485-1540) King Henry III's Chief Minister; he confiscated the wealth of the Catholic church and divided administration according to its functions by creating seperate departments of state

John Knox

(1505-1572) Calvinist leader in sixteenth-century Scotland.

Duke of Alva

(1508-1582) Military leader sent by Phillip to pacify the Low Countries.

John Calvin

(1509-1564) French theologian who established a theocracy in Geneva and is best known for his theory of predestination.

Concordat of Bologna

(1516) Treaty under which the French Crown recognized the supremacy of the pope over a council and obtained the right to appoint all French bishops and abbots.

Charles V

(1519-1556) Hapsburg dynastic ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and of extensive territories in Spain and the Netherlands.

Catherine de Medici

(1547-1589) The wife of Henry II (1547-1559) of France, who exercised political influence after the death of her husband and during the rule of her weak sons.

Witch Hunts

(1550-1650) lasted 300 years, 1400-1700, killed 70,000 to 100,000 witches, they harmed neighbors, attended mass meetings with the devil, had canibliasm of small christian children and practiced anti- christian rituals, reasons for accusing- scapegoat, political motives, church leaders, government leaders and also to eliminiate the competition, "cunning folk"= people of the village that appeared to have specail power (magical) to help others in difficulties- feared and respected

Peace of Augsburg

(1555) Document in which Charles V recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire. The faith of the prince determined the religion of his subjects.

Philip II

(1556-1598) Son and successor to Charles V, ruling Spain and the Low Countries.

Elizabeth I

(1558-1603) Protestant ruler of England who helped stabilize religious tensions by subordinating theological issues to political considerations.

Oliver Cromwell

(1559-1658) Principal leader and gentry member of the Puritans in Parliament.

Francis Bacon

(1561-1626) Inductive thinker who stressed experimentation in arriving at the truth.

Galileo

(1564-1642) Italian scientist who formulated terrestrial laws and the modern law of Inertia. He also provided evidence for the Copernican hypothesis.

Prince William of Orange

(1572-1584) Leader of the seventeen provinces of the Netherlands.

Frankfurt Assembly

A group of delegates from all the German states who met in 1848-49 to debate the question of a unified Germany.

Thirty Years War

(1618-1648) War between Protestant and Catholic states in the Holy Roman Empire. Developed into a more general conflict and a continuation of the Bourbon-Habsburg rivalry

Colbert

(1619-1683) Financial minister under the French king Louis XIV who promoted mercantilist policies.

pascal

(1623-1662) reason and faith(rationalism), french mathmetician, allied with the jansenists, calvinists view, man has total sinfulness, eternal predestination by God to heaven or hell, complete dependance on faith and grace for knowldge of god and salvation, believed better to believe in God and be wrong, then to not believe and to go to hell, reason to weak to solve human nature and destiny issues- leads to faith in God and reliance on His grace, belief improved life phyiscally and brought more discipline

Charles I

(1625-1649) Stuart king who brought conflict with Parliament to a head and was subsequently executed.

Petition of Right

(1628) Parliamentary document that restricted the king's power. Most notably, it called for recognition of the writ of habeas corpus and held that only Parliament could impose new taxes.

John Locke

(1632-1704) Political theorist who defended the Glorious Revolution with the argument that all people are born with certain natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

Frederick William

(1640-1688) The "Great Elector" who built a strong Prussian army and infused military values into Prussian society.

Isaac Newton

(1642-1727) English scientist who formulated the law of gravitation that posited a universe operating in accord with natural law.

Louis XIV

(1643-1715) Also known as the "Sun King". The ruler of France who established the supremacy of absolutism in seventeenth-century Europe.

Peace of Westphalia

(1648) The treaty ending the Thirty Years' War in Germany. It allowed each prince - whether Lutheran, Catholic, or Calvinist - to choose the established creed of his territory.

The Netherlands

(1648) they declare themselves independent, Dutch Golden age(1572-1702) also united provinces, politically- (1572) 7 provinces united and revolted against Spain and England and France, they had a republic(no strong central authority), House of Orange were the leaders in the Netherlands, William the 3rd was the military leader and married daughter of England(Calvinist) (not official church) toleration- all lived peacefully together, economically-urban business, agriculture, extensive trade, finance and overseas commercial empire, Netherlands- chief trading nation of Europe, they had the strongest financial system in Amsterdam(stock exchange), economic decline- lack of unified leadership, rise of naval dominance in Britian, but maintained dominance in banking and finance, monarchy-military concerns, tactics and warfare went up but didn't want to borrow money from nobles

Charles II

(1660-1685) Stuart king during the Restoration, following Cromwell's Interregnum.

Invasion of the Netherlands

(1672) Resistance led by- William of Orange the Third, fought French, peace of Ninjwegen- gave French more land, Louis wanted everyone to convert to loyal catholics, Louis killed and persecuted the Huguenots, and then revoked the edict of nantes, believed God wanted conformity, Huguenots fled to England, war of Spanish sucession- Phillip of Anjou(Louis xiv grandson) claimed heir to Spanish throne, treaty of utredt- phlillip could rule spain, but not france, began bourbon rule, ended Hapsburg rule, England got gebraltar

William of Orange

(1672-1702) Dutch prince and foe of Louis XIV who became king of England in 1689.

Test Act

(1673) Law prohibiting Catholics and dissenters to hold political office.

Peter the Great

(1682-1725) Romanov czar who initiated the westernization of Russian society by traveling to the West and incorporating techniques of manufacturing as well as manners and dress.

James II

(1685-1688) Final Stuart ruler. He was forced to abdicate in favor of William and Mary, who agreed to the Bill of Rights, guaranteeing parliamentary supremacy.

Bill of Rights

(1689) English document declaring that sovereignty resided with Parliament.

War of the Spanish Succession

(1701-1713) Last of Louis XIV's wars involving the issue of succession to the Spanish throne.

Pugachev Revolt

(1774): He won the support of many peasants when he issued a manifest, which freed all peasants from oppressive taxes and military service. The peasants, encouraged by him to seize their landlords' estate, killed more than 1500 estate owners. Pugachev was captured, tortured, and executed.

Industrial Revolution

(1780+) Shift from production by human and animal power to production by machine

Francois Guizot

(1787-1874) Chief minister under Louis Philippe. Guizot's repression led to the revolution of 1848.

The Declaration of Rights of Man

(1789) A document produced by the National Assembly that listed the following as basic human rights: liberty, property, security, resistance to oppression, freedom of religion, due process of law, and taxes by common consent.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

(1790) Restricted the role of the church. Sold church land to make new currencies (assignats). Priests and bishops were elected by the people and church officials had to pledge loyalty to the government.

Declaration of Pillnitz

(1791) Austria and Prussia agreed to intervene in France to end the revolution with the unanimous agreement of the great powers.

Directory

(1795-1799) The five-man executive committee that ruled France in its own interests as a republic after Robespierre's execution and prior to Napoleon's coming to power.

John Stuart Mill

(1806-1873) British philosopher who published On Liberty (1859), advocating individual rights against government intrusion, and The Subjection of Women (1869), on the cause of women's rights.

Treaty of Tilsit

(1807) Agreement between Napoleon and Czar Alexander I in which Russia became an ally of France and Napoleon took over the lands of Prussia west of the Elbe as well as the Polish provinces.

Peninsular War

(1808-1813) Napoleon's long-drawn-out war with Spain.

Louie Napoleon Bonaparte

(1808-1873) Nephew of Napoleon I. He came to power as president of the Second French Republic in 1848.

Louis XVIII

(1814-1824) Restored Bourbon throne after the Revoltion. He accepted Napoleon's Civil Code (principle of equality before the law), honored the property rights of those who had purchased confiscated land and establish a bicameral (two-house) legislature consisting of the Chamber of Peers (chosen by king) and the Chamber of Deputies (chosen by an electorate).

Congress of Vienna

(1815) At this congress the great powers (GB, Austria, Fr, R, Prussia) gathered to put Europe back together following Napoleon. They agreed to restore legitimate pre-revolutionary governments, protect Europe from a dominant France by surrounding it with strong buffer states, and to meet periodically to assure conservative ideologies dominated Europe. Metternich, of Austria, dominated the conference.

White Terror

(1815) Returning émigrés tried to punish former revolutionaries and Bonapartists in France

Bismarck

(1815-1898) Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under his rule. Delivers "blood and iron" speech.

Carlsbad Decrees

(1819) Repressive laws in the German states limiting freedom of speech and dissemination of liberal ideas in the universities.

July Ordinances

(1830) King Charles X (reactionary) imposed this set of strict laws against the press, legislative assembly, and society. It led to a Revolution which took him out of power and brought in the bourgeois monarchy of Louis Philippe.

Frederick William IV

(1840-1861) King of Prussia who promised and later reneged on his promises for constitutional reforms in 1848.

Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty

(1887) Kaiser William II's first big mistake was allowing this no war pledge between Germany and Russia to expire

Franco-Russian Alliance

(1894) Having been diplomatically isolated for two decades, the French jumped at the chance to ally with the Russians under this alliance.

October Manifesto

(1905) Tsar Nicolas II responded to the riots by granting civil liberties and agreeing to create a Duma (legislative assembly)

Army Order No. 1

(1917) Issued by the Petrograd Soviet, the order disintegrated the traditional discipline and hierarchy of the army. The Russian war effort, which was doing poorly already, was doomed.

Russian Civil War

(1918-1920) 18 regional governments competed for power. White armies opposed the Bolshevik Red Army, who won the war.

League of Nations

(1919) The Treaty of Versailles created this body to prevent future wars. Nations would submit disputes to this body in times of disagreements. In the long run, countries were reluctant to go to war and this body ceased to be a forceful institution

Treaty of Versailles

(1919) This treaty was aimed specifically at Germany. The Germans were required to pay massive reparations to GB and Fr, surrender Alsace-Lorraine, scale back their military, and give up their colonies. Germany resented the harsh terms of the treaty. Italy did not receive as much land as it wanted under this treaty.

Dawes Plan

(1924) Under this plan, the US loaned money to G, who payed back GB/Fr, who payed back the US. Lessened hostility between G, GB, and Fr.

Treaty of Locarno

(1925) A treaty signed by France, Germany, and Belgium guaranteeing their borders unconditionally. Promoted European security and stability.

Great Depression

(1929-1939) Began with the crash of the US Stock market in October 1929. Many banks closed, bankruptcy mushroomed, factories shut down, and world industrial production fell by 40 percent.

Enabling Act

(1933) The Nazis took advantage of the anti-socalist hysteria following the Reichstag fire (also took advantage of Great Depression) to pass laws giving Hitler absolute dictatorial power for 4 years under this act

Peter the Great

(Romanov Monarch) Developed absolutism in Russia in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. He wanted to develop a state and military equal to that of the Western nations. He increased the Russian army to over 200,000, placed the Russian Orthodox Church under a committee of bishops, constructed a new capital, and reorganized the country into 10 territories.

Jesuits

(Society of Jesus) Founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Hundred Years War(1337-1453)

(decantrilized government- spreads power among many people) English King- Edward 3rd claims France, both wanted to control flanders(made clothes) as well as amniosty between people on the seas/ports Phillip VI- French king, (England stopped selling wool to flanders so they joined England)

Daughters of Ferdinand and Isabella

-Catharine was married to Author of England, son of Henry of Tudor, uniting Spain and England. Author died so she married his little brother, Henry VII. They had a daughter name Mary. -Joanna married Philip of the Holy Roman Empire, son of Maximilian Hapsburg, and had Charles Hapsburg -Mary and Charles Hapsburg married

Incas

-Centered in highlands of Peru -Subjects worked for states -Conquered by Francisco Pizarro in 1532

Pope Innocent III

-Elaborated the doctrine of papal plenitude of power and on that authority had declared saints, disposed of benefices, and created a centralized papal monarchy -His transformation of the papacy into a great secular power weakened the church spiritually while strengthening it politically

Council of Constance (1414-1417)

-Emperor Sigsmund summoned a new council in Constance -Asserted its supremacy and elected a new pope, Martin V (all other popes either were resigned or disposed) -Council then meets up every ten years

Edward III during the Hundred Years War

-Embargoed English wool to Flanders sparking urban rebellions by merchants and trade guills -Won battles of Sluys, Normandy, and Crécy (Port of Calais) -Black death forced truce (1347) -Took King John II captive (Leading to breakdown in political order in France)

Clericis Laicas

-A bull that forbade lay taxation of the clergy without papal approval and revoked all previous papal dispensation -Edward I (England) retaliated to this by denying the clergy the right to be heard in royal court, removing him from the protection of the King -Philip IV the Fair (France) retaliated by forbidding the exportation of money from France to Rome, denying the papacy the revenues it needed to operate

Jubile Year

-All catholics whom visited Rome and fulfilled certain conditions had the penalties for their unrepented sins remitted -This led to Boniface reentering himself into international politics

Popular remedies of the Plague

-Aromatic Amulets (As a remedy to protect themselves from poisonous fumes from earthquakes) -Sexual Promiscuity -Flagellants (Religious fanatics who beat themselves in ritual penance. Church outlawed these processions) -Flight and seclusion

Benedict XII

-Began to build the great Palace of the Popes and attempted to reform papal government and the religious life

John Huss

-Bohemia and vernacular (Czech) -Hussites -Supported vernacular translations of the bible and were critical of traditional ceremonies and allegedly superstitious practices -Wycliffe's movement influenced this

Henry Tudor

-Brought rival royal families together and made hereditary claim of his offspring to the throne. -Confiscated land and fortunes from nobles

Defender of Peace (1324)

-By Marsilius of Padua -Stressed the independent origins and autonomy of secular government -Argued that spiritual claims must await eternal punishment -Depicted the pope as a subordinate member of a society over which the emperor ruled supreme and in which temporal peace was the highest good

Consequences of Concicular Movement

-Church weakened -Church under control of Kings -Divisions between church leadership

Thomas More

-Close friend of Erasmus -Utopia, a conservative criticism of contemporary society. Depicted an imaginary society baded on reason and tolerance (kind of like communism in a way, ever one is meant to be equal) -Executed due to refusal to recognize the king's marriage to Anne Boleyn

Printing Press

-Created by Gutenberg -Mainz was the center for printing in all of Western Europe -Main topics to read: Religious -Late Middle Ages led to expansion of schools and universities that led to new literate lay public (non-clergy)

Court of Star Chamber

-Created by Henry Tudor -Disciplined the English nobility Made as long as a sanction of parliament that was intended to make cases fair instead of the use of intimidation and bribery

Bartolome de Las Casas

-Critical of the treatment on the Native Americans. Thought it was inhumane and unprincipled. Slavery ended because of him. -Government partners with church

Effects of Hundred Years War and Great Schism on power of nobility and clergy

-Decline and less able to block growing national monarchies -Nobility power decreased -Churches power declined because of division in leadership due to different opinions

Feudalism

-Depended on carefully negotiated alliances among a wide range of lesser powers, vassals, and smooth transitions of Kings -Centralized

Treaty of Troyes (Hundred Years War)

-Disinherited the legitimate heir to the French throne and proclaimed Henry V the successor to Charles VI (French King) -Henry V and Charles VI died leaving the rule of France and England to infant Henry VI

End of War Results

-Duke of Burgundy made peace with Charles, allowing France to force the English back -Awakened French nationalism and hastened the transition form a feudal monarchy to a centralized state -Burgundy become a major European political power

Erasmus

-Dutch -Most famous of Northern Christian Humanism -Focused on Latin and Greek, did not eliminate God -Advocated reforms in the church and education. Criticized the materialism, secularism, worldliness in the church -Emphasized the study of classics and the bible. Simple ethical piety in imitation of Christ -Wrote: Colloquies (Latin Dialogue, Adages (proverbs), and Praise of Folly

Causes of the Hundred Years War

-Edward III (Grandson of Phillip the Fair of France) claimed the French throne once Charles died but the French wanted Philip VI of Valois to be King -Edward III was a vassal of Philip VI (held several French territories as fiefs) and the French didn't like this (threatened royal policy of centralization) -Control of Flanders (Under political influence of England and because they depended on their materials)

French Defeat (Hundred Years War)

-Edward III died and the throne went to Richard II -War effort lessened John Ball (secular power) and Wat Tyler (Journey Man) led long oppressed peasants and artisans to a revolt in England (ended in less than a year) -England recommenced the war under Henry V

Reform Act of 1832

An Act of Parliament that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of the United Kingdom

Social and Economic Consequences of the Plague

-Farm laborers decreased, wages increased -Wages and need for skilled artisans rose -Agricultural prices decreases, luxury prices increased -Power of noble landowners decreased (paid more for finished products and farm labor and received less money in return) -Rents declined

Peace of Brétigny-Calais (Hundred Years War)

-Forced treaty on the French -Declared the end of Edwards vassalage and affirmed Edwards sovereignty over English territories in France -France paid 3 million crowns for their King back -Edward renounced his claim to the French throne

Reuchlin Affair

-German -John Reuchlin -Was Europe's foremost Christian authority on Hebrew and Jewish learning -Attacked by a man who was trying to suppress Jewish writings (Pfefferkorn)

Ciseneros

-Grand Inquisitor, allowed to enforce the strictest religious orthodoxy. Founded the University of Alcalá -Wrote "Complutensian Polygot". A six volume work that took 15 years to make. Hebrew, Greek, and Latin put in parallel columns

Medieval Russia

-Great Russians, White Russians, and the Little Russians (Ukrainians) -Government combined monarchy (princes), aristocracy (council of noble men), and democracy (assembly of free adult males) -Social division between freemen and slaves

Maximilian

-Hapsburg Family (HRE) -Put ban on private warfare, creation of supreme court, and Council of Regency. Gave Princes share in executive power.

Charles VII

-Helped king the English out of France

Military changes

-Hired mercenary from Switzerland and Germany -Formed the "king's army" -These soldiers who thought for pay and booty were more efficient then those who fought for honors sake

Council of Basel (1431-1449)

-Hussites presented the Four articles of Prague to the council: 1) Communion 2) Free prayer 3) Exclusion of clergy holding property and political order 4) Punishment to clergy for mortal sins

Impact on Europe

-Intellectually opened possibilites for civilization and morality. -Financially influx of spices and precious metals -Rise in prices -Wealth for governments -Aggravated traditional social divisions; clergy v. laity, urban partriciate v. guilds, nobility v. peasantry

French Weaknesses (Hundreds Year War)

-Internal disunity -Borrowed heavily from Italian Bankers and King had to rely on the Estates General -Struggled to transition from a feudal society to a centralized "modern" state

French invasions of Italy

-Made it possible for Italian learning to penetrate France (stirring both educational and religious reform)

English Strengths (Hundred Years War)

-Military superiority (More disciplined, had the longbow, 6 bows per minute.) -King was wiser and more powerful

Preconditions of the Plague

-More people than food -Famine (due to crop failures) -Economic depression (too many people, not enough jobs)

Preconditions of the Black Plague

-More people then food -Famine (due to crop failures) -Economic depression

Pope John XXII

-Most powerful pope of Avignon Papacy -Tried to restore papal independence and return to Italy -Led to war with Visconti, ruling family of Milan -Refused to recognize Emperor Louis's election so the emperor declared him deposed -William of Ockham (John excommunicated) and Marsilius of Padua wrote lasting tracts for the royal cause

Council of Pisa (1409-1410)

-On the basis of the arguments from conscilanists, cardinals made their own council -Elected a new pope, Alexander V

John Wycliffe

-Oxford theologian and Philosopher -Founder of the Lolards -England and vernacular (latin) -Gave justification to government restriction and confiscation of Church properties within England -Challenged papal infallibility, the sale of indulgences, the authority of scripture, and the dogma of transubstantion -His movement became a capitol offense in England because he was opposed by an alliance of the church and crown

Results of Boniface's Rule as Pope

-Papacy was moved to Avignon to be kept under the watch of France -Popes never again threatened politically strong leaders like that -Relationships between church and state was now more in power of the state and control of religion fell to powerful monarchies

Cities Rebound during Plague

-Passed legislation to regulate compensation from rural areas and to control immigration -As wealth grew in the city and per capita income rose, agricultural prices and need declined -Church (suffered as a landholder and was politically weakened, increased demand for religious services.)

Joan of Arc (Hundred Years War)

-Peasant from Domrémy, France -Presented herself to Charles VII (French) declaring the King of Heaven had called her to deliver besieged Orléans from the English (he was desperate to get land back from the English so he agreed) -She helped the French by providing them with inspiration, national identity, and self-confidence -Charles received his crown (ending the nine year "disinheritance" -Burgundians and the English captured Joan. They wanted her publicly discredited, believing this would also discredit Charles VII and demoralize French resistance -She was executed as a relapsed heretic -25 years later she was declared innocent and a saint

Unam Sanctum (1302)

-Philip the Fair unleashed a anti-papal campaign so Boniface created this bull declaring that temporal authority was "subject" to the spiritual power of the church -Boniface was denounced from the French clery as a heretic and common criminal -A group of knights sent under the Kings order attacked the pope and almost executed him, but he was rescued -Later declared by another Pope that the Unam Sanctum should not be understood as diminishing French authority

Pope Urban IV

-Planned to reform the Curia -Cardinals responded to this by calling for the return of the Avignon Papacy

New Conflicts and Opportunities (Plague)

-Power of trade guills and artisans increased -Merchant and patrician classes struggled -Trade guills passed legislations to protect industries but angered artisans (they wanted to keep their numbers low) -Nobility and the church were on the defensive -Kings exploited national sentiment in an effort to centralize their governments and economies

Portugal

-Prince Henry. "The Navigator" captured Cuela (North Africa Muslim City) -Africans traded slaves for horses, grain, cloth, and brassware

Causes of the Plague

-Rates (the fleas rats bore) coming from the Black Sea area -Entered through the ports of Venice, Genoa, and Pisa -Spread by fleas biting humans and by humans sneezing or wheezing

Motivation for initial exploration

-Religious. To save the souls of Muslims and others who didn't know christ, as well as to gain followers and power. -Mercenary. To get Gold and spices (pepper and cloves)

Estates General (Hundred Years War)

-Representative council of townspeople, clergy, and nobles -Levied taxes while exploiting the Kings plight to broaden their own regional sovereignty, deepening territorial divisions

Reaction to John Wycliffe and John Huss

-Revolts -Won significant religious reforms and control over the Bohemian church

Aztecs

-Rose in power 1428 -Center in Mexico -Human sacrifice and goods -Conquered by Hernan Cortés. They first thought he was a God.

Ausculta Fili

-means "Listen, my son" -A bull Boniface sent to Philip the Fair that said "God has set Popes over Kings and Kingdoms" -Boniface's sent this as well declaring Saisset's unconditional release, revoked agreements on clerical taxation, and ordered French bishops to convene in Rome within a year to Philip as revenge for arresting his colleagues.

Teresa of Avilla

-symbolized renewal of intense faith -spanish -founded her own order of nuns that live in isolation, eat/sleep very little, dedicated life to prayer and meditation -canonized: recognized as saint

3 Main Crisis' and Years

1) Black Plague (1348-1350) 2) The Hundred Year War (1337-1453) 3) The Great Schism (1378-1417)

Interregnum

10 years where Cromwell (then his son) ruled as a military dictator (Lord Protector)

When was Pope Innocent III Pope?

1198-1216, the height of papal power.

When did Philip (IV) the Fair live, and what did he see France become?

1285-1314, and he saw France become a centralized monarchy.

When and where did Petrarch serve?

1304-1374, and was a Visconti in Milan.

During what years did the Renaissance take place?

1375-1527.

Florence was controlled by Lorenzo in ____.

1389-1464.

Florence was controlled by Cozimo in _______.

1449-1492.

Spain

1500's spain is dominant(gold and silver), 1588 spain reaches the height of its empire, unified by marriage Isabel of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon)(1469) 1. Christianized Spain 2. subdued the realm 3. protected borders(sponsored Colombus)

Scientific Revolution

1500-1600's, new view of the universe, end of 1600's new science set standards for the validity of knowledge(how true it is), can't reveal truth about spiritual, science got more cultural authority then any other thing (in the west), science was more important then "faith"

When did the reformation begin?

1517

What is the beginning and end of the Age of Religious Wars?

1550 - 1650

What's the Golden Age of the Dutch?

1572 - 1672

Spanish Armada

1588 Failed Spanish attack on England, assured Protestantism, independence, and freedom of the seas for the English and Dutch

John Cabot

15th century English explorer who traveled to the coasts of Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and New England. His voyages led to England's claim in North America.

Baroque style

1600's, associated with roman catholiscm, naturalistc, sharp contrast between light/dark- dramatic, theatrized, emotional, new realistic detail to objects and scenes- dutch still life, Bernini- St. Peters Basilicia, sculpture- St. Theresa, Rubens- paintings

Europe(1600-1700's)

1600-1900 Europe dominated world, strong countries- Great Britian, France, Austria, Prussia and Russia not strong- Spain, Portugal, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, HRE and Ottomans

What time period is this?

1600s - 1700s

What are the years of the "Thirty Year's War"?

1618 - 1648

What was the Peace of Westphalia and what year was it passed?

1648 ; granted independence from Spain for northern provinces

Treaty of Westphalia

1648 treaty ending the Thirty Years' War. France gained Alsace; the Netherlands and Switzerland gained independence from the HRE; and the German princes were given near independence from the Empire.

Habeas Corpus Act

1679 Parliamentary measure protecting people from arbitrary arrest and unfair imprisonment. According to this, an arrested individual must be seized with a specific charge and brought before a judge.

English Bill of Rights

1689 document declaring Parliament would choose who ruled England, that the ruler could not tax without Parliamentary consent, that the ruler could not suspend Parliament, that the ruler was subject to all laws, that Parliament was to meet frequently, that MPs were guaranteed freedom of speech, and that cruel and unusual punishment was illegal.

The Great Schism was basically what?

3 popes fighting for power.

What 3 strengths did the French have in the war?

3 times the population, France was wealthier, and since most of the war was fought in France, they fought on their own land.

Napoleon

A French general, political leader, and emperor of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Bonaparte rose swiftly through the ranks of army and government during and after the French Revolution and crowned himself emperor in 1804. He conquered much of Europe but lost two-thirds of his army in a disastrous invasion of Russia. After his final loss to Britain and Prussia at the Battle of Waterloo, he was exiled to the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic Ocean.

Baron de Montesquieu

A French philosopher who believed in the importance of the upper class and its ability to share ruling power. His work, The Spirit of Laws, was a comparative study of republics, monarchs, and despotic societies. He admired the English balance of power among the king, Parliament, and an independent court system (Separation of Powers).

Jean Jacques Rousseau

A French philosopher who saw government as an agreement among people. He believed that the government should honor the general will of the people. Author of The Social Contract.

Voltaire

A French philosopher who worked for individual liberty and equality before the law. He admired Enlightenment rulers who practiced religious toleration and encouraged the arts and sciences.

Robespierre

A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial.

Ludwig von Beethoven

A German composer who provided a musical bridge between the classical and romantic eras. Incorporating new structures and harmonies, he was one of the first composers to achieve wealth and fame in his lifetime. He composed string quartets, symphonies, and sonatas for his new instrument, the piano.

Ptolemy

A Greek astronomer who believed that the earth was fixed and motionless (geocentric). He thought that invisible crystal spheres moved around the earth, to which attached the sun, moon, stars, and the five known planets.

Alexander Ypsilanti

A Greek who attempted to start an uprising against the established order of the Ottoman Empire. He led a group of followers from Russia to Romania, expecting Greeks to rise up, join the cause, and get Russian support.

Dreyfus Affair

A Jewish captain was falsely accused and convicted of comitting treason, really done by Catholic. Family and leading intellectual individuals and republicans like Zola wanted to reopen the case. Split in two, first army who are antisemetic and Catholic, and other side the civil libertarians and more radical republicans. Result is government severed all ties with church, no longer priests in state schools, catholicism loses a lot of power of indoctrination.

Louis Blanc

A Paris journalist, editor of Revue de Progres and author of Organization of Work. Proposed social workshops/state supported manufacturing centers as a way to deal with the problems of industrialization(recognized the developing hostility toward the owning class/bourgeoisie).

Nicholas Copernicus

A Polish scholar who believed in a heliocentric model; that is, the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe. He thought that the earth moved, rather than the stars, and that the universe was much bigger than anyone had imagined.

Michelangelo

A Renaissance artist who used oil paint to create more individually lifelike images

Leonardo da Vinci

A Renaissance artist whose extensive knowledge of the human form is reflected in his art

Francesco Petrarch

A Renaissance poet who used Italian to create Sonnets.

Giovanni Boccaccio

A Renaissance writer who focused on secular tales, author of The Decameron

Alexander II

A Russian Tsar who implemented rapid social change and general modernization of Russia, including emancipating the serfs.

Stravinsky (Rite of Spring)

A Russian composer, considered by many in both the West and his native land to be the most influential composer of 20th century music.

Yuri A. Gagarin

A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man to orbit the earth in 1961. The Soviet's early successful space missions spurred the US to increase their efforts in this field.

Containment

A goal to stop the spread of communism. The US had to use military and non military actions to stop the spread.

Spanish Armada

A Spanish fleet attempted to attack England and to overflow Elizabeth I, primarily to eliminate Protestantism. They failed epically, partly because of the weather., the Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spain's Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power.

Gustavus Adolphus (Sweden—30 Years War)

A Swedish leader who fought against the Catholics in the Thirty Years' War. Successful at first, but when he died Sweden asked for peace.

Zwingli

A Swiss religious and social reformer who led the Swiss reformation, rejected papal authority and orthodoxy.

Christine de Pisan

A Venetian-born woman of the medieval era who strongly challenged misogyny and stereotypes prevalent in the male-dominated realm of the arts.

Pietism

A branch of evangelical Lutheranism that developed in the German states. It emphasized the "inner experience" of ordinary people. Such experience affected the emotions rather than reason.

Paris Commune

A brief Parisian government hailed as the first government of the working class.

Interest

A charge for borrowing money. No longer considered a sin, allowing loans to be made, which allowed businesses to develop and encouraged capitalism.

Disiderius Eramus

A clergyman from the Netherlands who believed in the goodness of humanity. He advocated the study of the Bible and the classics, emphasizing the life and teachings of Jesus and ignoring the ideas of original sin and the power of relics. His Praise of Folly made fun of the worldliness and superstition of the church.

euro

A common monetary unit of Europe, established by the EU as a part of an effort to unify Europe financially.

Theocracy

A community, such as Calvin's Geneva, in which the state is subordinate to the church.

All-Slav Conference

A conference in 1848 wherein representatives from various Slavic groups within the Austrian Empire demanded equal recognition with other nations.

German Confederation

A continuation of the loose organization Napoleon had dubbed the North German Confederation.

Bubonic Plague (Black Death)

A deadly disease caused by a bacillus, which was carried by fleas living on black rats. It arrived in Italy from the Middle East in the middle of the 14th century and quickly spread throughout Europe. The disease lasted two to three years and killed around 30 percent of the population

What was the Marburg Colloquy?

A disagreement with Luther and Zwingli that split the Protestants

The Movable type was another major characteristic of the Renaissance, what was it considered to be?

A divine art.

Truman Doctrine

A doctrine that promised to aid people struggling to resist threats to democratic freedom.

Holy Alliance

A document insisted upon by Alexander (king of Poland) that referred to rules of European nations as elevates of Providence and claimed that their actions were based on sublime truths of religion.

Fugger

A family of merchants and bankers in the German states

Serf

A farmer tied to the land he works, which is owned by a noble.

Peasant

A farmer, working for a nobleman on land that noble owns, in exchange for a share of the crops.

Cecil Rhodes

A firm believer in British rights to expand control across Africa. He successfully helped Britain gain control of South Africa and Rhodesia (named after him). Lived from 1853-1902

The Directory

A five man executive branch established by the constitution of 1795. Members Chosen by the national legislature (the 500 and the Elders). Stepping stone to Napoleon.

Presbyterianism

A form of Calvinism brought to Scotland by John Knox

Prague Spring

A period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the era of its domination by the Soviet Union after World War II. It ended with Soviets invading.

Adam Smith

A philosopher who published the Wealth of Nations in 1776, in which he opposed mercantilism. He wanted the government uninvolved in manufacturing and trade.

(Comte) Positivism

A philosophy developed by the French count of Saint-Simon. Believed that social and economic problems could be solved by the application of the scientific method, leading to continuous progress. Popular in France and Latin America.

Republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, or socially. This led to the creation of a number of European empires which extended around the world.

Communism

A political and economic system where factors of production are collectively owned and directed by the state.

Liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.

(Bakunin) Anarchism

A political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory government, i.e. the state.

Feudalism

A political system based on the rule of local lords bound to a king by ties of loyalty. It developed as a system of local defense against invaders in western Europe, China, and Japan.

Cultural Nationalism

A process of protecting, either formally (with laws) or informally (with social values), the primacy of a certain cultural system against influences (real or imagined) from another culture.

Liberalism

A product of the Enlightenment made up of liberal-minded people who were well-educated members of the upper middle class, often professionals. They believed in constitutions and representative governments that protected such human rights as freedom of expression, religion, and equality before the law.

Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life

A prominent group in the Netherlands that developed outside the traditional Church. They practiced a faith and lifestyle called Modern Devotion, in which men and women lived separately and communally but were not monks or nuns. They took no vows, wore no special clothes and could leave at will. Their teachings emphasized humility, tolerance, reverence, love of neighbor, and duty.

Olympe de Gouges

A proponent of democracy, she demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She lost her life to the guillotine due to her revolutionary ideas.

Protocol of Troppau

A protocol composed by Metternich and Alexander that called for the collective international action in the interest of general peace and stability. Castlereagh and England refused to participate, but Prussia joined Alexander and Metternich.

Leonardo da Vinci

A quintessential "Renaissance man" - he was a sculptor, scientist, engineer, architect, and painter. Famous works include "The Last Supper" and the "Mona Lisa". His artistic style embodied the Renaissance investigation and its focus on the realistic portrayal of human life. Lived from 1452-1519

Romanticism

A reaction against the "cold and unfeeling": reasons for the enlightenment, and against the destruction of nature resulting from the industrial revolution. Stress is on liht, color and self expression, in opposition to the emphasis on lne and firm modeling typical of neoclassical art. Values: emotion, feeling, morbidity, exocitism, mystery.

Sans- culottes

A reference to Parisian workers who wore loose-fitting trousers rather than the tight-fitting breeches worn by aristocratic men.

Thaw

A relaxing of Soviet policies following Stalin's death, including censorship and private ownership.

Jesuits

A religious order known as the Society of Jesus, created to strengthen support of the Church during the Counter-Reformation. Founded by Ignatius de Loyola in 1534, these "soldiers of the Counter-Reformation" were committed to doing good deeds in order to achieve salvation.

Reformation

A religious reform movement which challenged political and ecclesiastical authority of the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages.

June Days

A revolt during the month of June as a result of the abolishment of national workshops. This event ended the liberal capitalist and the radical socialists tension ending in victory for liberalism and Capitalism.-Also with the June Days it led to having a new constitution demanding a strong executive, which led to the rise of Louis Napoleon.

Eugene Delacroix

A romantic painter, who in his paintings called Liberty Leading the People, idealized the July Revolution of 1830 in France. His painting showed people of all classes following a goddess like liberty, carrying the tricolor flag

Star Chamber

A royal court, established by Henry VII of England, for offending nobility. It was conducted without a jury.

Politique

A ruler who suppresses his or her religious designs for his or her kingdom in favor of political expediency. Examples include Elizabeth I of England and Henry IV of France.

Humanism

A secular conception of life adopted during the Renaissance that emphasized individualism

Le Fronde

A series of civil wars in France by nobles against Louis XIV's and Mazarin's authority; they were unable to overthrow Mazarin.

Balkan Crises

A series of events in the Slavic countries, any one of which could have started World War I. The third eventually did.

Fronde

A series of rebellions against monarchial rule in France, lasting from 1649-52.

Crusades

A series of wars fought in an attempt to capture the Holy Land from Muslim control. The Christian crusaders who survived brought back with them silks, porcelains, and spices, which introduced Europe to Asian goods. They also gained knowledge of Arabic medicine, science, and navigation, which were superior to European knowledge at the time.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

A slaughter of several thousand Protestants in Paris and the surrounding countryside the night after Catherine de Medici married Henry of Navarre. Turning point in the French Wars of religion as it radicalized the Calvinist Protestants

NEP (New Economic Policy)

A small scale version of capitalism. Alowed peasants to sell excess crops & allowed small factories and businesses to be under private ownership. (Govt. still controlled major businesses & factories)

Political Nationalism

A sovereign state represents a people—Those speaking the same language, sharing traditions and customs

Declaration of Pillnitz

A statement agreed upon by Leopold II and Fredrick William II to intervene if Louis XVI was threatened by revolution

Uprising in Hungary

A student demonstration spread into a revolt that overthrew the government. Soviets intervened and took over the country.

Neo-classicism

A style of art and architecture that emerged in the later 18th century. Part of a general revival of interest in classical cultures, Neoclassicism was characterized by the utilization of themes and styles from ancient Greece and Rome.

Baroque

A style of art, decoration, and music characterized by extravagant ornamentation. Its goal was to impress and inspire by overwhelming the emotions. Associated with Counter-Reformation

Fascism

A system of government characterized by strict social and economic control and a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator. First found in Italy by Mussolini.

What is "Civic Humanism".

A term first used by scholars to describe the apparent coalescence of humanism and civic reform.

95 Theses

A theses posted on the Church door in Wittenberg in 1517 by Martin Luther that began the actual Reformation of the Christian Church

Guernica

A town that was destroyed by the fascist practice of saturation bombing in Spain. It was made famous by the Pablo Picasso painting. The fascists led by Franco and supported by G/I, won the Spanish Civil War.

Zollverein

A trade union developed by Friedrich List, which included 80 percent of the German states

Balance of power

A type of political strategy implemented by William of Orange when Louis XIC attempted to invade the Dutch. His attempt was blocked by an alliance of the Dutch with other nations.

Trench Warfare

A type of warfare along the Western Front in WWI. Totaled over 6000 miles. This warfare was used in the Battle of the Somme and Verdun, during which there were 700,000 and 1 million casualties, respectively.

Margaret Cavendish

A unique and groundbreaking woman writer, and the only female philosopher of her time.

Mir

A village or community with the idea that all members of a community must work together cooperatively to assure mutual survival (thus the sharing of work, food and in the cold winter months warmth).

War of Austrian Succession (Maria Theresa, Austria and Frederick II, Prussia)

A war sparked by challenges to Maria Theresa, as a woman, ascending to the Austrian throne. The most important consequence was the Prussians gaining Silesia.

Revolutions of 1848

A wave of political revolts beginning in France (of course), and spreading across Europe. They were all brutally put down.

Virtù

A wide range of skills possessed by a Renaissance man, which included the ability to dance, fight, write poetry, converse with women, or ride a horse

(Herzl) Zionism

A worldwide movement, originating in the 19th century that sought to establish and develop a Jewish nation in Palestine. Since 1948, its function has been to support the state of Israel.

There was a growth in the power of what?

Able monarchs and rulers.

Marshall Plan

After the massive destruction in Europe following WWII, the US proposed an economic plan in 1947 to help restore the region. Aid was provided to any European nation that promised cooperation (Soviet-bloc nations did not participate). The plan was very successful.

(Warhol) Pop Art

An American school of the 1950s that imitated the techniques of commercial art and the styles of popular culture and the mass media

Mannerism

Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poese and compression of space.

Paris Commune

After France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian war, the liberal National Guard rebuffed the Third Republic's effort to disarm them and formed an independent Paris, a government called the Paris Commune. The conservative president of France, Adolphe Thiers, sent more troops to capture Paris and a bloodbath ensued. The Communards were defeated.

Dawes Plan

After WWI, Germany was forced to pay reparation to the Allies. Germany was not able to keep up payments, and in 1924 an American, Charles Dawes, reorganized the repayment plan. The US also made loans to Germany as part of the plan.

Berlin Airlift

After WWII, Berlin was divided into eastern and western sectors, with the USSR controlling the east and Britain, France, and the US controlling the west. From 1948-9, the Soviets used a blockade against West Berlin. However, Western nations used airplanes to supply West Berlin, and the USSR eventually ceased the blockade.

Nuremberg Trials

After WWII, the victorious Allies convened a multinational judicial panel to try Nazis accused of crimes against humanity. Held in Nuremberg, Germany, the trials lasted from 1945-6. The highest-ranking Nazi who was tried was Hermann Goring, who committed suicide before his death sentence could be carried out.

Woodrow Wilson

After World War I, this United States president sought to reduce the risk of war by writing the Fourteen Points that influenced the creation of the League of Nations.

Battle of Britain

After quickly defeating most of Western Europe, the Nazis launched an aerial attack against Great Britain in 1940. Believing that the bombing raids would force England's surrender, the raids, targeting both military and civilian targets, lasted until 1941. The British Army withstood the brutal Luftwaffe assault, and Hitler shelved his plan for the invasion of Britain.

Creoles

American-born whites in the 1500s

Central and Eastern Europe

Agarian- large estates worked by serfs, cities were rare, had no overseas trade, weak politically, decentralized, but had three strong dynasties- Austrian Hapsburgs(HRE and built in Germany), Prussian Hohenzollerns- north Germany power, Russian Romanovs- 1700's military and naval power, Poland- had no central authority, John 3 Sobieski- led polish army to rescue Viena from the turks, they refused central power, and the diet(everyone had to agree) by 1700's died out, Hapsburg Empire- 30 years failed to unite Germany and reestablish Catholics, extended power out of HRE, north-bohemia, sileisia and Moravia then east- Hungary, Croatia, Transylvannia, In 1700's Hapsburgs ruled- Austrian, Belguim and Lombardy, not unified because of such diverse languages and origins, Leopold 1st- protected land from turks and Louis xiv, expanded into hungary

Triple Entente

Agreement between French, British, and the Russians during World War 1.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Agreement proposed by American Secretary of State Frank Kellogg in 1927. An outgrowth of WWI, the pact denounced war as a way to resolve conflict and was endorsed by over 50 countries within 5 years.

Humanists

Alberti(1404-1472) created beauty in architecture from harmony using math, wrote how to choose a wife Brunellsch(1377-1446) built dome on Florence cathedral Ghiberti- built baptistery door Gioto- father of renassiance painting(painted natural world) Donatello- (1386-1466) portrayed work literally/ naturally "David in Bronze" Renassiance reached full maturity(1485-1527)

Holy Roman Empire

All of the German states bound together under an elected emperor (Austrian Habsburg)

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Jonas Salk

American doctor who invented the polio vaccines in 1953. Polio crippled and killed millions worldwide, and the successful vaccine virtually eliminated the scourge.

U2 affair

An American secret spy plane that was shot down in 1960 while spying on the USSR. The pilot, Gary Powers, was captured alive. The US had insisted it was not spying on the USSR, and the event caused great embarrassment to the US and increased tensions in the Cold War.

(Picasso) Cubism

An Artistic movement that focused on geometric shapes, complex lines, and overlapping planes.

National Assembly

An Assembly formed when the third estate refused to act until the king ordered the other two estates to the meeting as well. The Assembly was formed with no legal precedent and therefore, was locked out of the final meeting room. It met for the first time at an indoor tennis court where the Oath of the Tennis Court was first brought forth.

Sigmund Freud

An Austrian doctor credited as being the father of psychology. He studied and wrote extensively about the importance of dreams and developed psychoanalysis.

Theodore Herzl

An Austrian journalist (1860-1904) who called for the creation of a Jewish homeland. This movement, called Zionism, spread throughout Europe and the US.

William Wordsworth

An English Romantic poet who wrote the Lyrical Ballads with Coleridge. He saw industry as evil and ugly, and many of his poems reflected this view.

John Wycliffe

An English Scholar and outspoken critic of the Church who insisted on salvation by faith alone. Translated the scriptures into English and urged individual reading of them.

Josiah Wedgwood

An English maker of pottery and china, he developed the pyrometer (measures temperature in kilns) and was able to produce inexpensive china. He is also noted for introducing mechanization to the porcelain industry.

William Blake

An English mystical poet who spoke out for the poor especially children. Like Wordsworth, he saw industry as evil and ugly, polluting the natural landscape and dehumanizing.

William Tyndale

An English reformer who translated, printed, and distributed the New Testament. He was seized by the Catholics and executed for heresy.

Thomas More, Utopia

An English scholar who described an ideal society in which the goal for all inhabitants was to develop their rational faculties. Material possessions had no value, and adults divided their time between manual labor and study.

Frances Bacon

An Englishman who believed that the path to knowledge was doing hands-on investigations and drawing conclusions. He insisted that this method of inductive reasoning would produce knowledge with a more practical application.

Isaac Newton

An Englishman who put together various ideas to form the law of universal gravitation, the forces of attraction and repulsion between objects. He published Principia Mathematics in 1687, a work on the laws of dynamics, motion, mechanics, and how things move in relation to each other

John Locke

An Englishman who rejected heredity and the Church's teaching of original sin. He claimed that humans were influenced by what they were taught (Tabula Rasa-blank slate) and that it was possible to create a better society through education. Believed in Natural Rights-Life, Liberty, and Property.

Jules Mazarin

An Italian cardinal who led the government when Louis XIV became king of France in 1643 at the age of four.

Galileo Galilei

An Italian mathematician who developed the laws of uniform acceleration and the laws of motion. He also concluded that the surface of the moon was uneven and announced that the Milky Way was made up of a cluster of stars.

Marquis de Becarria

An Italian nobleman who believed that the state had to protect its citizens, including those accused of crimes. His position that a person was innocent until proven guilty later became a basic concept of Western Law.

Who was Boccaccio?

An Italian poet that told stories about the plague.

Mines Act (1842)

An act passed that prohibited women, girls, and boys under ten from working in the mines.

Triple Entente

An alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.

Grand Alliance

An alliance between the English, Dutch, Austrians, and Prussians against the expansionist wars of Louis XIV.

Holy Alliance

An alliance envisioned by Alexander I of Russia by which those in power were asked to rule in accord with Christian principles.

Common Land

An area of land on which landless peasants could graze their animals, pick berries, or gather firewood. These lands were "enclosed" by the major landowners.

Abstract Expressionism

An art movement that artists applied paint freely to their huge canvases in an effort to show feelings and emotions rather than realistic subject matter. Artists dribbled and spattered paint onto their paintings?

Renaissance Art

An art of line and edges, figures from the bible,classical history, and mythology, commisioned portraits, use of perspective, chiarascuro (light and dark) to achieve rounded effect, secular backgrounds and material splendor. Values: secularism, individualism, virtu, balance, order, passivity and calm.

Romanticism

An artistic movement in art, literature, and music popular in the 19th century. Mystic, exotic, and foreign topics were popular, as were ancient and medieval history and topics like the glory of nature.

Impressionism

An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawinAn artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing.

Spanish Civil War

Civil war in which General Franco succeeded in overthrowing the republican government

Johannes Kepler

An astronomer who mathematically proved that the paths of the planets were ellipses, not circles. He established mathematical laws to show that the length of time of a planet's orbit varies proportionally with its distance from the sun. He also established a formulaic relationship between space and time.

Impressionism

An attempt to portray the fleeting and stransitory world of sense impressions based on scientific stuides of light, forms are bathed in light and atmosphere. colors are juxtaposed for the eye to fuse form a distance, short, choppy brush strokesto catch the vibrating quality of the light. Values: immediate, accidental, and transitory.

Jean Baptiste Colbert

An economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France.

Bullionist

An economy whereby a country's wealth was measured in gold and silver

Maginot Line

An elaborate system of fortifications along France's eastern border, from Switzerland to Belgium

Marcel Proust

An esteemed French writer who sought to integrate psychological elements, especially regarding suppressed memories, into literature. His most famous work is the multi-volume "Remembrance of Things Past" (1913-27).

Great Awakening

An evangelical (religious) movement in England and the colonies in North America. It lasted about 20 years, reaching its height in 1740.

Cardinal Wolsey

An example of a churchmen who filled a high government position as well

Natural Law

An idea held by Enlightenment thinkers, who believed that there must be something inherent in the universe that is true for all people in all places and times

Lord Byron

An important British Romantic poet also known as George Gordon. Works include "She Walks in Beauty" and the unfinished "Don Juan." Many consider him to embody the spirit of Romanticism. He died from an illness contracted while in Greece, where he was supporting their independence movement.

French War in Algeria

An important decolonization war, it was a complex conflict characterized by guerrilla warfare, maquis fighting, terrorism, etc. Eventually lead de Gaulle to free Algeria.

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Emile Zola

An influential French writer, the most important exemplar of the literary school of naturalism and an important contributor to the development of theatrical naturalism.

Nationalism

An intense love of one's nation and desire to promote its interests. This idea was behind unification and statehood movements in Germany and Italy.

Common Market (EEC)

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.

Gunpowder

An invention that completely changed the Western world. It led to warfare conducted with muskets and cannons rather than with bows and swords.

League Of Nations

An organization of nations formed after World War I to promote cooperation and peace.

John Hus

An outspoken German critic of the Church who condemned the worldliness of Church figures in the 1300s.

Barouque

Art that is florid, more colorful, richer in texture and decoration, more light and shade- apparently less control. Scenes embody mystery and drama, violence and spectacle, suggesting a deliberate striving after effect. The Catholic church commissions artists to stir religious emotions and win back defectors. Values: sensualsim, dynaism, emotion.

Who was Henry's second wife and who was their child?

Anne Boleyn; Elizabeth

Rationalism

Application and use of reason in understanding and explaining events.

Sergei WItte

Appointed by Nicolas II as chief minister, he persuaded the tsar to end most of the redemption payments on the land, dating back to the emancipation of the serfs in 1861

Reform Bill of 1832

Approximately doubled the number of men in England who could vote. The bill did not give numerical balance to electoral districts, but it did eliminate some of the smaller boroughs, whose seats were reallocated to the new industrial centers.

William Laud

Archbishop of Canterbury under Charles I in England. Laud tried to force the Scottish to use the English Book of Common Prayer. He was later executed by Parliament during the English Civil War.

Who was declared the Holy Roman Emperor?

Archduke Ferdinand

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria Hungary who was assassinated at Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand; his death was a main cause for World War I.

Cavour

Architect of Italian unification in 1858; formed an alliance with France to attack Austrian control of northern Italy; resulted in creation of constitutional monarchy under Piedmonteste king.

Rococo

Art of the french aristocracy portraying nobility in sylcan settings or ornate interiros, venusues and cupids above ladies in sillk along with finely dressed cavaliers. Values: ornamentation, elegance, sweetness.

Pope John Paul II

Assumed Papacy 1979, Conservative Pope, against strengthening women's position in church, more staunch on birth control

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Atomic Bombs were dropped in these cities, causing Japan to surrender in WWII

1945

Atomic bomb dropped on Japan, WWII ends.

Schlieffen Plan

Attack plan by Germans, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.

Schlieffen plan

Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.

Mendel

Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics

Who were the most powerful states of Germany?

Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia

Sarajevo, Bosnia

Austria annexed Bosnia (the first Balkan crisis) to prevent Slavs there from uniting with Serbia and challenging Austrian power. Russia disapproved but did not act.

After Franz Ferdinands death what unfolded?

Austria invaded Serbia as ordered by the german kaiser.

Which 3 dynasties dominated in the 1650s+

Austrian Hapsburgs, Prussian Hohenzollerns, and Russian Romanovs

Marie Antoinette

Austrian daughter of Empress Maria Theresa. Married Louis XVI to strengthen Franco-Austrian relations. Became the most hated woman in France because of her ostentation and refusal to support reforms. Guillotined in October 1793.

Metternich

Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of libaral nationalism throughout Europe.

Freud

Austrian physician who approached psychology while trying to treat mental disorders, focused on the unconscious

Baldassare Castiglioni

Author of The Courtier. His book was one of the greatest nonfiction literary creations of the Southern Renaissance, and it described the proper behavior for Renaissance men and women

The Pope was forced to move the Papacy to ____.

Avignon.

Waterloo

Battle on June 18, 1815. The allied powers under the direction of the Duke of Wellington defeated Napoleon, who then abdicated to the Bourbon monarch and was again exiled, this time to St. Helena, where he died in 1821.

Louis XVIII

Became king of France in 1814; the conservative Congress of Vienna restored him to power. He was the brother of Louis XVI and ruled as a constitutional monarch until his death in 1824.

Frederick William

Became the Elector in 1640 and used the Thirty Years War to ignore old rights of the landlords. He assumed the right to tax without their consent and used the revenue to build a large, permanent standing army.

Charles VI of Austria

Became the Habsburg emperor in 1711. Since he had no male heirs, Charles spent much of his reign making deals with the other nations of Europe, the Pragmatic Sanction, by which they agreed to accept his daughter, Maria Theresa, as his successor and ruler of Austrian Territory (They didn't and war broke out)

Mikhail Gorbachev

Became the leader of the USSR in 1985. He proposed major reforms and adopted policies of greater openness (glasnost and perestroika) and allowed Soviet-bloc states greater independence. In 1991 there was an unsuccessful attempted overthrow of his government. The USSR dissolved in 1991 with Gorbachev's resignation.

Ludwig von Beethoven

Beethoven (1770-1827) is most known for his powerful nine symphonies. He also introduced innovations in the type and number of instruments used in performances.

Three Estates

Before the 1789 Revolution, "Old Regime" France was divided into three estates: the first being the clergy (1% of the population); the second being the nobility (2% of the population); and the 3rd being everyone else - the bourgeoisie, the city workers, the artisans, and the rural peasants (97% of the population).

1989 Communism collapse

Began with the policies of Gorbachev which lead to revolts in Russian sattelites and establishment of democratic governments in them.

Great Hunger/Great Famine

Beginning in 1845, a severe blight struck the European potato crop. In Ireland, the results were devastating and millions died, with even more immigrating to Canada and the US. Also called the Potato Famine.

Expressionism

Beginning in the early 1900s, a school of art that focused on the emotional reaction to the subject. Paintings usually have strong lines and bold, vibrant colors. Masters of the style include Georges Rouault, Vincent van Gogh, and Paul Gaugin.

1914

Beginning of WWI

Divine right monarchy

Belief that a monarch's power derives from God and represents Him on earth.

Tomas More

Best English Humanist, wrote the Utopia(perfect society based on reason and tolerance) social and political injustice, he was executed by henry the 8th because he refused to realize act of supremacy (king was the head of the church)

Botticelli

Birth of Venus

Who supported Louis XIV's mindset?

Bishop Bossuet

Realpolitik

Bismarck's political policy of doing whatever is necessary to promote the power of the state.

Otto von Bismarck

Bismarck, master of Realpolitik, was chancellor of Prussia from 1861-71. He was devoted to the Hohenzollerns (Prussian ruling family) and the unification of Germany, which occurred in 1871. He continued to serve as Chancellor until he was fired in 1890 by William II.

Philosophes

Body of Enlightenment thinkers. Most famous for writing "Encyclopedia", a handbook for Enlightenment ideas, edited by Denis Diderot. French term for "Philosophers".

What are the four stages of the Thirty Year's War?

Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and Swedish-French

Atomic Bomb

Bomb that changed the world, ended WWII in Japan, created a nuclear arms race between U.S. and Soviet Union

Cecil Rhodes

Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Born in Austria in 1756, Mozart was a musical child prodigy. Until his early death in 1791, he produced masterpieces in almost every genre. Among his famous works are "The Magic Flute" and "The Marriage of Figaro"

Adolf Hitler

Born in Austria to a lower-middle class family, he quickly rose to the top position in the German Workers' Party. He spread his anti-Semitic and pro-Aryan ideology (which he learned from Karl Luger) through books and speeches.

Girondins versus Jacobins

Both were political groups in the National Convention. Girondins were republicans from the Gironde department who feared Parisian domination of France. Jacobins favored Parisian control.

Charles X

Bourbon king of France. Charles X was restored to power by the Congress of Vienna. His conservative actions prompted his overthrow in 1830.

France

Bourbon rulers- absolute monarchy, Capable statesmen- Richeoulu and Mazarin, some toleration for religious conformity- Catholic, French got absolute monarchy by tax exemption, let nobles control local areas, get money from peasants, France had ended wars, in order to get a absolute monarchy must- financial base not dependent on nobles, estates or diets

Quadruple Alliance

In 1814 a coalition of Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria met and agreed to restore the pre-Napoleonic balance of power as well as to restructure boundaries.

Aldous Huxley

Brave New World

Mary Wollstonecraft

British feminist of the 18th century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Woman"

Robert Owen

British idealist who believed that industrial workers and owners needed to work cooperatively in order to create an ideal working and living situation.

Richard Arkwright

British inventor of the water frame (1769), which helped revolutionize textile production.

Florence Nightingale

British nurse whose emphasis on cleanliness and training for nurses revolutionized health care.

Rutherford

British physicist (born in New Zealand) who discovered the atomic nucleus and proposed a nuclear model of the atom (1871-1937)

What did Henry VIII do?

Broke England away from the Catholic church

William and Mary

Brought in by Parliament (Glorious Revolution), forced to agree to a Bill of Rights for Parliament

Why did Henry want to get a divorce?

Catherine had failed to produce a male heir to the throne

Who was Henry VIII's first wife?

Catherine of Aragon

Mary Queen of Scots

Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded.

Important facts about Mary, Queen of Scots

Catholic, Scottish heir to throne, abdicated due to scandal, moved to England, Catholics wanted her on the English throne, implicated in assassination plot against Elizabeth, executed

Religious

Catholic, had secular power, Great Schism

What religion did Mary I endorse?

Catholicism

Which religion did Loyola support?

Catholicism

Who was the religious majority in England?

Catholics

Who won the Bohemian phase?

Catholics

Who won the Danish phase?

Catholics

Who won the Swedish phase?

Catholics

Who were the opposing forces in the English civil war?

Cavaliers (king's supporters) and Roundheads (parliament supporters)

Humanists Renaissance

Celebrate human dignity. Found things aout on their own (exploration)

What was the purpose of humanism study?

Celebrate the dignity of man.

Ottoman Empire

Centered in Constantinople, the Turkish imperial state that conquered large amounts of land in the Middle east, North Africa, and the Balkans, and fell after WWI.

English had won the Battles of ___, ____, ____, and ____.

Cerci, Normandy, Caleigh, and Sluys.

Literacy

Cervantes- Spanish, catholic, believed in loyalty and honor and wrote Don Quixote, Shakespeare- greatest English playwright wrote comedies, tragedies

Crime and Punishment

Cesare Beccaria

Willy Brandt

Chancellor of West Germany in the late 1960s; he sought to improve relations with the states of Eastern Europe.

Agricultural Revolution

Changes in agriculture, including the enclosure movement and new methods of farming (crop rotation, selective breeding).

What was the Pragmatic Sanction?

Charles VI of Austria negotiated for his daughter, Maria Theresa to inherit the throne

What was the agreement between Charles and the 7 electors?

Charles had to consult the diet on all major domestic and foreign affairs

Peace of Augsburg 1555 and Peasants Revolt

Charles needed German troops, so he gave the german princes sovereignty in what religion they wanted their territory to be(the princes liked the reformation for political and economic gain) Schmalkaldek league formed- protastint princes joined together vs. catholic princes and Charles, The Peasants Revolt(1524-1525) wanted release from serfdom, they wanted to get rid of their pastors if they wanted, fish and wood, and they based it on Luthers' teachings but he said they were wrong and to stop (100,000 peasants died)

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister to Henry IV's weak son, Louis XIII of France. He worked to establish absolute rule by weakening the nobles and Huguenots and employing intendants.

Church of England (Anglicans)

Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife

Winston Churchill

Churchill (1874-1965) held numerous government offices, but is most famous for his service as Prime Minister from 1940-5 and 1951-5. His stirring speeches and refusal to surrender during the darkest days of WWII inspired the free world. He advocated strengthening ties between the US and Britain.

Ferdinand Magellan

Circumnavigator of the globe (1519-1522).

Lech Walesa

Co-founded Solidarity, the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland.

Wars of Louis 14

Colbert(finance minister), Louis wanted to secure borders of France(1667) war of devolotion- invaded Spain because wanted his wife to inherit the Spanish Netherlands(opposed by England, Sweden, and the Netherlands. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle- gave France some towns bordering Spanish Netherlands

Willie Brandt

Cold War mayor of West Berlin who served as Chancellor of West Germany (1969-74). He instituted a policy of greater cooperation with eastern communist nations.

1968

Cold War. Prague Spring, ussr grows into other counrties, beginning of 5th republic in spain. With paris revolts beginning it. Space race begins

What followed the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre?

Coligny and 3,000 Huguenots were butchered in Paris and 20,000 Huguenots were killed across the nation

Spain Exporation

Colombus- Looks for India, but finds America, (1451-1506) made three trips Vespucci-explored South America Magellan-1st person to sail around the whole world, knew earth was round and all waters are connected(1451-1521), Spanish empire explored for 300 years, found new animals, plants, diseases- Colombian exchange

Oligarchies

Committees of the wealthy and powerful members of society who ruled the Italian city states

Telephone

Communication device invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1986.

1989

Communism in Europe ends (End of Cold War)

Ceausescu (Romania)

Communist leader and President of Romania. When the people rebelled he killed them.

Bach

Composer who believed music was a means to worship God and lived a quiet life at a church; created the Mass in B Minor

Berlin Wall

Concrete barrier constructed by the Soviets in August 1961 between West Berlin and East Berlin to prevent East Germans from fleeing to the West. (In 1990, the wall was torn down.)

Sketch of the Progress of the Human Mind

Condorcet

Hernando Cortez

Conquered the Aztecs in Mexico

Vaclav Havel

Czech dramatist and statesman whose plays opposed totalitarianism and who served as president of Czechoslovakia from 1989 to 1992 and president of the Czech Republic since 1993 (born in 1936)

Vaclav Havel

Czech playwright that called for the independence of Czechoslovakia by 1989; became the first President of Czechoslavakia and the first President of the Czech Republic in 1993

Louis Philippe

Cousin to the king, he replaced Charles X. He was careful to downplay the royal image, dressing in the equivalent of today's business suit and carrying an umbrella. His reign lasted for 18 years and was called the July Monarchy

Coal and Steel Community

Created by Monnet and Schumann to integrate all European steel and coal production; 6 countries (which excluded Britain) made war within Western Europe unthinkable

Colbert

Created mercantilism and was able to connect France through industries and trade routes. Louis XIV's finance minister.

The Late Middle Ages can be considered a time of _____.

Creative Fragmentation.

Henry VIII

Creator of the Church of England, he married 6 wives and divorced or had them killed since none could produce a male heir.

John Wycliff

Criticized the Church and the corruption in its clergy in the 1300s. Challenged papal infallibility and called for the power of the clergy to be supplanted with the Bible and individual interpretation of it by all Catholics. Together with Jan Hus he set the stage for the Protestant Reformation.

Night of August 4, 1789

Date of the declaration by liberal nobleman of the National Assembly at a secret meeting to abolish the feudal regime in France.

Iron Law of Wages

David Ricardo claimed that if workers were paid more, they would produce more children, who would consume the increase. Therefore, he said, the working class would forever exist at subsistence levels in this law

Boccaccio

Decameron

Giovanni Bocaccio

Decameron, Federigo's Falcon, timelessness and university, 1300s, Humanism

Balfour Declaration

Declaration issued in 1917 by the British Foreign Secretary, Sir A. Balfour, saying the British government would support a Jewish homeland.

Tennis Court Oath

Declaration mainly by members of the Third Estate not to disband until they had drafted a constitution for France (June 20, 1789).

Czechoslovakia

Declared its independence from Austro-Hungary in 1918.

Act of Supremacy

Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.

Edict of Nantes

Decreed by French King Henry IV in 1598, it granted Huguenots limited political freedoms and the freedom of worship and brought temporary civilian peace. Very unpopular in France among Catholics. Revoked by Louis XIV in 1685, leading to a massive emigration of French Huguenots.

Encyclopedia

Denis Diderot

Spinning Jenny

Developed by James Hargreaves, this machine's multiple spindles enabled spinning to keep up with weaving for the first time.

Fly Shuttle

Developed by John Kay, this machine allowed one person instead of two to operate a loom

Kellogg-Briand Agreement

Developed by the United States and France. 65 nations signed the document, condemning war as a way to solve problems

Einstein

Developed the influential theory of relativity stating that motion can only be measured relative to the position of a particular observer

Taille

Direct tax from which most French nobles were exempt.

Desiderius Erasmus

Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe, Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe although his criticisms of the Church led to the Reformation, he opposed violence and condemned Martin Luther. he wrote The Praise of Folly, worked for Frobein and translated the New Testament from Greek to Latin(1466-1536)

Rembrandt

Dutch painter, who painted portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants and used sharp contrasts of light and shadow to draw attention to his focus

Henry Hudson

Dutch sailor who searched for the Northwest passage and claimed much of northern Canada when he was employed by the British.

Desiderius Erasmus

Dutch scholar known as "Prince of Northern Humanists." Lived from 1465-1536. He criticized the lack of spirituality in the Church in "Praise of Folly", which ridicules the superstition, ignorance, and vice of Christians on pilgrimages, in fasting, and the Church's interpretation of the Bible.

Boers

Dutch settlers in South Africa

Who was appointed as the Archbishop of Canterbury?

Thomas Cranmer; granted annulment of Henry and Catherine's wedding

Margaret Sanger and Marie Stoopes

Early crusaders for women's reproductive rights.

Honecker

East German dictator from 1971 to 1989 that ruled with an iron fist, secret police and refusal of reforms; in 1989, his economic policies cause a mass East German migration through Hungary to get to West Germany, which caused him to open borders with West Germany

Soviet satellites

Eastern European nations with communist puppet governments; policies were loosely controlled by the USSR

Laissez-faire

Economic concept of the Scottish philosophe Adam Smith (1723-1790). In opposition to mercantilism, Smith urged governments to keep hands off the operation of the economy. He believed the role of government was analogous to the night watchman, guarding and protecting, but not intervening in the operation of the economy, which must be left to run in accord with the natural laws of supply and demand.

Laissez-faire

Economic philosophy a "hands off" approach. Advocates that governments should not in any way interfere with business, as the marketplace provides an "invisible hand" to steer the economy. An early proponent was Adam Smith.

Adam Smith

Economist who wrote Wealth of Nations; Laissez-Faire economics

1598

Edict of Nantes

Important events in France?

Edict of Nantes brought peace by granting the Huguenots basis religious and civil freedoms

What English king was one of the causes of The Hundred Years war and what did he do?

Edward III claimed the French throne.

Who ruled as regent for Edward VI?

Edward Seymour

Who inherited the throne after Henry VIII?

Edward VI

Zemstvos

Elected local councils or assemblies, whose job was to address such issues as road maintenance, medical care, and local finances

Zemstvos

Elected local rural governments that allowed some democracy without weakening the central government.

(Napoleon III) Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

Elected president of France following general election. Won 70% of the votes because of his name. Bonaparte later changed the government to an empire w/himself as emperor just like his uncle, the original Napoleon.

What were the reasons that led to conflict between Spain and England?

Elizabeth refused to marry Phillip II, military occupation of Netherlands, English sea captains terrorizing Spanish ships in the Americas, and the English support of Protestants in France and Netherlands

Who was the most successful politique?

Elizabeth the I of England

Revival in Monarchy in Northern Europe

Emergence of truly sovereign rulers (more complete power) set in motion shift

Locke

English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience

Locke

English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience and people have natural rights, they are ruled to protect those laws.

Francis Drake

English explorer and soldier who led the second European circumnavigation of the globe and harassed Spanish explorers

Thomas More

English humanist, contemporary of Erasmus, and author of "Utopia", in which he condemned governments as corrupt, and private property. As the first law chancellor of England, he was late executed by Henry VIII when he refused to agree that the King was the supreme head of the English Church.

Jethro Tull

English inventor advocated the use of horses instead of oxen. Developed the seed drill and selective breeding.

Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings

Newton

English mathematician and physicist

Oliver Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator

Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection

Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

Jane Austen

English novelist noted for her insightful portrayals of middle-class families

Mary Shelley

English novelist who wrote a "monster" story which raised questions about the potential negative impact of the rise of science

Virginia Wolfe

English novelist, essayist, diarist, epistler, publisher, feminist, and writer of short stories, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century.

Representative assemblies of England

English parliament. Made up of English nobility

Thomas Hobbes

English philosopher and author of "Leviathan", in which he explained that a state of chaos and war existed prior to a social contract forming a government, which should be led by a sovereign invested with absolute power in exchange for protection of group safety and social order.

John Locke

English philosopher and author of "Two Treatises of Government", in which he argued that individuals have natural rights to life, liberty, and property that could not be violated by a political leader in a social contract. He believed that governments existed only to protect these natural rights, and any government failing to do so should be overthrown.

John Stuart Mill

English philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of empiricism and utilitarianism

Hobbes

English philosopher and political theorist best known for his book Leviathan (1651), in which he argues that the only way to secure civil society is through universal submission to the absolute authority of a sovereign.

William Harvey

English physician who used lab experiments to study the circulation of blood and its flow through arteries and veins as well as the heart.

Shakespeare

English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers

Wordsworth, Byron, Percy Shelley

English poets writing about some Romantic ideas.

J. M. W. Turner and John Constable

English romantic painters, who turned to nature for subjects.

Bacon

English scientist and Franciscan monk who stressed the importance of experimentation

Isaac Newton

English scientist and author of works explaining the law of universal gravitation and means of measuring motion. His work inspired the notion of natural and universal laws ordering and arranging life.

Charles Darwin

English scientist who suggested the theories of the survival of the fittest and of evolution. Author of "The Origin of the Species".

Thomas More

English statesman who opposed Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon and was imprisoned and beheaded, He was a English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society. (p.437)

Thomas Hobbes

English thinker, author of the Leviathan, believed in Absolutism

Joseph II

Enlightened Austrian absolutist (Son of Maria Theresa). Radical changes (Abolished Serfdom) were a failure.

Frederick II ("the Great")

Enlightened Prussian absolutist, warred with Maria Theresa and violated the Pragmatic Sanction.

The Papacy needed money so they started selling what?

Entrance into heaven.

Black Death

Epidemic that broke out in 1347 due to growing urbanization and unsanitary conditions. It spread along major trade routes, and may have killed nearly one third of Europeans between 1347-51. Also known as the Bubonic Plague.

Renaissance

Era from 1300-1500, sometimes called the "age of transition," as it marked a period of innovation toward modern Europe from the Middle Ages. Literally meaning "rebirth", this epoch saw a return to classical Greek and Roman concepts and a flourishing of humanism.

Henry IV

First Bourbon king of France, ruled 1589-1610, and converted to Catholicism from Calvinism to bring peace after the French Civil War. He passed the Edict of Nantes and was assassinated in 1610.

Vasco de Balboa

First European to reach the Pacific Ocean (1513).

Boris Yeltsin

First leader of the Russian republic. His pro-democracy reaction when Gorbachev's push for reform was held off by the Communist establishment was a rallying point for Russian democratic supporters.

Rococo

Fanciful but graceful asymmetric ornamentation in art and architecture that originated in France in the 18th century

Benito Mussolini

Fascist leader of Italy from 1922-45. Originally a Socialist, he was an early member of the Black Shirts, Italy's fascist party. He led the overthrow of the Italian government in 1922 and led Italy through WWII. Assassinated in 1945.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist leader who took power in Italy after the march on Rome in 1922. Established a Fascist State in Italy through WWII.

Petrarch

Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization.

Storming of the Bastille

Fearing that Louis XVI would forcibly shut down the National Assembly, a mob of Parisians stormed and burned the infamous political prison, Bastille, and raided its armory in July 1789. This event triggered the diffusion of revolutionary zeal.

Banalities

Fees that peasants were obligated to pay landlords for the use of the village mill, bakeshop and winepress.

Agricultural prices ____?

Fell because of waning demand.

Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille

Ferdinand and Isabella married in 1479, which united Aragon and Castile into one Spanish nation. During their reign, they captured Granada from the Moors in 1492, tooks powers away from the Church courts and Spanish nobility, and forcibly united Spain along a Catholic identity through the Inquisition.

What was the Peace of Prague 1635?

Ferdinand reached a compromise with German Protestant states

Political

Feudalism- relationships and obligations Feudalistic Kingdom- King owned all of land, but lent it outto vassals and lords for military support in return

Seven Years War

Fighting between the British and French over outposts in India. The American phase of this conflict was called the French and Indian war, and began over competition for territory in the Ohio River valley. Ended with the Treaty of Paris.

The Van Eyck Brothers

Flemish painters who applied great attention to the details in their work, particularly in their capturing of human facial expressions. Their altarpiece for a church in Ghent captures the expressions of Adam and Eve in a way that is more realistic than the symbolic depiction of the Middle Ages artists.

Andreas Vesalius

Flemish scientist who pioneered the study of anatomy and provided detailed overviews of the human body and its systems.

Brueghel

Flemish. Realism, landscapes, and contemporary. Not a portraitist. Winter scene, The Harvesters.

Niccolo Machiavelli

Florentine diplomat and historian who lived from 1469-1527. Wrote the famous essay, "The Prince", which described his view of realistic government with a strong leader concerned only with political power and success and embracing the ideal of seeking to be feared rather than loved by the masses.

Define Individualism.

Focus on individual achievement, one result of this is that artists began signing their work.

Gulags

Forced labor camps set up by Stalin in eastern Russia. Dissidents were sent to the camps, where conditions were generally brutal. Millions died.

Condottieri

Foreign mercenaries who were hired for security purposes in the Italian city-states

Crimean War

Fought from 1853-6. The Crimean War pitted the Ottoman Empire (backed by Britain, France, and Sardinia-Piedmont) against Russia. Russia wanted to extend into Ottoman-held territory, and Britain and France objected. Russia was defeated and all parties suffered significant casualties.

Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

Founded by the Spaniard Ignatius Loyola, this order grew rapidly into the "militant" arm of the Church, carrying Christianity to remote Spanish Colonies, operating schools, and advising monarchs

Dutch East India Company

Founded in 1602, this joint-stock company had total control over trading (mainly in spices) between the East Indies and the Netherlands.

Ancien Regime (Old Regime)

France prior to the French Revolution.

Estates General

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. Calling it in 1789 led to the French Revolution.

The 15th Century

France- not unified Spain- not divided because Isabel and Ferdinand get married England- war of the rises, henry tudor Holy Roman Empire- very divided Italy- fragmented into small city states, Milan, venice, Florence, papal states, naples

Roger Bacon

Franciscan monk, English philosopher, and scientist in the 1200s who advocated for a system of scientific experimentation in seeking truth rather than accepting without question traditional Church and ancient beliefs. This led to the development of the scientific method.

1871

Franco Prussian War, German Empire declared at Versailles, Modernization of Paris begins

Frederick

Fredrick William's son, who used the War of Spanish Succession to gain even more authority. In exchange for supplying troops to the Holy Roman Empire, Frederick received the right to call himself King in Prussia and eventually King of Prussia.

Milton

Free Market of Ideas, there are good and bad ideas, the good will win out Ideologic Darwanism

Huguenots

French Calvinists, including many from the French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch.

Debussy

French Composer of impressionist music. late romantic to modernist

Representative assemblies of Frane

French Estates General. Peasants may have been able to include their opinion

Flaubert

French Novelist, Realism, stories of middleclass france struggle against society, Madame Bovary

Huguenots

French Protestants

1789

French Revolution

What were the political effects of the Treaty of Westphalia?

French and Spain remained at war, German states were perpetually weak

Wars in Italy caused _______ and _______.

French armies to invade Italy, and the Renaissance to peak during the wars.

Simone de Beauvoir

French author of "The Second Sex". She argued for women's rights and was also a prominent figure in the existentialist movement. Died in 1986.

Simone de Beauvoir

French author of The Second Sex. She argued for women's rights and was also a prominent figure in the existentialist movement. She died in 1986.

Louis Pasteur

French chemist and biologist whose discovery that fermentation is caused by microorganisms resulted in the process of pasteurization (1822-1895)

George Sand

French femaile author of more than eighty novels who took a man's name and dressed in male attire to protest the treatment of women

Charles de Gaulle

French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970)

Olympe de Gouges

French journalist who published the declaration of rights of women and the female citizens.

Estates General

French national assembly summoned in 1789 to remedy the financial crisis and correct abuses of the ancien regime.

Lamarck

French naturalist who proposed that evolution resulted from the inheritance of acquired characteristics (1744-1829)

Jacques Cartier

French navigator, helped French establish a name in North American expansion

Victor Hugo (French)

French novelist who wrote "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" and "Les Miserables" in the 1800s. Both works have been made into award winning productions.

Matisse

French painter and sculptor. Leading figure of Fauvism

Rene Descartes

French philosopher and mathematician who lived from 1596-1650. His "Discourse on Method" states that all assumptions had to be proven on the basis of known facts. He wrote "I think, therefore I am." His method of questioning was built upon strict, orderly logical reasoning.

Descartes

French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical.

Victor Hugo

French poet and novelist and dramatist

Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers

Cezanne

French postimpressionist painter who influenced modern art (especially cubism) by stressing the structural components latent in nature

Estates

French society was divided into 3 of these. They consisted of the Church, Nobility, and everyone else.

Clemenceau

French statesman who played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles (1841-1929)

The successors of the Pope were condemned to _______.

French subservience.

Sartre

French writer and existentialist philosopher (1905-1980)

Dumas

French writer remembered for his swashbuckling historical tales (1802-1870) Three Musketeers

What happened in the Swedish-French phase?

French, Swedish, and Spanish troops looted Germany

Who invented the Movable Type, and where?

Gutenberg in Mans, Germany in 1448.

What was the center of Calvinism?

Geneva

What was the center of Calvinism and refuge for persecuted Protestants?

Geneva, Switzerland

Christopher Columbus

Genoean sailor who, financed by Ferdinand and Isabella, set sail to Asia by heading west. "discovered" America

Northern Realism

Genre or everday scenes exhibit mathematical and geometric values of seventeenth centruy science. Middle class Dutch patrons commissioned secular works, portaits, still lives, landscapes, and genre paintings. Values: Quiet opulence, +comfortable domesticity, and relaism.

Hanover Kings

George I, II, III, IV, William IV, Victoria Their lack of identity or involvement with English government allowed Parliament to grow in power and control over English affairs.

Big Four

Georges Clemenceau (Fr), Vittorio Orlando (I), Woodrow Wilson (US), David Lloyd George (GB)

Hitler

German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)

Frankfurt Assembly

German Parliament met in Frankfurt to fulfill a liberal and nationalist dream: the preparation of a constitution for a united Germany

1871

German Unification

Bauhaus

German architect Walter Gropius (1883-1969) founded the Bauhaus School of Architecture. He favored clean, streamlined buildings. Other pioneers of this "International Style" were Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright.

Albrecht Burer

German artist who lived from 1471-1528. Famous for his woodcuts and copper engravings. Influenced by Venetian artists, he was versed in classical teachings and humanism. He was also the first to create printed illustrations in books.

Robert Koch

German bacteriologist who isolated the anthrax bacillus and the tubercle bacillus and the cholera bacillus (1843-1910)

Beethoven

German composer of instrumental music (especially symphonic and chamber music)

Wagner

German composer of operas and inventor of the music drama in which drama and spectacle and music are fused

Wagner

German composer of operas and inventor of the music drama in which drama and spectacle and music are fused (1813-1883)

Frederich List

German economist. Viewed economics from a nationalists tic state. Believed that for a nation to develop its own culture, it must have cities, factories, and a capital of its own. A developing country also needed tariffs to protect its industries

Max Weber

German philosopher and author who founded the field of sociology. He also stressed the importance of the Protestant work ethic in industrial society.

George Hegel

German philosopher and author. A believer in universal consciousness, he also held that history was a goal-driven process. A part of this process was the "dialectic". He lived from 1770-1831

Friedrich Nietzsche

German philosopher who rejected traditional rational philosophy. He claimed God was dead and that there were "supermen" who would come to govern and run societies over ordinary men. Died in 1889.

Karl Marx

German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences.

Max Planck

German physicist who developed quantum theory and was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1918.

Eduard Bernstein

German social democratic theoretician and politician, a member of the SPD, and the founder of evolutionary socialism and revisionism.

"Lebensraum"

German word for "living space". The Nazis claimed the German people deserved more room to expand and used this as a justification for invading neighboring nations.

Goethe

German writer and polymath. Works span the fields of poetry, drama, literature, theology, philosophy, pantheism, and science.

Holbein

German. Portrait of Henry VIII and Erasmus. Objectivity and detachtment. Doesn't conceal the weaknesses of his subjects.

Holy Roman Empire

Germany-divided into terrotial cities who resisted unity, started golden bull- electoral college of 7 people who picked new king, (1493-1519) Maximilliam(Hapsburg)diet- made to control feuding

The Renaissance was also the beginning of the age of _________ ________.

Global exploration.

1688

Glorious REvolution in England

1688

Glorious Revolution

What are the main beliefs of Calvinism?

God's sovereignty in society and divine predestination

Benvenuto Cellini

Goldsmith & sculptor who wrote an autobiography, famous for its arrogance and immodest self-praise.

The National Convention

Governed the French Republic from 1792-5, members were elected through universal male suffrage and became divided along political lines. Declared the end of the monarchy. Brought Louis XVI to trial and executed him and his wife.

Oligarchy

Government in which small group exercises control. (Ruled be few)

Dutch East India Company

Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

Mercantilism

Governmental policies by which the state regulates the economy, through taxes, tariffs, subsidies, laws.

dominating countries

Great Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia

Neville Chamberlain

Great British prime minister who advocated peace and a policy of appeasement.

1929

Great Depression

Contraception

Grew in popularity, decreasing family size. Commonly called "the pill."

Radio

Grew popular during and after WWI and available to all (even illiterate) so able to mobilize the masses for political purposes. Also used for propaganda

Millets

Groups of religious and ethnic minorities who formed administrative units. These units were governed by laws particular to their needs within the Ottoman Empire,

Who were three powerful families in France?

Guises, Bourbon, and Montmorency-Chatillons

What new types of Weaponry was used during The Hundred Years war?

Gunpowder and Cannons

Holy Roman Empire ruling family

Hapsburg. Competed for land and power

Witchcraft

Hated in the 14th to 18th centuries, lead to burnings and hunts.

Pluralism

Having more than one position and hiring a poor parish priest to do the less desirable office

Nicholas I

He became Czar of Russia in 1825 and was immediately faced with the Decembrist Revolt, which he crushed. He was a firm follower of autocracy and stressed conservative policies that forced many of Russia's liberal intellectuals to flee. Died in 1855.

Who is Castiglione?

He lived from 1478-1524, he wrote the book of the courtier, which illustrates the rediscovered knowledge of the past, is both a model and a challenge for the present.

What was interesting about Henry VIII's church?

He maintained Catholic doctrine

Henry IV (Henry of Navarre)

Henry of Navarre; was protestant but did not wish to anger catholics. Said "Paris is well worth a mass"

Thomas More

He was a English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society.

Victor Emmanuel II

He was king of Sardinia, Piedmont and Savory until 1861 when he was crowned the first king of a united Italy

John Wesley

He was the British founder of the Methodists. He stressed the need for piety, devotion, and acceptance of one's lot. Died in 1791.

David Lloyd George

He was the British representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles, hampering the 14 points.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

He was the heir of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. He was assassinated in Sarajevo in 1914. This event sparked a series of action that led to the beginning of WWI.

How did Henry of Navarre have a claim to the throne?

He was the husband of Margarete, daughter of Catherine de Medici and Henry II

Frederick I

He was the successor and uncle of Christian II. He encouraged Lutheran preachers to spread their evangelical doctrines and to introduce a Lutheran liturgy into the Danish church service.

Haydn

He wrote 104 symphonies and when he visited England, he wrote concerts for the public. "The Creation" and "The Seasons" are both dedicated to the common people.

Who succeeded the last of Catherine de Medici's sons (Henry III)?

Henry IV (Henry of Navarre)

Who was the first Bourbon king?

Henry IV of Navarre

England

Henry Tudor- centralized power, focused on rebuilding England (1455-1485), War of the Roses, married a York, York-white, Lancastrian-red, he defeated Richard at Bosworth, He created the court of stars which was the law court/Kings court(ended bribery) took money from nobles instead of parlament, England- nobles pay taxes

Who were the Tudor rulers (in order)?

Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Lady Jane Grey, Mary I, Elizabeth I, and James I

The English Reformation

Henry VIII wanted annulment to marry Anne Boleyn Removed the English church from papal jurisdiction. King is the head of the Church of England. Ended Monasteries, confiscated Church Lands Book of Common Prayer: order of services

Shipping

Higher up jobs by Creoles

Filippo Brunelleschi

His creation of the dome remains one of the most influential innovations in Renaissance Architecture.

What was Philip II's lineage?

His father was Charles V (ruler of HRE and Spain)

Kepler

His laws showed that the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits instead of circles.

New Monarchies

Historians' term for the monarchies in France, England, and Spain from 1450 to 1600. The centralization of royal power was increasing within more or less fixed territorial limits. (p. 414)

1933

Hitler elected, and new deal, enabling act in germany

Final Solution

Hitler's plan to kill the Jews and send them to extermination camps (like Auschwitz)

Frederick William

Hohenzollern ruler of Brandenburg, Prussia, after the end of the Thirty Years' War. Known as "the Great Elector" who improved and rebuilt the state.

Maximilian I

Holy Roman Emperor elected in 1273. He began a long line of Habsburg emperors. His marriage caused the HRW to gain the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Burgundy.

Where did the fighting take place in the Thirty Year's War?

Holy Roman Empire

Mendeleev

Russian chemist who developed a periodic table of the chemical elements and predicted the discovery of several new elements (1834-1907)

Olympe de Gouges

In 1791, she wrote Rights of Women, which declared women's rights to education, to control property within marriage, and to initiate divorce. She spoke of a social contract between men and women and hinted that men were not free unless women had right as well. She was executed during the Terror.

Mercantilism

Import less, Export more Use colonies to provide raw materials, guard trade secrets accumulate gold and silver

Eastern Orthodox Church

In 1054, the Christian Church formally split into the Roman Catholic Church, centered in Italy, and this Church, centered in Constantinople.

Glorious Revolution

In 1688, Parliament gave the crown to James II's Protestant daughter, Mary II, and her Protestant husband, William III, as joint rulers rather than to James II's Catholic son. It was a bloodless and "glorious" transfer of power.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

In 1790, the increasingly liberal National Assembly enacted policies that made the Catholic clergy employees of the French government. It deeply upset devout French Catholics.

John Wesley/Methodism

Stressed the need for piety, devotion, and acceptance of one's lot.

Battle of Jutland

In 1916 the Germans and British navies met for the only major naval engagement of the war. Although the British actually suffered more losses than the Germans, the German navy was so damaged that it retreated and was unable to challenge Britain's highly effective blockade.

Zimmermann Telegram

In 1917, German Foreign Secretary Zimmerman sent what was supposed to be a secret message to the government of Mexico. He asked Mexico to attack the US, and Germany would, in turn, support Mexican territory claims in the southwest US. The message was intercepted by the British, who gave it to the US, and it was one of the major reasons the US entered World War I.

Beer Hall Putsch

In 1923 the Nazis attempted to overthrow the government in Munich. It was a total failure, and Hitler received a brief prison sentence during which time he wrote "Mein Kampf".

Great Depression

In 1929, the collapse of the New York Stock Exchange triggered a virtually worldwide financial crisis that came to be known as the Great Depression. Extensive trade barriers between industrial nations also contributed to the problem.

Spanish Civil War

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.

Gen. Francisco Franco

In 1936 the Spanish Civil War began. Franco led the Fascists, fighting republican forces. In 1939, the Fascist forces won (with help from Italy and Germany). Franco ruled until his death in 1975.

Yalta Conference

In 1945, Stalin, Churchill, and FDR met to discuss postwar issues. Stalin was the winner, gaining a pro-Soviet government in charge of Poland, the division of Germany, and territory concessions in Asia as well.

Berlin Wall

In 1961, the Soviet Union built a high barrier to seal off their sector of Berlin in order to stop the flow of refugees out of the Soviet zone of Germany. The wall was torn down in 1989.

Luddites

In 19th century Britain, some workers, accurately predicting that the factory system would replace them, joined forces and attacked factories and destroyed machines. Called the Luddites, their movement lasted from 1811-16.

Enclosure Movement

In Britain, due to farming improvements, large landowners began fencing in their property. This displaced many small farmers, who generally migrated to cities or abroad. The Enclosure Movement provided the labor needed for the industrialization of Britain.

Bloody Sunday

In January 1905, approximately 200,000 people marched with a petition to the tsar before the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. They were peasants, without weapons, and unaware that the tsar was not in residence. The troops guarding the palace panicked and fired on the crowd, killing about 1000 people.

Thomas Malthus

In his Essay on the Principle of Population, he compared human beings to lemmings, tiny rodents whose populations exploded until they outstripped naturally occurring resources and then committed mass suicide.

John Calvin

In his work, the Institutes of the Christian Religion, he advocated faith rather than works

Rape of Nanking

In late 1937, Japan defeated the Chinese city of Nanking. Chinese civilians were brutalized, and thousands were killed. The event shocked Western powers and contributed to sanctions against Japan.

Virtu

Striving for personal excellence.

Dante Alighieri

In the 1300s, this writer wrote his Divine Comedy in Florentine Italian (Vernacular)

The wages of farm workers ______?

Increased.

Expresionaism

Indebted to Freud, art tries to penetrate the facade of bourgeoise superficilaity and probe the psyche, that which lurks benath an individuals calm and artificial posture. Values: subliminal anxiety, dissonance in color and perspective, pictorial violence- manifest and latent.

Jawaharial Nehru

India's first Prime Minister from 1947-64.

What did Joan of Arc provide for the French?

Inspiration, a sense of national identity, and confidence for France.

English King, Henry V, was able to invade successfully due to ________.

Internal French turmoil because of Burgundy.

French Wars of Religion (Henry IV)

Internal conflict between the Catholics and the Huguenots, concluding with the Edict of Nantes.

What was the primary French weakness?

Internal disunity, especially with Burgundy.

Alfred Nobel

Inventor of dynamite. He established a fund, in 1901, called the Nobel Prize, which rewarded and acknowledged people who worked for literary and scientific achievement and for peace. The prizes are still awarded today.

George Stephenson

Inventor of the Rocket, the first steam locomotive, which traveled from Liverpool to Manchester at the roaring speed of 16 miles per hour.

Jihad

Islamic term for a holy war. In the 18th century Jihad was used to promote African unity in the face of European imperialism, and into modern time to promote Arab nationalism against Western ideals.

What happened to the power of the kings?

It became centralized.

How did The Hundred Years war effect France and England?

It devastated France, awakened French nationalism, encouraged the transformation of France from a feudal monarchy to a centralized nation state, and the English developed their own clothing industry.

Baldassare Castiglione

Italian diplomat who lived from 1478-1529. Published the most famous Renaissance book "The Book of the Courtier". This became the archetype for the "Renaissance man," who was versed in liberal arts and social graces, as contrasted to the more unrefined Middle Ages knight.

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer commissioned by Queen Isabella of Spain to find a shorter route to Asia by sailing westward. In 1492, Columbus sailed on the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria going west across the Atlantic. He landed on what he called the Indies but were actually islands in the Caribbean.

Mussolini

Italian fascist, called upon his followers to march on Rome, King Victor Emmanuel III gave in and named Mussolini prime minister, turned Italy into a fascist state

Mazzini

Italian idealistic patriot; preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal suffrage and the will of the people

Mazzini

Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy (1805-1872)

Amerigo Vespucci

Italian navigator who crossed the Atlantic several times and officially called the land thought by Columbus to be Asia the "New World". Later a German cartographer renamed this land "America" in honor of Vespucci's work.

Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China

Caravaggio

Italian painter noted for his realistic depiction of religious subjects and his novel use of light

Garibaldi

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state

Garibaldi

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882)

Maria Montessori

Italian physician who gained international fame for her philosophy of teaching, which allowed students to learn in a noncompetitive and relaxed atmosphere.

Russia

Ivan 3- the great, turks invaded and took the title of Caesar-Czar- heir of the Eastern Empire, Ivan 4- the terrible, built st.basal, reformed law/government and army, turned to tyranny, muscovite dynasty dies out, time of troubles- famine, wars, power struggles, Michael Ramonov- nobles elected him as Czar, brought stability, protestant, annexed Ukraine, boyars(old, rich nobility) and stresy(guards of Moscow), Aekskie then Theodore, next came Peter 1 the Great- modernized Russia, kept Czar safe from boyars and strestly, by torture and executions, forced boyars to cut beards and sleeves to look more European, studied western ships, Great Northern War- Russia Vs. Sweden, gained Baltic areas, Estonia, Livonia and Finland, wanted ice free port, so built St. Petersburg, reformed government, suppressed independence of Russian Orthodox, son peter fled and peter killed him

Who built St. Basil's?

Ivan IV

Who was the last Muscovite ruler?

Ivan IV- the Terrible

England- James the 1st

James 1- was the first of the Stuart Kings, son of Mary queen of scots, Scottish, not popular, believed in divine right of kings, he had 2 issues 1.) debt 2.) religious divided church, Magna Carta- contract between king and nobles which limited the kings power, (catholic and tolerant), thought people could work on Sunday (wanted fit soldiers), puritans left to America, authorized new English translation of the bible (King James Version), angered nobility, sold titles, peace with Spain and stayed out of the 30 years wars.

Who was Charles I's father?

James I

Who ruled after Charles II and how is he a Stuart?

James II, Charles I's second son

When did Charles I invade Parliament?

January 1642

The Social Contract; Emile

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

What group did Loyola form?

Jesuits

1492

Jews got kicked out of Spain, and COlumbus sails the ocean blue

Predestination

John Calvin's belief that at the beginning of time, God had preselected who among all people would be saved and have salvation, a group known as the "elect". This group was expected to follow the highest moral standards and be completely dedicated to God's wishes.

The Hussites where followers of who?

John Huss.

What had happened to the French king, John II?

John II was taken captive.

Two Treatises on Goverment; Essay on Human Understanding

John Locke

Tabula rasa

John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas.

Louis Blanc (National Workshops)

Journalist who advocated the right to work, thought governments should guarentee employment through public works projects.

Pragmatic Sanction

Just before his death in 1740, Charles VI release this sanction. It urged all constituent Austrian lands to allow his daughter, Maria Theresa, to inherit Austria and other Habsburg lands, despite the fact that she was a woman.

Kaiser William II

Kaiser who began ruling in 1888. He determined to expand German influence and greatly increased the size of Germany's military. He led Germany into WWI and abdicated the throne in 1918.

Effects od disease on native population

Killed 92% of the population. 25 million to 2 million

What did the Bubonic Plague do?

Killed one third to one half the population of Europe.

Robert Walpole

King George II's chief minister until 1742 who worked for peace. He strengthened the role of Britain's cabinet and stabilized the political landscape, earning him the label as the first English "Prime Minister".

William and Mary

King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders.

William of Orange

King of England and Scotland and Ireland

Philip II

King of Spain. Inherited a lot of debt. Fervent Catholic. Sent the Spanish Armada.

Gustavus Adolphus

King of Sweden (1630s), led Protestant comeback in the 30 Years War

Bonds of feudal society further weakened by alliance between

Kings and Towns. Kings didn't rely on the semi-autonomous vassals because they could make their own choices. King had townspeople work in his offices and the town relied on the king

Frederick II ("The Great")

Known as the Great, worked to expand territory and prestige of Prussia,king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786

Francesco Petrarch

Known as the father of Renaissance Humanism. He lived from 1304-74 as a cleric and committed his life to humanistic pursuits and careful study of the classics. He resisted writing in the Italian vernacular except for his sonnets, which were composed to his "lady love" who spoke no Latin.

Martin Luther

Known by many as the creater or the reformation, he broke away from the Catholic Church and then later began to question the popes role in the church and the sale of indulgences.

Seven Years' War

Known in America as French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Lady Montagu

Lady who was sympathetic of Islamic women and wrote "Turkish Embassy Letters "on Islamic Women

Junkers

Landed aristocracy of East Prussia. The social group most opposed to unification of Germany.

Haciendas

Large estates owned by a peninsularas

FLorence

Large wool industry. Very wealthy/prosperous. Renaissance began here

Nicholas II

Last czar or Russia during the revolution and WWI, abdicated, killed with family by the Bolsheviks.

War of Austrian Succession

Lasting from 1740-8 and initiated by Prussia's invasion of Silesia, this war involved Bavaria, Spain, Prussia, and France against Austria, Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Russia.

Charles de Gaulle

Leader of Free French General that resigned in 1946 after re-establishing the free, democratic Fifth Republic.

Committee of Public Safety

Leaders under Robespierre who organized the defenses of France, conducted foreign policy, and centralized authority during the period from 1792-1795.

Henri Petain

Led the French army at Verdun and eventually became Commander of the French Armies. He served as Prime Minister in 1940. When German forces defeated France, he took control of the Vichy area in 1942. Because of his cooperation with the Nazis, he was arrested and imprisoned until his death in 1951.

Habeas corpus

Legal protection that prohibits the imprisonment of a subject without demonstrated cause.

Poor Law of 1834

Legislation that restricted the number of poverty-stricken-eligible for aid.

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin led the Bolshevik (Communist) Revolution in Russia in 1917. He would lead the Communists to victory and rule until his death in 1924.

New Economic Policy

Lenin realized that the USSR needed a jump start of capitalism to help their lagging communist economy. This policy gave much needed life to the new country's people. It allowed small sales of goods and some private ownership

Stalin

Lenin's successor, turned the USSR into a totalitarian dictatorship. He passed the 5 year plans which collectivized the land. Purged the communist party of old Bolsheviks and killed (indirectly) over 10 million people

Leon Blum

Leon Blum, who began as a literary critic, became active in politics as a result of the Dreyfuss Affair. In 1919, he was elected to the French Chamber of Deputies. In 1925, he became the head of the Socialist Party and, in May 1936, he became France's first socialist Prime Minister since 1870. During his one year in office, he instituted a number of important social reforms, including the 40-hour work week. He used the Popular Front very successfully and it was used the workers and lower middle class. Revolutions by conservatives and inflation ruined the Popular Front and because of this Blum was forced to resign in June 1937.

What were the powers of Spanish power?

wealth from Castille and colonies in New World and an increased population

Ren, Continued

Leonardo Da Vinci(1452-1519) Mona Lisa, and the Last Supper Raphael worked in Florence/Rome, known for sweet faced Madonnas (Mary and Jesus) painted school of Athens Michaelangolo- (1475-1564) painted Sistine chapel, david in marble, La Pieta mannerism- less real, longer limbs, to portray emotion

Petrarch wrote _________ and ____________.

Letters to the ancient dead, and Love sonnets to Laura.

Define Secularism.

Life in the present that can be improved (anything that doesn't involve the church).

Repressive legislation was used to ____?

Limit wages to pre plague levels, and restrict the peasants' ability to leave their master's land.

Cahiers

List of grievances sent by provinces to meeting of the Estates General called by Louis XVI in 1788, which he needed to obtain approval for taxes to combat France's ruinous economy.

Cahier de doleances

List of grievances that each Estate drew up in preparation for the summoning of the Estates-General in 1789.

Who is Michael Chrysoloras?

Lived in Constantinople, was invited to Florentine to promote Greek learning.

Define Rationalism.

Logic, Balance, and Realism.

Lollards

Lollards- John Wycliffe(promoted vernular) against power of the clergy, Hussites- John Huss(in support of Wycliffe) summoned to council and stupid enough to go, burned at the stake

What Cromwell establish himself as?

Lord Protector

War of Spanish Succession

Louis XIV gained power in Spain from his grandson and did not divide the Spanish possessions between himself and the Roman Empire

Louis XIV, The Sun King

Louis XIV of France ruled from 1643-1715, the longest reign in French history. He constructed Versailles, believed in divine right of kings, engaged in many wars, and established absolutism in France.

What was the War of Devolution?

Louis XIV wanted his wife to inherit the Spanish Netherlands; opposed by England, Sweden, and the Netherlands

What was the War of Spanish Succession

Louis XIV's grandson (Philip of Anjou) was claimed heir to the Spanish throne; England, Holland, and HRE opposed this

Who was Madame Pompadour

Louis XV mistress and influence

Reform Act of 1867

Lowered the monetary requirements for voting which increased the number of voters from about one million to slightly over two million.

What was the result of the Diet of Worms?

Luther was a heretic and outlaw

Justification of Faith Alone

Luther's ideas revolved around this central tenet that people were led to salvation only through inner faith in God, rather than by participating in worldly rituals and good deeds.

1st half of 1500s - conflict and location

Lutherans vs. Catholics; central Europe

Television

Made mass media availably for people all over the United States, Europe, and other parts of the world

Diplomatic Revolution

Major reversal of diplomatic alliances. Great Britain reversed its alliance with Austria and forged a relationship with Prussia, causing France too join with Austria and Russia to check Prussian power.

Artisans w/ Husbands

Maria Cunitz, Elisabetha Hevelius, Maria Winkelman

Lafayette

Marquis de Lafayette was a French major general who aided the colonies during the Revolutionary War. He and Baron von Steuben (a Prussian general) were the two major foreign military experts who helped train the colonial armies.

Transubstantiation and Consubstantiation

Martin Luther took the idea that in the Eucharist, the bread and wine mystically became the body and blood of Christ (Answer 1) and changed it to the idea that the presence of Christ was in the Eucharist (Answer 2)

95 Theses

Martin Luther's list of complaints and reforms. He accused Johann Tetzel of wrongdoing in his selling of indulgences and asking people to pay for false promises of exoneration of their sins. Luther's protests spread throughout Europe, igniting the Reformation.

1848

Marx and Engles, communist manifesto, France, Austria and Prussian revolution (all failed) Louis Napoleon Elected.

Who was Catherine and Henry VIII's daughter?

Mary

Who killed Thomas Cranmer and why?

Mary I killed him for granting the divorce between Henry and her mother, Catherine of Aragon

Who was Philip married to?

Mary I of England

Who was not a politique?

Mary I of England, Phillip II of Spain, Oliver Cromwell

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Mary Wollstonecraft

Election of Charles V

Maxamilian died in 1519, new election gets attention away from Luther, so Charles(catholic) has to go to the 7 great electors and he bribes them to give him the throne by saying he will promise to consult them before making any major decisions, then Luther challenges infallibility of the pope(people claimed pope never sinned), Luther based all his beliefs on scripture, he thought that salvation was based on faith alone, also thought that good works do not get you into heaven while catholics believed what the church said was the word of God, also luther said the bible/pope, he had 60 days to recant because everyone though he was a heratich and the diet of worms(meeting of the electors) said he was outlawed, (they took a long time because henry was fighting many wars so Luther had more time to print his works) then the german princes(Fredick the wise) kidnap luther and take them to his castle(wartburg) where luther translates new testament and hymns

Karl Lueger

Mayor of Vienna whom Hitler idolized

Florence was controlled by the _____ Family.

Medici.

Helsinki Accords - Helsinki Final Set

Meeting of the US and most European nations in Helsinki to increase efforts for mutual cooperation. Lasted from 1972-5. One important outcome was the agreement that existing political boundaries would not be altered by military force.

Emigres

Members of the Old Regime (nobles and clergy) who fled from France to Germany, Britain, and Switzerland during the Revolution and conspired to end the Revolution.

Government controlled trade and the economy through _______.

Mercantilism.

Condottiere

Mercenary soldier of a political ruler.

Jaques Coeur

Merchant banker who helped develop a strong economy, diplomatic corps, and national administration

The Renaissance began and flourished in _____.

Merchant city-states.

Roosevelt

President of the United States from 1933-1945; elected four times during the Great Depression and World War II. Associated with a New Deal to help end the Depression.

Glasnost

Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of "openness" in the Soviet government. While it was meant to gain the support and trust of Russian citizens, it actually undermined the Soviet's reputation and stability.

Name the 5 Merchant city-states.

Milan, Venice, Florence, The Papal States, and Naples.

What were some English strengths in the war?

Military Superiority (better trained), and had the long bow.

Ivan (III) the Great ended what? and how did he do so?

Mongol rule, by not paying tribute.

Johann Tetzel

Monk who was commissioned by Pope Leo X to raise money for the Church and was sent throughout northern Germany to sell indulgences. This outraged Martin Luther and played a role in the start of the Protestant Reformation.

Jansenism

Movement within the 17th century Catholic Church. Jansenism opposed the Jesuits and advocated that humans could only achieve salvation through divine grace, not through good works.

Blackshirts

Mussolini's "gang" used to control Italy

Austrian Netherlands

Name given to the former Spanish Netherlands when it came under the control of Austria

Treaty of Lodi

Naples, Florence vs. Venice and Papal States, Milan was on their own, so they ask France for help, they march into Italy and invade, gave up naples, Florence and papal states, Savanorola gave up because he thought it was judgement, but then they all ran france out and persecuted him, Pope Jlius II- Warrior pope Nicolo Machiavelli- wrote the prince, (wrote this for Lorenzo to unite the states) machevilian- ruthless, political fast and efficient

1800

Napoleon era begins

1815

Napoleon is defeated, Congress of Vienna

Haussmann

Napoleon placed in charge of Paris. With other urban planners, he destroyed old buildings to cut broad, straight, tree-lined boulevards through both the center of the city, as well as on the outskirts. This allowed for easier traffic flow, better housing, and sewers.

Concordat (1801)

Napoleon's arrangement with Pope Plus VII to heal religious division in France with a united Catholic church under bishops appointed by the government.

Continental System

Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding importation of British goods into Europe.

Napoleonic Code

Napoleon's replacement of the previous French legal system that was divided into a criminal code and a civil code. Citizens were declared equal before the law, and freedom of religion was guaranteed.

Continental system

Napoleon, having secured the co-operation of most European countries in his Empire, turned to economic warfare. This system boycotted British goods and meant to crush that "nation of shopkeepers." It failed.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

National Assembly proclamation that men are born free and equal before the law. Also granted freedom of religion, speech, and the press. Asserted that all men have a right to seek public office and have a fair trial.

Constitution of 1791

National Assembly's constitution that limited the king's authority and divided the government into three branches: judicial, executive, and legislative. The resulting government proved weak and fell prey to radical control.

Napoleon III

Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, and elected emperor of France from 1852-1870, he invaded Mexico when the Mexican government couldn't repay loans from French bankers. He sent in an army and set up a new government under Maximillian. He refused Lincoln's request that France withdraw. After the Civil War, the U.S. sent an army to enforce the request and Napoleon withdrew.

Hanoverian Succession

None of Queen Anne's (1701-14) 17 children survive her, leading to her granddaughter's son, George I, of the Germanic Hanoverian family, becoming king of England.

Abstract Expressionism

Nonrepresantational art, no climazes, flattened- out planes and values, the real appearance of forms in nature os subordinated to an aesthetic concept of from composed of shapes, lines and colors. Value: personal and subjective interpretation.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

William Gladstone

One of Britain's great liberal leaders, he favored expanding political rights for British men. He served several times during the mid-to-late 1800s.

Charles Dickens

One of Britain's greatest novelists. His works often sought to show the suffering of the poor in industrial Britain, and include "Oliver Twist" and "David Copperfield".

Napoleonic Code

One of Napoleon's most substantial achievements was the Civil Code of 1804, which centralized the disorganized body of French laws, safeguarded property rights, and upheld conservative attitudes towards women and labor organizations/

Charles VI

Obsessed with keeping the Habsburg empire together, issued the Pragmatic Sanction. No male heir so the empire passed to Maria Theresa.

March to Versailles

October 1789: large mob (mostly women) marched to Versailles demanding bread and that the royal family return to Paris.

Austro-Prussian War—1866

Officially over an Austrian/Prussian disagreement of policy, but actually from Bismark's desire to rid himself of Austria, this war paved the way to German unification.

Crimean War

Officially over the right to the Holy Land, this war was mainly about Russia trying to keep hold of its naval base in the Crimea.

Intendants

Officials of the French absolute rulers who were dispensed as region representatives into French provinces to consolidate the Crown's control.

Bloody Mary

Oldest daughter of Henry VIII. Queen of England from 1553-8. Known for her ruthless, deadly suppression of the Anglicanism in attempting to re-Catholicize England. She married Spain's Philip II.

Who led the country after the English civil war?

Oliver Cromwell

Institute of Government of 1653

Oliver Cromwell's attempt at creating the first written constitution of England, which provided landowners the power to elect MPs.

Women's March on Versailles

On October 5, 1789, an angry mob of Parisian women stormed through Versailles demanding Louis XVI end the nationwide food shortage and that the royal family return to Paris with them.

D-Day

Once June 6, 1944, US, Canadian, and British forces invaded German-held France at Normandy. It was a decisive Allied victory.

Pablo Picasso

One of the artistic giants of the 20th century. Helped found the Cubist and Abstract movements. During his life (1881-1973) he worked in various media and is noted for scores of important works. His painting "Guernica" is one of the most powerful anti-war expressions of the modern era.

Leon Trotsky

One of the leaders of the Russian communist revolution (1917). A close supporter of Lenin, Trotsky was largely responsible for creating the Red Army. After Lenin's death in 1924, he and Stalin sought control of the party; Stalin won. He was deported in 1929 and murdered in 1940 by an agent of Stalin.

Madonnas

One of the religious icons depicted by Renaissance artists

Treaty of Versailles

One of the treaties of Paris (1919) that ended WWI. It incensed Germans because of its harsh terms for reparations, territory, and control.

Anti-Corn Law League

One of the two major liberal movements in England before 1848. Supporters of the league argued that the grain tariffs kept grain prices unnaturally high, which hurt wage earners.

What happened to the power of the church?

One third of the clergy died.

Politique

One willing to strike a compromise between religion and politics for the greater good (ex. Elizabeth I)

Quadruple Alliance

Organization, made up of Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia, to preserve the peace settlement of 1815. France joined in 1818.

Royal Society of London and French Academy of Sciences

Organized bodies for scientific study.

Council of Trent

Organized by the Catholic Church as a response to the spread of Protestantism (1545-1563). Resulted in the general affirmation of almost all Catholic Traditions (see Catholic Beliefs)

Perspective

Painters of the Renaissance employed this artistic style, which gave their work depth and a sense of 3-D

Frescoes

Paintings done by mixing color into wet plaster on a wall or ceiling. Examples: Da Vinci's The Last Supper and Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel paintings

Versailles

Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility.

Great Fear

Panic and insecurity that struck French peasants in the summer of 1789 and led to their widespread destruction of manor houses and archives.

Navigation Act of 1651

Passed by Parliament under Oliver Cromwell's direction. Challenged the Dutch supremacy of sea trade by requiring all goods shipped from other countries to England to be carried by English ships or ships from the producing country. Led to war between the Dutch and English from 1652-4.

Ivan Pavlov

Pavlov, using dogs, helped explain conditioning. He was a leader in the field of behaviorism and psychology.

1555

Peace of Augsburg

What happened in 1555

Peace of Augsburg

What important documents did Henry of Navarre pass?

Peace of Beaulieu (May 1576) and Edict of Nantes (April 1598)

1713

Peace of Utrecht

1648

Peace of Westphalia

Abolitionists

People who favored ending the slave trade and slavery.

Middle Ages

Period between the collapse of the Roman Empire and Renaissance, approximately 476-1450.

Interregnum

Period of Cromwellian rule (1649-1659), between the Stuart dynastic rules of Charles I and Charles II.

Salic Law

Prevented royal inheritance by a woman

Age of Metternich

Period when Metternich had immense influence of Euopean politics.

Freud

Personality; Concepts: Defense mechanisms, ego, displacement, sublimation, projection, repression, regression, etc.; Study Basics: "The ego and the mechanisms of defense."

Catholic artists

Peter Paul Rubens, Gianlorenzo Bernini

Petition of Right

Petition presented to James I of England by MPs in response to his absolutist tendencies. This stated that the King could not tax without Parliamentary consent, quarter troops in private homes during peacetime, declare martial law, or imprison a person without a definite charge.

Who is considered The Father of Humanism?

Petrarch.

Who was the ruler of Spain during this time?

Philip II

What were the three reasons for Spain's decline?

Phillip II's death, unified French, English and Dutch armies, and 17th century Spanish rulers were inferior

What was the result of Mary, Queen of Scot's execution?

Phillip the II sent 170 ships and 25,000 soldiers to England; they lost

Voltaire

Philosophe who wrote "Candide", satirizing prejudice, oppressive government, and bigotry. Championed freedom of religion and thought.

"Utopian" Socialism (Owen/Fourier/St. Simon)

Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively

Jean-Jacques Rosseau

Philsophe who published the "Social Contract". He posited that people are born good but are corrupted by education, laws, and society. Rousseau advocated a government based on popular sovereignty and was distrustful of other philosophes' suffocating conformity to "reason."

Truman Doctrine

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology

Partitions of Poland

Poland divided between Russia, Austria, and Prussia; changed the balance of Europe as a whole; Russia, Austria, and Prussia progressed passed France

Indirect Rule

Policy of controlling colonies by using local rulers to run the day-to-day affairs of the colonies. Indirect rule allowed local officials to keep power as long as they operated under the orders from the "mother" nation.

Glasnost

Policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev in the 1980s that provided increased opportunities for freedom of speech, association and the press in the Soviet Union.

Copernicus

Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center

Copernicus

Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)

Solidarity

Polish labor union formed in 1980 after major protests against the Communist labor system in place at the time. In 1981 it was shut down by Polish Communist leaders, but regained strength in 1989 and openly opposed the Soviet-backed party.

Fascism

Political and economic movement that emphasizes nationalism and militarism with a state-controlled economy. Fascism was linked to the political parties that controlled Germany and Italy before and during WWII. Personal rights are limited and obedience to the state is paramount.

(Leon Blum) Popular Front

Political group active in aiding the leftist forces in the Spanish Civil War. Earnest Hemingway and other prominent American intellectuals and writers joined the group

Nationalism

Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe.

Green Party

Political party that began during the later part of the 20th century. Exists in a number of Western nations and represents many citizens wanting a political party that reflects environmental concerns.

The College of Cardinals, who elected the popes, became extremely ______.

Political.

Pope Innocent III transformed the Papacy into a _____ and a centralized _____.

Pope Innocent III transformed the Papacy into a great secular power with political missions and a centralized papal monarchy.

Vatican II

Pope John XXIII called the conference which met in four sessions between 1962-65. The purpose was to bring the church up to date (aggiornamento).

Vasco de Gama

Portuguese explorer who rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1498 and crossed the Indian Ocean, allowed Portugal to trade with Asia

Bartholomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who sailed around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa and thus found the route to the Indian Ocean. This helped establish an overseas trade route from Europe to India and the East Indies, which provided Europeans with the cargoes of jewels and spices they so desired.

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Magellan

Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator whose crew first circumnavigated the globe and thus proved that the world was round and that the New World was not a part of Asia. Furthermore, Magellan's exploration of the Pacific Ocean yielded its name because of its pacific, or calm, nature.

Christian Democrats

Powerful center to center-right political parties that evolved in the late 1940s in Europe from former Catholic parties of the pre-WWII period. Christian parties gained increasing support in the postwar era, winning elections in par because of their participation in wartime resistance. A vital component of postwar politics, these groups shifted from their decades-old emphasis on advocating church interests to welcoming non-Catholics among their ranks and focusing on democracy, anti-communism, and social reform.

New Monarchies (Tudors, Valois, Habsburg)

Powerful ruling families who politically united large parts of Northern Europe. Henry VII became the first Tudor monarch of England in 1485 after the War of the Roses. The Valois monarchy of France established control of most of the countryside in the 1400s. The French king could tax without parliamentary consent and appoint bishops and abbots. The Habsburgs, the powerful ruling family of Spain, controlled the Low Countries and much of Central Europe, including Austria.

Power of kings increased due to

Powers of taxation, war making, and law enforcement no longer belonging to semiautonomous vassals but under control of the monarchy and chosen agent vassals

Usury

Practice of lending money for interest.

Nepotism

Practice of rewarding relatives with church positions.

Simony

Practice of the Roman Catholic Church in the Middle Ages wherein Church leaders sold high Church positions. This practice was used to gain power for sons who would not inherit family wealth and land because of birth order.

What type of church organization did Calvinists have?

Presbyterian; magnified regional and local religious authority; power flowed up; congregations directly shaped policy

Bismarck

Prime Minister of Prussia (largest state in Northern Germany); wanted a greater, unified Germany (smaller Southern states to join Prussia; preferred "iron and blood" to diplomacy.

Count Camillo di Cavour

Prime Minister to Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont. Although he considered himself liberal, he was willing to use deception to promote national goals.

David Llyod George

Prime minister of Great Britain, had won a decisive victory in elections in December of 1918. His platform was simple: make the Germans pay for this dreadful war.

Metternich System

Prince Metternich was an ultra-conservative Austrian chancellor. The system bearing his name sought to restore pre-Napoleonic rulers to their thrones, restore the European balance of power, and repress liberal and democratic ideas. Metternich was forced to resign in 1848.

ethnic cleansing

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

Commonwealth

Proclaimed when Charles I was beheaded in 1649. Theoretically, legislative power rested in the surviving members of the parliament and executive power was lodged in a council state.

Declaration of the Rights of the German People

Produced by the Frankfurt Assembly, this document emphasized individual rights like religion, press, and assembly. Emphasized rights of German people, not rights of man.

Oliver Cromwell

Puritan leader of the Roundhead army in the English Civil War who defeated Charles I and established a republic, or commonwealth, in England. He ruled as "Lord Protector" from 1653-8, part of the period known as the "Interregnum" in England (1649-60).

What were some characteristics of Cromwell?

Puritan, iron discipline, military dictator, tolerated all religions except Catholicism

Which religious group began to leave England?

Puritans

Ferdinand Magellan

Pursuer of a Southwestern Passage to the Pacific who took five ships down the coast of South America in 1519 across the Pacific

Puritans

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.

What religion did Edward VI endorse?

Protestantism

What religion did Elizabeth I endorse?

Protestantism

Who won the Swedish-French phase?

Protestants

What happened in the Bohemian area of the war?

Protestants revolted against Archduke Ferdinand and his Catholic visions

Magellan

Proved that the world is round and that all the waters of the Earth are connected

What was the War of Austrian Succession?

Prussia invaded Silesia, violating the Pragmatic Sanction

Zollverein

Prussian economic union, removed tariff barriers between German states, in step toward political unity

Who were the Junker?

Prussian nobility

The Duke of Burgundy joined Charles VII to _____.

Publicly discredit Joan of Arc.

Papal Index of Forbidden Books

Published by the Church to punish heresy. All Protestant writing was included

Diderot

Published work of many philosphes in his Encyclopedia. He hoped it would help people think more rationally and critically.

English Bill of Rights

Reaffirmed the Test Act but allowed dissenters to worship and maintain their own schools. It also ensured the rights of Parliament, particularly financial control.

Humanism

Recovery and study of classical authors & writings.

Sans culottes

Reference to Parisian workers who wore loose-fitting trousers rather than the tight-fitting breeches worn by aristocratic men.

Puritan Revolution

Reference to the English civil war (1642-1646), waged to determine whether sovereignty would reside in the monarch or in the Parliament.

Glorious Revolution

Reference to the political events of 1688-1689 when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

St. Teresa of Avila

Reformed monastic life in her own community of followers, the Carmelites. simplicity

Chartists

Reformers who wanted changes like universal male suffrage; the secret ballot; and payment for members of Parliament, so that even workingmen could afford to enter politics. This group supported a document called the People's Charter.

Excommunication

Refusal of the Catholic Church to administer the sacraments to a person.

Cities prospered due to ____, _____, and _____.

Regulating competition in rural areas (extended protection laws to surrounding land), controlling irrigation, and expensive goods were in great demand.

The stability of Medieval governments depended on ____, _____, and _____.

Relationships, Trust, and a smooth transition of power to a new ruler.

Inquisition

Religious committee of six Roman cardinals that tried heretics and punished the guilty by imprisonment and execution.

Counter/Catholic Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.

95 Thesis

Religious thinker Martin Luther pinned this document to the door of a church, in protest to many church practices but especially indulgences., written by Martin Luther in 1517, they are widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. Luther used these theses to display his displeasure with some of the Church's clergy's abuses, most notably the sale of indulgences; this ultimately gave birth to Protestantism.

Calvinist artists

Rembrandt, Van Rijn

Humanists

Renaissance scholars of classical Greek and Roman works of literature and thought who were great advocates of liberal arts education and the importance of the individual.

Renassiance

Renassiance- rebirth of learning and artistic expression, Greeks( Plato-like- fantasy) Rome(Aristotle-like-real) Petrach and Baccacio's deatch started (1375-1527) demagrophically- loss of population, being replenished, merchants grew in power, power from trade, rome was center of church, emphasis on humanism

Calvinism

Replaced Lutherism, and inspired a political Renassince in France, Netherlands and Scotland, John Calvin was from France he was an attorney and he moved to Geneva and started his religion in (1534) and wrote the institute of Christian religion, believed god is sovereign, and his sovereignty is expressed in predestination, his Geneva said you couldn't get drunk, curse and it was a safe haven for protestants in (1555)

Navigation Acts

Required goods coming into inland to arrive either in ships from the exporting country or in British vessels

Louis XVIII

Restored Bourbon throne after the Revoltion. He accepted Napoleon's Civil Code (principle of equality before the law), honored the property rights of those who had purchased confiscated land and establish a bicameral (two-house) legislature consisting of the Chamber of Peers (chosen by king) and the Chamber of Deputies (chosen by an electorate).

Statue of Laborers (Plague)

Restricted the wages to pre-plague levels and restricted ability to leave land. Led to Peasants Revolt. (Known as Jacquerie in France, and the tax was known as taille)

Restoration

Return of the Stuart monarchy (1660) after the period of republican government under Cromwell - in fact, a military dictatorship.

Neoclassicm

Return to classical antiquity for inspiration, scenes are hisotircal and mythological, figures appear to be sculptued, appeal is to intellect, not heaty. emotions are restrained, and balance is achieved. Values: reason, order, balance, reverence for antiquity.

Humanism and Reform

Reuchlin- defense of academic freedom(jew wrote something and people criticized him)

Who was the first prime minister?

Robert Walpole

Peter the Great

Romanov ruler of Russia from 1682-1725. He brought Western European ideas to Russia, improved the Russian army, achieved control of the Orthodox Church, dominated the nobility, and transformed Russia into a major world power.

Catherine the Great

Romanov ruler of Russia from 1763-96 who supported enlightened additions to Russian culture and expanded Russia's borders to include control of the northern shores of the Black Sea, the Crimea, Polish land, and Alaska.

Ivan IV

Romanov ruler of Russia known as Ivan the Terrible. He was a fierce ruler who laid the groundwork for the westernization of Russia that was later continued by Peter the Great. Ivan IV's rule of intimidation lasted from 1547-84.

The price of luxury and manufactured goods _____?

Rose.

Bartholomeu Dias

Rounded the Cape of Good Hope in Africa

Roundheads and Cavaliers

Roundheads were supporters of Parliament, including non-Anglican Protestants and Puritans, while Cavaliers (or royalists) were supporters of the King - largely Roman Catholics, Anglicans, or nobles.

Tsar Alexander I

Ruled Russia during Napoleonic Wars and wanted peace after Napoleon's armied continued winning victories. The young tsar and Napoleon negotiated and he ended up accepting Napoleon's reorganization of Western and Central Europe and promised to enforce Napoleon's economic blockade against British goods.

Louis XVI

Ruler of France (1774-92). Successor of Louis XV. Married Marie Antoinette, and nearly bankrupted France by supporting the American Revolution. Guillotined in January 1793 by the orders of the National Convention.

William of Orange

Ruler of the Netherlands who led a revolt for independence against Habsburg Philip II of Spain.

Hohenzollerns

Ruling family of the small German state of Brandenburg, Prussia, which grew into an empire under their reign to become the Austrian Habsburgs' chief rival.

What was the result of the Great Northern War?

Russia gained Baltic areas

Quadruple Alliance

Russia, Prussia, Austria, and England: defeated Napoleon and exiled him to Elba. Louis XVIII was installed as a constitutional monarch

1917

Russian Revolution

Nicholas I

Russian Tsar that succeeced Alexander; he strengthened the secret police and the bureaucracy. He was also wiling to use Russian troops to crush revolutions, as he greatly feared them.

Raphael

School of Athens

Gold and silver spurred ______ and ________.

Scientific innovation and the new weapons industry.

James Watt

Scot who invented the steam engine in 1869.

What were some characteristics of James I?

Scot, unpopular, believed in the divine right of kings

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations and designed modern Capitalism

James Watt

Scottish engineer. Among his many innovations, he greatly improved the efficiency of the Newcomen steam engine, which was then adopted for a variety of purpose

Presbyterianism

Scottish form of Protestantism that Charles I of England tried to force to conform to Anglican practices. Charles I thus inflamed conflict with Scotland because of this religious difference.

David Hume

Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses

Reichstag

Seated Germany's lower house of Parlimrent, it burned in 1933 and Hitler blamed it on the communist, this event led to Hitler becoming the absolute dictator in Germany.

Middle Passage

Second leg of the three-part Triangular Trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas in which African slaves traveled across the Atlantic. The passage was cruel and fatal for many.

Alexander I

Seemed open to liberal ideas, he eased censorship, and promoted education, he talked about freeing the serfs, he then drew back from reform, because he feared losing noble support at the Congress of Vienna he joined the conservative powers opposing liberal and national impulses.

Michelangelo

Seistine chapel, David

Bolshevik Revolution

Seizure of Power by the Bolsheviks on Nov 6 1917. Trotsky is credited with planning the takeover.

Rasputin

Self-proclaimed Russian holy man who became confidante to Czarina Alexandria, wife of Nicholas II. He reputedly was able to help the heir, Alexis, who suffered from hemophilia. His unsavory reputation and drunken behavior led to rumors that his relationship with the Czarina was inappropriate. Murdered in 1916.

Charles II

Stuart son of Charles I and ruler of England from 1660-85. Known as the "Merry Monarch" because of his restoration of a more liberal culture after Cromwell's conservative republic.

Rasputin

Self-proclaimed holy man who claimed to heal the sick and have prophecy. He had much influence over Tsarina Alexandra and she often went to him for advise on political issues. He was believed to be having a sexual affair with Tsarina Alexandra and was assassinated by three members of the higher aristocracy; Tsarina Alexandra was very distraught and depressed due to his death (coincidence? I think not). (905)

Simony

Selling of church offices

Napoleonic Wars

Series of wars between Napoleon's French Empire and opposing coalitions led by Great Britain. Included wars with the 3rd, 4th, and 5th coalition, and Napoleon's Invasion of Russia.

William Gladstone

Served as Liberal Prime Minister four times. Famous for his intense rivalry with the Conservative Party Leader Benjamin Disraeli. Supported repeal of the Corn Laws.

Anne of Austria

Served as regent of France when her son Louis XIV became king in 1643 at the age of four. She was often criticized as an outsider.

Pope Boniface VIII informed king Philip the Fair that God has _________.

Set the power of Popes over Kings.

Who is Christine de Pisan?

She lived from 1363-1434, noble woman known as the first feminist, wrote the 3 virtues.

"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"

Slogan of the revolutionaries in France seeking liberty from oppression, equality for all men, and fraternity, or unity of Frenchmen.

The wages of skilled workers _____?

Soared.

Philosophes

Social critics of the eighteenth century who subjected social institutions and practices to the test of reason.

Social Democrats

Social democracy promotes the creation of economic democracy as a means to secure workers' rights. Social democracy rejects the Marxian principle of dictatorship of the proletariat, claiming that gradualist democratic reforms will improve the rights of the working class.

What where the three types of crises in the Late Middle Ages?

Social, Political, Religious.

Counter-Reformation

Sometimes called the Catholic Reformation. The Counter-Reformation started in the 1530s by the Church and was aimed at reforming internal Church practices to combat the success of the Protestant Reformation.

Phillip II

Son of Charles V and a devout Catholic, he was the Habsburg ruler of Spain from 1556-98. He led the Spanish Counter-Reformation but failed to invade Protestant England with his Spanish Armada.

James I

Son of Mary Queen of Scots. Ruled England and Scotland together until 1625. Believed in divine-right rule and Anglicanism, which led to conflict with the largely Puritan Parliament. Closest relative to Elizabeth I at the time of her death.

Frederick William I

Son of Prussian King Frederick I who ruler from 1713-40. He channeled royal funds toward militarizing Prussia, creating an efficient tax system, and establishing compulsory education.

Frederick II (the Great)

Son of Prussian King Frederick William I and ruler of Prussia from 1740-86. He seized Silesia from Austria, starting the War of Austrian Succession and then the Diplomatic Revolution.

Internal Combustion Engine

Source of energy that allowed Industrializatoin.

Brezhnev

Soviet Dictator from 1964 to 1982; brought an end to the Dethawing of the Cold War, instituted his doctrine of intervention in Eastern Europe; invaded Afghanistan in 1979

Khrushchev

Soviet leader, publicly denounced Stalin, free many political prisoners eased censorship

Gorbachev

Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931)

weakening countries

Spain, Portugal, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, and Ottoman Empire

Spain and France

Spain- Cisneros(The Grand Iquisotor, Isabella confessed to him, wrote the polygot bible(different translations)

Ponce de León

Spaniard who explored southern North America

1588

Spanish Armada

What happened in 1588?

Spanish Armada try to attack England but are defeated by Drake near Calais and English Channel

Representative assemblies of Spain

Spanish Cortés

Encomiendas

Spanish Plantations run by Indian slave labor

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas, a prominent Indian tribe in present day Peru

Vasco de Balboa

Spanish explorer, crossed Isthmus of Panma and became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean (1513)

Franco

Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death

El Greco

Spanish painter (born in Greece) remembered for his religious works characterized by elongated human forms and dramatic use of color

Conquistadors

Spanish soldiers/adventurers who conquered Americas

Cervantes, Don Quixote

Spanish writer who satirized chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form.

Who was Cervantes and what did he write?

Spanish, influenced by Catholic teaching, wrote Don Quixote which juxtaposes realism with religious idealism

Star Chamber Courts

Special courts under England's James I designed to punish political dissenters and Puritans. A symbol of absolutism dating back to Henry VII.

Diet of Worms

Special imperial council in Worms, Germany, to which Martin Luther was summoned after his excommunication in 1521. Luther was ordered to abandon his revolutionary ideas, which he refused to do so, so he was banished from the empire. Luther was then sheltered in Saxony.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Sponser of voyages along West African coasts (1418).

Bernini

St. Peter's Basilica, sculpture-St. Teresa of Avila

What was Peter I's new capital?

St. Petersburg

Joseph Stalin

Stalin became dictator of Russia after lenin's death in 1924. He led the USSR through WWII and into the Cold War. He died in 1953 and is remembered for his brutal purges in his nation.

Five Year Plans

Stalin's attempt to rapidly modernize Russia's industrial capacity began in 1928, with the collectivization of farms as a part of the process. Russia's heavy industrial capacity did increase, but the collectivization caused massive unrest and violence. The second Five Year Plan began in 1933.

Five Year Plans

Stalin's plans to to make the economy fully industrial. All resources were devoted to these efforts. As a result Soviet people lacked food, housing, clothing BUT Economy grew

Renaissance

Started in merchant cities of Italy. Rebirth education and artistic expression.

Second Industrial Revolution

Steep growth in industry and the production of steel, petrolium, electric power, and the machinery to produce other goods

Vasco de Gama

Stood on the shores of India

SALT I

Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty signed in 1972 between the US and the USSR. This agreement limited the number of missiles in each nation and led to the SALT II discussions and a slowdown of the arms race between the two countries.

Charles I

Stuart son of James I and King of England, 1625-49. Beheaded by Roundheads at the end of the Civil War. Charles fought with the Puritan Parliament over his war expenses related to Scotland and Ireland, advancing his belief in the divine right of kings, and marrying a Catholic, French princess.

Humanism advocated a liberal arts program of study called _______ and embraced _________________.

Studia Humanitatis, and embraced grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and moral philosophy.

French Classicism

Style in seventeenth-century art and literature resembling the arts in the ancient world and in the Renaissance - e.g. the works of Poussin, Moliere, and Racine.

Achievements of Ferdinand and Isabella

Subdue realms, secure borders, venture abroad, financed military voyages and explorations, Christianize Spain

George Stephenson

Successfully invented a locomotive engine in 1815, which revolutionized rail transportation.

Cardinal Mazarin

Successor of Cardinal Richelieu and his bad attempts to increase royal revenue and the state lead to the Fronde

Council of Trent

Summoned by Pope Paul III to try and define Catholic doctrine and thwart Protestant attacks on Catholic beliefs. These meetings from 1545-63 did not reform the doctrines but did end several corrupt practices criticized by Reformers within the Church and reasserted traditional Catholic doctrine.

Heliocentric

Sun centered

Neoplatonism

Sun in special honor

The O.E. practiced which type of Islam?

Sunni

Leon Trotsky

Supporter of Lenin who helped in the takeover of Petrograd and the Bolshevik revolution

Frederich the Wise of Saxony

Supporter of Marthin Luther, he hid him from the Catholic Church when he refused to repent.

John Calvin

Swiss leader of Protestantism and advocate of predestination who created theocracies in Swiss cantons. His ideas led to a large following in France, known collectively as the Huguenots.

Who was Zwingli?

Swiss priest who believed in a literal interpretation of the Bible

John Calvin

Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564)

Collectivization

System in which private farms were eliminated, instead, the government owned all the land while the peasants worked on it.

Corn Laws

Tariffs or import limits on foreign grain in GB. These restrictions hurt consumers because bread prices were high, and manufacturers because they had to pay their workers higher wages.

New Monarchs

Term applied to Louis XI of France, Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain, who strengthened their monarchical authority often by Machiavellian means.

What did the Peace of Augsburg declare?

Territorial princes saw sovereignty over religion in their territory (Catholicism or Lutheran)

During the industrial revolution the leading industry was

Textiles

What was the primary political crises in The Middle Ages?

The 100 years war from 1337- 1453.

Congress of Vienna

The 1815 meeting of Europe's major powers (England, Russia, Austria, and France) to decide how to redraw the European map after Napoleon's fall from power. Reactionary policies restored royal families to the legitimate claims and ordered France to pay restitution for damages.

Defenestration of Prague

The hurling, by Protestants, of Catholic officials from a castle window in Prague, setting off the Thirty Years' War.

Lusitania

The British passenger ship torpedoed by the Germans in 1915, who claimed munitions were on board. Over 1000 died, including Americans, and this event helped turn American opinion against Germany.

What was the social crises of the Late Middle Ages?

The Bubonic Plague.

Who was Joan of Arc captured by?

The Burgundians.

Edict of Restitution

The Catholic "high point" of the Thirty Years War in which church property taken by Protestants over the past 70 years was returned

Rump Parliament

The Cromwell-controlled Parliament that proclaimed England a republic and abolished the House of Lords and the monarchy.

Alexander II

The Czar liberator who issued a proclamation "freeing" the serfs. Assassinated in 1881.

What happened during the Danish period of the War?

The Danish king Christian IV (Lutheran) entered the HRE with a Protestant army and lost

Who did Philip send to the Netherlands to crush the revolt?

The Duke of Alba

Council of Troubles

The Duke of Alba's church court, which executed prominent nobles, seized property, and applied new taxes after the Dutch Revolt emerged in 1566

Florin

The Dutch gold coin, which became the international unit of monetary exchange.

European Community

The EC, formed in 1970, was an outgrowth of the Common Market nations. European nations allied economically in order to compete against larger nations, such as the US and Canada. Original members included France, Italy, England, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Finland, Ireland, and Sweden.

Johannes Gutenberg

The European inventor of the printing press, which allowed books to be printed quickly and economically. He used his invention to print copies of the Bible. This invention aided the spread of Renaissance and Reformation ideas throughout Europe.

Fourth French Republic

The French government set up after World War II; Had a weak president, strong legislature, and too many parties with weak coalitions.

French Revolution

The French people overthrew the king and his government, and then instituted a series of unsuccessful democratic governments until Napoleon took over as dictator in 1799.

Who did the French people want to be king instead of Henry VI, and what was wrong with Henry VI being king in the first place?

The French people wanted Charles VII to be king but he was disowned by Charles VI, and Henry VI couldn't possibly be king, because he was only an infant at the time he was to be appointed king.

George Sorel/Syndicalism

The French trade-unionist belief that workers would become the governmental power through a general strike that would paralyze society.

Immanuel Kant

The German philosopher who postulated that experience dictates human knowledge. He also said morality rests on the "categorical imperative".

Crises of the Medieval church

The Great Schism, Avignon papacy(pope said pope/king), the King is gaining power and centralizing, conciliar period(joined church with councel) renassiance papacy-corrupt, laity(common people) they wanted simple religion, practical religion(apostolic), also didn't like catholism because: benefice system- sold church positions church leaders-secular, and weren't celibate, they had special priviliges such as could live outside the area, paid no taxes and didn't go to court

Magyars

The Hungarian nobility who accepted the Habsburg monarchy but kept local control. They maintained their own diet and did not pay taxes to Vienna.

Great Britain

The IR began here because of this country's strong merchant marine and colonial empire. This country was the first to go through the agricultural revolution.

What did John Calvin write?

The Institutes of Christian Religion

What was the secondary political crises in The Middle Ages?

The growing of secular rules over the papacy.

Who did the Lollards follow?

The Lollards followed John Wycliffe.

In the 1200's Kievan Russia was invaded by _____.

The Mongols.

What is Neo-Platonism?

The idea that God manifests Himself in the beauty of His world.

This also led to the exploitation of _______.

The New World's human and mineral resources.

NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, formed in 1949, was the West's military organization designed to discourage further Soviet expansion and to counter the Warsaw Pact.

Mysticism

The Northern Renaissance religious way of thinking, which said that individuals could communicate with God without the Church.

OPEC

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries was formed in 19660 to limit oil production. In the 1973 Arab-Israeli war, the group began to use oil production and supply for political reasons.

Nicolaus Copernicus

The Polish scientist who worked in the 1500s. He abandoned the largely accepted geocentric theory that the planets moved around Earth and advocated the heliocentric theory, which stated that the center of the universe was the sun.

The Pope lived in ______ not ______, under heavy influence of _____?

The Pope lived in Avignon not Italy, under heavy influence of the French kings.

Councils were convened to regulate ______.

The Pope.

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

The Reformation began in 1517, he came from a prosperous family and his father wanted him to be a lawyer, he almost died by getting stuck by lighting, but he promised God if he lived he would become a priest, well educated, he was saved in Wittenberg(leader) where he nailed the 95 thesis, he didn't agree with indulgences- forgiveness for all sins by buying this(a piece of paper), Tetzel- in Northern Germany selling indulgences

What was the Religious crises in the Late Middle Ages?

The Schism of the church.

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

The Shiite leader who led the Iranian 1979 revolution, overthrowing the pro-Western government of the Shah. Iran would become radically anti-Western under his leadership.

Spain (Philip II) vs. England (Elizabeth)

The Spanish Armada. These two countries/rulers wanted to eliminate Protestantism and Catholic interference, respectively.

Charles II

The Spanish Habsburg monarch who died without an heir, willing his throne to the grandson of Louis XIV

Third Reich (Nazism)

The Third Republic of Germany which began Hitler's rule in 1933 and ended with his defeat in 1945

Pluralism

The holding of several benefices (church offices).

The respect for literary use of the _______ was another major characteristic of the Renaissance.

The Vernacular.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Stadholder

The chief executive selected by each of the seven provinces of the Dutch Republic, usually the head of the House of Orange

What all brought wealth to the Italian city-states?

The church being wealthy and in the center of Italy, and Italy's strategic location between east and the west which allowed for excellent banking and trade.

Three Estates

The clergy made up a very small percentage but owned 10% of the land; the nobles made up another small percentage but also owned most of the land; and the rest of the people made up 97% of France and owned very little land

Code Napoleon

The codification and condensation of laws assuring legal equality and uniformity in France.

New Amsterdam

The colony established by the Dutch East India Company in North America in 1612.

What is The Vernacular?

The common language.

Vernacular Languages

The common speech of the masses. They were the alternative to Latin, the language of the learned. The late Middle Ages saw the rise of vernacular literature, though Latin remained the universal tongue of scholarship, politics, and the Church in Western Europe until after the Middle Ages and the Reformation.

Laissez-faire

The concept of letting the economy move freely in its own way, without tariffs or other regulatory controls

Council of Trent

The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met intermittently from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with the Protestants.

Dreyfus Affair

The conviction of an obviously innocent Jewish army officer lead to public disapproval.

Levee en masse

The creation under the Jacobins, of a citizen army with support from young and old, heralding the emergence of modern warfare.

What was the result of this?

The devolving of religious responsibility to the secular government.

First Estate, Second Estate, Third Estate

The different sections that made up French society: Nobles, clergy, and everyone else.

"The Irish Question"

The dispute initiated by Protestant Britain's takeover of Catholic Ireland in the 1700s and Britain's continued control of Northern Ireland has caused tension and violence between the two for centuries.

"Triangle Trade"

The exchange of crops and slaves between America, Europe, and Africa. The trading of manufactured foods with Africa for slaves who were shipped to the new world.

Montaigne

The finest representative of early modern skepticism. Created a new genre, the essay.

James I

The first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1925 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625

Defenestration of Prague

The first act of the Thirty Years War in which the Estates of Bohemia threw two emissaries from the Holy Roman Emperor out a windows 70 feet above the ground (They survived).

Konrad Adenauer

The first chancellor of West Germany; he was able to establish a stable democratic government.

Robert Walpole

The first official prime minister, whose foreign policy was to ignore continental conflicts and he forgave the debt of the South Sea Company which made the people confident in the government

Sputnik

The first satellite, Russian, which sparked the space race.

Law of the maximum

The fixing of prices on bread and other essentials under Robespierre's rule.

Where did The Black Death come from?

The fleas that rats bore on ships from the black sea, and from the silk road.

(Sartre/Camus) Existentialism

The focus of philosophical thought should be to deal with the conditions of existence of the individual person and their emotions, actions, responsibilities, and thoughts.

Existentialism

The focus of philosophical thought should be to deal with the conditions of existence of the individual person and their emotions, actions, responsibilities, and thoughts.

Luther

The founder of Protestantism whose religion, based on 95 Theses, rejected Catholic orthodoxy, the sale of indulgences, and papal authority.

Vesalius

The founder of biological science. He dissected and studied cadavers and was the first to assemble a human skeleton.

Aristotelian-Ptolemaic cosmology

The geocentric view of the universe that prevailed from the fourth century B.C. to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and accorded with church teachings and Scriptures.

Renaissance

The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history.

Enlightenment

The intellectual revolution of the eighteenth century in which the philosophes stressed reason, natural law, and progress in their criticism of prevailing social injustices.

Dual Monarchy

The joining of Austria and Hungary under two different crowns

Tories and Whigs

The largely Anglican Tories believed in a hereditary monarchy and favored allowing Charles II's Catholic brother, James, to become king after the Restoration. The Whigs opposed this because of his Catholicism and his absolutist tendencies.

Fronde

The last aristocratic revolt against a French monarch.

Nicholas II

The last czar of Russia, he abdicated 1917 and was murdered in 1918 along with his family. Though generally regarded as a decent man, he was an extremely weak and ineffective leader.

100 days

The last period of fighting by Napoleon after his escape from Elba before the Congress of Vienna ended. Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo and exiled to Saint Helena where he died in 1821.

Lech Walsea

The leader of the Polish anti-soviet resistance, and in 1990 he won the presidency in Poland's first free election in half a century. As an organizer of shipyard strikes in the mid-1970s, he lost his job in 1976 over his anti-communist political views, along with many others who dared to resist the Soviet influence. (http://www.answers.com)

What was happening to the population?

The losses from The Black Death where being replenished.

When did the Bubonic Plague happen?

The middle of the 1300's.

The National Convention

The new Assembly established in 1792. The Assembly was split between the Girondins, Jacobins, and the Mountain.

Constitution of 1791

The new French constitution established a constitutional monarchy. The Legislative Assembly replaced the National Assembly.

Weimar Republic

The new German republic the in 1921 owed 33 billion annually to the allied reparations commission. In order to recover from its severe economic issues the annual fees were reduced each year depending on the level of German economic prosperity and Germany received large loans each year from the United States.

The Fronde

The nickname of the 1648 revolt in which the refractory nobility attempted to overthrow Jules Mazarin and give control to the nobility

A great decline in wealth and power was suffered by _____?

The noble land lords.

Chernobyl

The nuclear power plant in the Ukraine that suffered two large explosions which released massive amounts of radioactive materials. It is the worst nuclear accident in history and thousands were and continue to be impacted by the disaster.

Central Powers

The opposition to the Allies was composed of Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany, and the Ottomans (WWI).

Allies

The opposition to the Central Powers was composed of Britain, France, and Russia

Versailles

The opulent French palace built by Louis XVI just outside of Paris. Versailles represented the ostentation and absolute power of his monarchy. Louis required all his important nobles to live there so he could control them.

Humanist analysis went directly to ______/______.

The past/original text.

Scientific Revolution

The period during the 17th and 18th centuries in which innovative thinkers and experimenters changed people's view of the universe. The scientific method became important, influencing practical human activity and social institutions.

Renaissance

The period from 1400 to 1600 that witnessed a transformation of cultural and intellectual values from primarily Christian to classical or secular ones.

Great Fear

The pervasive sense of paranoia mostly along peasants fearing that the nobles and royal forces were going to halt the revolution. Local manor houses and monasteries were pillaged and feudal dues were left blatantly unpaid.

Existentialism

The philosophical belief that the universe is unknowable. Numerous philosophers adopted this thesis, but they each reacted to it in different ways. Those involved in the movement include Soren Kierkegaard (considered the founder) and Jean-Paul Sartre.

Realism

The philosophical doctrine that physical object continue to exist when not perceived

Final Solution

The phrase used by the Nazis for their goal of exterminating all the Jews in Europe. An estimated 6 of the 11 million European Jews were murdered.

Truman Doctrine

The policy, begun in 1947, that the US would not challenge existing Communist nations' right to exist, but would actively and militarily opposed any further expansion of communism. This policy of containment was followed for decades.

Socialism

The political belief that the government needs to provide extensive social and economic benefits for its citizens. This theory began in the early 1800s largely in response to the suffering of the industrial poor. Socialists also believe that the government's primary concern is the protection and care of its citizens, even if private property needs to be taken.

Russian Revolution

The revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917

Russian Revolution

The revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917.

Junkers

The powerful Prussian landed aristocracy who accepted Hohenzollern authority as long as they were left alone on their own estates, where they had total control of their peasants.

War of Spanish Succession

The powers of Europe fought against a possible unity of France and Spanish, which would then upset the balance of power. It was ended by the Treaty of Utrecht.

Cavour

The prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia during the movement toward Italian unification. He is considered the architect of the Italian Unification.

Asiento

The privilege to conduct slave trade with Spanish America

Mass Production

The process of producing a large number of items quickly using an assembly line. Numerous identical items could be quickly and cheaply produced. Modern factory systems of production developed in the mid-19th century as a result.

The Putting-Out System

The putting-out system had textile workers performing tasks at home, with their vendors leaving raw material and picking up finished products. This was replaced by the factory system.

Bolsheviks

The radical Russian Communists led by Vladimir Lenin who established Communist rule in Russia. Nicknamed the "Reds."

Define Renaissance.

The rebirth of learning and artistic expression.

The Balkans

The region north of the Greek peninsula, home to various and frequently violent ethnic groups. WWI began here (sarajevo) and it was the region of intense ethnic violence in the 1990s. Tension among Slavic people and between Christians and Muslims also have led to war.

Lutheranism

The religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; it differed from Catholicismin the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith

Deism

The religious view that explained God as the mastermind and creator of the universe. The theory held that God was not personally involved in human affairs.

Third French Republic

The republican government of France between the end of the Second French Empire and the the invasion of France by the German Third Reich.

"Restoration"

The return of a constitutional monarchy to Great Britain in 1660 under Charles II

Sepoy Rebellion

The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. (p. 661)

Female Suffrage

The right for women to vote. Became a popular idea in the 1900s.

Extraterritoriality

The right given to foreigners to live using their own laws rather than the laws of the nation in which they reside. Europeans and Americans in the 19th century often demanded and received this privilege.

When both English king Henry V and French king Charles VI both died, Henry VI became ____.

The rightful heir to both the English and the French throne, since Charles VI disowned his son Charles VII.

Decline of Spain

The rise in population coupled with inflation led to a weakening of Spanish industry and emigration. The expulsion of Jews and Moors in 1492 also contributed to the decline, as they were productive members of the economy.

Franz Joseph

The ruler of Austria-Hungary when WWI started. He was planning to attack Serbia for their ports. When Serbia murdered Franz Ferdinand, he attacked Serbia, which effectively started WWI.

What is Humanism?

The scholarly study of the Latin and Greek classics.

Baroque

The sensuous and dynamic style of art of the Counter Reformation.

Joseph Mazzini

The spokesman for Italian nationalism. Led rebellion (Piedmont-Sardinia) around Rome and was named one of the three rulers. Eventually defeated by the French army.

Constitutionalism

Theory that power should be shared between rulers and their subjects and the state governed according to laws.

Absolutism

Theory that the monarch is supreme and can exercise full and complete power unilaterally.

Popular Front (1936)

These governments (in France) combined leftist groups into coalitions to oppose the strength of far right political groups. In other words, socialists and liberals combined together to fight fascism and Nazism.

Portugal Exploration

They were church and money motivated, they got gold/spices from Asia, The 1st country to begin exploration was Portugal, (Prince Henry- The Navigator, sponsored the exploration of the African Coast) also he made the school of navigation, Bartholemeu Dias- First to get around tip of Africa(1487) Vasco de Gama(1498)-1st Portugal to go to india, brought back 60x what they sent him with

Important events in Germany?

Thirty Year's War; Peace of Augsburg

The Prince

This 1513 book, written by Niccolo Machiavelli, described what effective rulers did to get what they wanted. Machiavelli saw the great political failures of the Italian city-states and admired the rising new monarchies of Northern Europe

Alexander III

This Czar removed many of the reforms his father created and recentralized the government.

Louis XIV

This French king ruled for the longest time ever in Europe. He issued several economic policies and costly wars. He was the prime example of absolutism in France

Louis XIV

This French king ruled for the longest time ever in Europe. He issued several economic policies and costly wars. He was the prime example of absolutism in France.

Delacroix

This French painter was important to French Romantic art. He often used his painting to convey a political message, and he is best known for his painting depicting the socialist revolution of 1830: Liberty Leading the People.

Ernest Haeckel

This German philosopher, a believer of Darwinism, founded Monism, which postulates that humans are simply a part of nature. In 1899 his "The Riddle of the Universe" was published to wide acclaim.

James I

This Scottish ruler became the English king as well once Elizabeth died. He inherited a country that was in debt, as well as in mourning for their highly-idealized former queen. He was generous with favors but Scottish and English differences made it impossible for him to gain anyone's favor.

Factory Act (1883)

This act limited the number of hours children under the age of nine could work. It also provided money for inspectors and provided procedures for enforcement.

Congress of Vienna

This agreement reorganized Europe following the defeat of Napoleon, restoring the balance of power., This was the meeting between the Quadruple Alliance in order to formulate a peace agreement and to balance the victories of the Napoleonic wars

Grand Alliance

This alliance was led by William of Orange and others in Europe who feared a mega-monarchy of France and Spain following the death of Charles II

Leonardo

This artist used the technique of atmospheric perspective and even wrote about the phenomenon in his journal

Van Gogh

This artist's finest works were produced in less than three years in a technique that grew more and more impassioned in brushstroke, in symbolic and intense color, in surface tension, and in the movement and vibration of form and line.

Kepler

This astronomer stated that the orbits of planets around the sun were elliptical, the planets do not orbit at a constant speed, and that an orbit is related to its distance from the sun

Marie Curie

This female scientist proved that radio-activity, when properly applied, was an effective treatment of some diseases.

Magyars

This group of Hungarians revolted in 1848. They were put down by Francis Joseph and a Russian Army.

Bank of Amsterdam

This innovative bank regulated the exchange rates of different currencies in Amsterdam, which helped stabilize the chaos that resulted from trading many different coins. Having a system minimized things like dishonesty and quickly fluctuating preferences when traders/merchants exchanged currency. Once this was regulated, gyro banking became possible because each individual business agreement was not unique in its exchange rate.

Factory Act (1802)

This law attempted to regulate the conditions for pauper children working in factories, but it accomplished little because there was no agency to inspect or enforce it.

Romanticism

This movement in art and literature was a rebellion against the Enlightenment. The major emphasis was on nature, the emotions, and the individual.

Utopian Socialism

This movement, a reaction to the incredible poverty seen in the industrial era, postulated that workers would live together in a clean, safe environment and work cooperatively. Frenchman Charles Fourier was the author of this ideal.

Rerum Novarum

This papal document defended private property, religious education, and condemned socialism and Marxism

Kant

This philosopher showed the overall attitude of the Enlightenment by saying "have the courage to use your own understanding"

"Iron Curtain"

This phrase, coined by Winston Churchill, in a 1946 speech, referred to the dangers of the increasing Soviet control and domination of Eastern Europe.

Newton

This physicist developed the law of universal gravitation and further caused the decline of the old system of science

Ludwig Van Beethoven

This pianist was considered the master of Romanticism music

The Mountain

This was a political party within the National Convention named because the people that made up this party sat on the highest benches in the assembly hall. These people were the activists within the Convention. The Mountain worried that the Girondists would become conservative because of their already moderate beliefs. Although they were in competition with each other, the Mountain eventually won due to their alliance with the Sans-Culottes, resulting in a more radical group of people. The mountains believed in equal outcome.

Mass leisure

This was a result of the working class having free time after work (10 Hour's Act) and having a little bit of money (increased real wages)

Michelangelo

This was an artist who led the way for Renaissance masters from his David sculpture and his painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling

James II

This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government

Catherine the Great

This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia

Committee of Public Safety, Reign of Terror

This was the group and period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed

Ferdinand and Isabella

This was the king and queen of Spain who took over the Catholic Spain and started the Spanish Inquisition

Cardinal Richelieu

This was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most (his chief advisor) and tried to make France an absolute monarchy

Realism

This was the new style of literature that focused on the daily lives and adventures of a common person. This style was a response to Romanticism's supernaturalism and over-emphasis on emotion

Commercial Revolution

This was the period of economic and political expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism that occurred in Europe

Conservatism

This was the political idea in which the people regarded tradition as the basic source of human institutions and the proper state and society remained those before the French Revolution which rested on a judicious blend on monarchy, bureaucracy, aristocracy, and respectful commoners

Maria Theresa

This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs

Romanticism

This was the response to the Enlightenment in which they believed that not everything could be measured, because of the passion of emotion

English Civil War

This was the revolution as a result of whether the sovereignty would remain with the king or with the Parliament. Eventually, the kingship was abolished

Joseph II

This was the ruler of the Habsburgs that controlled the Catholic Church closely, granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews, and abolished serfdom

Peace of Westphalia

This was the treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War that recognized the independent authority of over three hundred German principalities

Revisionist Marxism ("Evolutionary Socialism")

This was the work that suggested that socialists should combine with other progressive forces to win gradual evolutionary gains for workers through legislation, unions, and further economic development

What were the Despots and the Condottieri used for?

To keep the peace and business flowing.

English Bill of Rights

To make clear the powers of England's monarchy in 1689, the English Parliament drafted a list of things that they could not do like no taxing without permission from Parliament.

Edict of Nantes

To protect the Huguenots, King Henry IV permitted Protestant to maintain their own fortifications and armed men, hold services, and operate schools in some towns in this document

James II

Took over the throne of England when his brother Charles II, died in 1685. He ignored the Test Act, dismissed Protestant ministers, and declared freedom of worship

Napoleon Bonaparte

Took power in a coup d'état in 1799 and installed himself as First Consul. Emperor of France from 1804 to 1814.

East India trading companies

Trading companies held by the Dutch, French, and English in East India

Aryan women

Treated more favorably than in later India. Widows could remarry and weren't given in child-marriage. In epics (Ramayana) women portrayed as forceful and able to achieve goals. (Aryan Society)

Battle of Stalingrad

Turning point in the War in the USSR, marked the beginning of the USSR offensive

English Reformation

Tyndale- translated new testament into English, Henry wrote against Luther-"Defender of Faith", he was Henry Tudor and Elizabeth of York's son, first married Catherine of Aragon, but she had no boys(Mary) asked wosley to ask Clement respone and he said no so he disassocaiated from the catholic church so he could divorce her, he appointed Kramer as bishop, and replaced wosley with Thomas and married Anne Bolen(had Elizabeth), but she was beheaded for adultery, Jane died in childbirth(Edward), Anne of Cleves was ugly so he divorced her, Catherine Howard behaded for adultery, and Cathine Parr- lived because he died, Edward(1547-1553), Mary(1553-1558), Elizabeth(1558-1603)

Totalitarianism

Type of government in which the state is in almost complete control of its citizens' lives. Individual rights are virtually nonexistent; the welfare of the state is all-important. Stalin and Hitler are considered totalitarian rulers.

Seven Years' War

War from 1756-63. Began as the "French and Indian War" in North America (in 1754). Evolved into a war on the European continent resulting from the alliance structure developed in the Diplomatic Revolution and ending with Russia's surprise switch to an alliance with Prussia and a confirmation of Prussia's hold on Silesia.

German Empire (1871)

Unified by Bismark of Prussia, the German empire was created after the Franco-Prussian war. This Empire evolved into Germany, which played a key part in both WWI and WWII.

Anschluss

Union between Austria and Germany, a violation of the ToV and Austria refused so Germany invaded.

Union of Utrecht

Union of the 7 Northern Provinces, became the Dutch (Southern Netherlands possessed by Spanish)

Schoenberg (atonal)

United States composer and musical theorist (born in Austria) who developed atonal composition

Netherlands (1815)

United the Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands under the House of Orange-Nassau.

Battle of Stalingrad

Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union. Turning point of the war.

Who was the source of Catholic Church reform?

Ursulines - established convents Italy and Frances for all girls

1917

Us enters the war, Russian Revolution and civil war

Plantations

Used by labor workers. Main product to make was sugar

Abstract Art

Uses a visual language of form, color and line to create a composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world.

Priesthood of all Believers

Uther's revolutionary idea that every believer had the ability to read and interpret the Bible, that all people of faith were viewed by God as equals. This challenged the Church's position that priests had an exclusive ability to do so.

Who was the ruling family of France?

Valois family

1989- 91

Velvet Revolution, revolts in Eastern Europe, Berlin Wall goes down in 89'. Ussr destoryed in 91

Karl Marx/Marxism

Viewed the struggle of workers as a progression of historical forces that would proceed from a class struggle of the proletariat (workers) exploited by capitalists (business owners), to a socialist "dictatorship of the proletariat," to, finally, a classless society - Communism.

Philosophical Letters; Candide

Voltaire

Revisionist ("Evolutionary") Marxists vs. Orthodox Marxists

Wanted a dictatorship of the proletariat, but disagreed whether direct action should be taken to achieve it. (Two groups.)

Hundred Years' War

War between England and France which lasted from 1337-1453. King Edward III of England claimed the French throne despite France's appointment of Philip VI of Flanders as King. France officially won the war and expelled the English from all French lands except Calais.

English Civil War (1642-1649)

War between Roundheads (Cromwell-led Puritans) versus Cavaliers (Charles I-led Anglicans) Roundheads won.

War of the Roses

War between the York and Lancaster houses in England for control of the English crown. The white rose symbolized the York House and the red rose symbolized the Lancaster House. By 1485, Henry Tudor of Lancaster defeated King Richard III of York. Tudor set up a strong monarchy in England.

War of Spanish Succession

War fought by European powers after the death of the last Habsburg ruler of Spain in 1700, which left the throne to Louis XIV's grandson. Ended with the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713.

Boris Yeltsin

Was the first President of the Russian Federation from 1991 to 1999. The Yeltsin era was a traumatic period in Russian history—a period marked by widespread corruption, economic collapse, and enormous political and social problems. In June 1991 Yeltsin came to power on a wave of high expectations. On June 12 Yeltsin was elected president of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic with 57% of the vote, becoming the first popularly elected president in Russian history. But Yeltsin never recovered his popularity after endorsing radical economic reforms in early 1992 which were widely blamed for devastating the living standards of most of the Russian population. By the time he left office, Yeltsin was a deeply unpopular figure in Russia, with an approval rating as low as two percent by some estimates.

The Hundred Days

When Napoleon escaped from exile at Elba and returned to France in March 1815, he led an army into PAris, causing Louis XVIII to flee and Napoleon to rule France again until Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Prussia sent troops to stop him.

Tennis Court Oath

When the Third Estate was locked out of the Estates General meeting and declared on May 5, 1789 (on a Versailles tennis court) that they were the National Assembly, they invited the other two estates to join them and decreed that a constitution would be written before they would adjourn.

Cottage industry

Where spinning, weaving, and dying cloth were done in piecework in private homes.

Lorenzo Valla

Wrote "On Pleasure" defended the senses of good

Mary Shelley

Wife of Percy B. Shelley who is most famous for her romantic novel, "Frankenstein". Its message was that man should not try and imitate God or challenge nature.

Kaiser William I

William I of Prussia declares himself Kaiser of Germany at Versailles after winning the Franco-Prussian war

Who was the Dutch Calvinist leader of the Netherlands?

William of Orange

Glorious Revolution

William of Orange (renamed William III) invaded England at the request of its citizens. He overthrew James II and Catholicism along with him., In this bloodless revolution, the English Parliament and William and Mary agreed to overthrow James II for the sake of Protestantism. This led to a constitutional monarchy and the drafting of the English Bill of Rights.

Fourteen Points

Wilson intended for these to be negotiating points for the Treaty of Versailles. Included ideas like self-determination and the League of Nations.

Iron Curtain

Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the US-dominated West.

Index of Forbidden Books

Written by Pope Paul IV as part of the Counter-Reformation. The index forbade Catholics from reading books considered "harmful" to faith or morals. This indicates the significance of the printing press in disseminating Reformation ideas.

Tito (Yugoslavia)

Yugoslav statesman who led the resistance to German occupation during World War II and established a communist state after the war (1892-1980)

Swiss Reformation

Zwingli was from Zurik,(13 autonomous cantons, decentralized) he practiced what was literally said in the bible believed communion was only symbolic though, questioned worship of saints, fasting, pilgrimage, celibacy, Marburg Coliqy- luther thought communion really was the body of Christ, while Zwingli argued it was only symbolic(1529) Zwingli died in battle fighting the catholics

What did Ignatius Loyola teach?

a person could shape his or her own behavior by denying the self and submitting to the church without questions

What is a politique?

a person who put political unity over religious unity

Socialism

a political theory advocating state ownership of industry

Aristotle

believed in a geocentric world, problem- planets move back/forth

Mercantilism

an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Franz- Ferdinand

archduke of Austria Hungary who was assassinated at Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand; his death was a main cause for World War I

What type of art did Catholics have?

baroque; grandiose

Joseph

continued his policies but died at 33, Charles- moral ruler, pragmatic sanction- he negotiated that his daughter would inherit the throne, Maria- pious and capable, war of Austrian sucession- Prussia invaded took Silesia (Fredrick the Second), Hollerzoereons(Prussia)- Fredrick William- great elector, Calvinist, placed nobles in army, had strong army, patron of the arts, had military support of the Hapsburgs, military was symbol of power, not used for war, Fredrick 2- "first servant of the state" violated pragmatic sanction

What religion did Henry of Navarre convert to and why?

converted to Catholicism for French political unity

Pope Innocent III established the papacy's own separate ____ and ____.

courts of law, and taxation.

Peter the Great

czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government

Women

excluded from intellectual exchange of knowdlege, participated through relatives or husbands, not admitted into society, Margaret Cavengish- noblewoman, wrote scientific literature, aritsans who worked with husband- greater freedom( Maria Cunitz, Elisabeth, Hevelius, Maria Winklemen), considered intellectually inferior and barred from science until late 19th century)

Ottomans

extremely diverse population, sultan ruled, religious toleration, millets- religious, protected Islamic ideas, height of empire-1683, military filled by loyal servants, not feuding nobles, attacked Viena, after 1690- lost territory in Eastern Europe Hungary, did not realize Europe's advancement

What are some causes of the war?

fragmented Germany, decentralized rulers, plan to recreate Catholic Europe, militaristic leagues formed by Catholics and Calvinists

Cromwell

got rid of parliament and made himself Lord Protector and established a puritan republic, unpopular and eliminated- arts, theatre, drunkenness, Christmas, no monarch, tears constitution, religious toleration for everyone except catholics, killed 40 percent of irish catholics, then dies, son Charles the second

Louis XV

grandson of Louis XIV and king of France from 1715 to 1774 who led France into the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War (1710-1774)

Who was Shakespeare?

greatest English playwright

technoligical

had good navigation and weapons (cannons come in during 100 years war)

Why didn't Phillip re-attack England?

he believed it was God's plan for him to lose to England

What happened on Charles II's deathbed?

he converted to Catholicisim

How did Philip II organize the lesser nobility?

he made them into a loyal and efficient national bureaucracy

Central Powers

in World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies

What happened when James II had a son?

in order to prevent a Catholic from ruling England, Parliament invited James II's Protestant daughter Mary, and her husband, William III of Orange to rule England

Surrelaism

indebted to Freud, explores the dream world, life without logic, reason or meaning, fasicnation or mystery, the strance necounters betwen objects, and incongruity, subjects are often indecipherable in their strangeness, the beautiful is the quality of chance association. Values: the dream sequence, fantasy.

What was an effect of the large circulation of money and increased population?

inflation

Dubcek

leader of Czechoslovakia during the Prague of Spring, he expanded freedom of discussion and other intellectual rights at a time when they were being repressed in the Soviet

Margaret Thatcher

leader of conservatives in Great Britain who came to power. Pledged to limit social welfare, restrict union power, and end inflation. Formed Thatcherism, in which her economic policy was termed, and improved the British economic situation. She dominated British politics in 1980s, and her government tried to replace local property taxes with a flat-rate tax payable by every adult. Her popularity fell, and resigned.

John Hawkins

leader of the English naval fleet against the Spanish (like Francis Drake)

Nietzsche

influential German philosopher remembered for his concept of the superman and for his rejection of Christian values (1844-1900)

James Joyce

influential Irish writer noted for his many innovations (such as stream of consciousness writing)

What did Ferdinand do after defeating the Danes?

issued the Edict of Restitution which declared the Peace of Augsburg null and void

What was the Conventicle Act of 1593?

it gave the Congregationalists a choice of submission or exile/death

What was the Peace of Beaulieu?

it granted Huguenots almost complete religious and civil freedom

When did the Unum Sanctum occur, and what did it declare?

it occurred in 1302, and declared that all temporal (earthly) power be given to the Papacy, including the king's power.

What was the Edict of Nantes?

it was a formal religious settlement that recognized minority religious rights (freedom of public worship, right of assembly, admission to public offices and universities, and permission to maintain fortified towns)

What was the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre?

it was an assassination against the Duke of Coligny

Martin Luther believed in....

justification by faith alone

Louis XVI

king of France from 1774 to 1792

Who was Henry II?

king of France; established new measures against Protestants in the Edict of Chateaubriand in 1551

Polish Diet ("Liberum Veto")

known as "exploding the diet" it allowed one member to disband the diet of Poland

What caused the end of the Golden Age of the Dutch in the 18th century?

lack of central authority, rise of naval dominance in England, HOWEVER they did maintain dominance in finances

What was the problem with Poland?

lacked a strong central authority

Isaac Newton

laws of gravitation, professor of math, english (1642-1727), established the basis for modern physics, wrote princepia matmatica (Newton), explained motion of planets by gravity- a force that attracts to anything that has mass, christian, God is rational, Newton upheld importance of scientific data," If I have seen farther then most, it is because I stood on the soldiers of giants."

Himler

leader of the SS, helped with the final solutions cause

What were common characteristics of Eastern Europe?

less advanced economy, many estates, no overseas empires or trade

Who were Jansenists?

liberal Catholics

What was included in the English Bill of Rights?

limited the power of the ruler, gave civil liberties, no taxes without Parliament's approval, religious toleration, and Parliament mandatorily meets every three years

"Index"

list of forbidden books by Catholic Church

What did Richelieu do?

made France a superpower, centralized the monarchy

Fifth French Republic

made after a new French consitution gave more power to the president. Charles De Gaulle was the first president of the Fifth French Republic. De Gaulle soon started a long retreat from Algeria

Describe the causes of Dutch economic prosperity

many people lived in cities, model agriculture system, and they were the chief trading nation of Europe (traded textiles, fish, and spices)

Who was Catherine de Medici?

married to Henry II; exercised power in France during the reigns of her 3 sons: Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III

Proletariat

marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

Natural World was seen as...

mechanics

Revolution of 1848

members of the working class in Paris united to overthrow the regime of Louis Phillippe and creat the Second French revolution

What was interesting about marriages between 1500-1800 in Western Europe?

men and women married at later ages due to the struggle of becoming independent economically

Lewenhook

microscope

The O.E. was governed through....

millets

Cardinal Richelieu

minister of King Louis XVIII, appointed by Marie de Medici , had the real power, wanted to curb power of nobility, 32 generalities, military provinces France was divided into

What was the greatest result of the age of religious wars?

minority religious rights and confirmation of traditional political boundaries

Mestizos

mixed Indian and Spanish ethnicity

What did Peter I - the Great do?

modernized and westernized Russia

What kind of people were attracted to Catholicism?

monarchy adherents

Louis XV

monarchy power lessened, Duke of Orleans was regent, missipi bubble- took paper to bank to get money, but had no gold, renewed power of parlements(French courts dominated by nobility) so then cardinal flurry became the new and last cleric ever(the nobles hated Orleans), lacked strong leadership, Madame Pompadour- main mistress and sold him young women for gaining power

Medieval vs. modern

movable type- Gutenberg, enlarged merchant class- money with leisure, great wealth by banking and trade, medieval to medevial- politically- feaudal decentralized, economical- agricultural, socially-church, modern-political- centralized, economic- capitalism (urban) social- secular control

Stuart Restoration

reestablishment of monarchy in the person of Charles II, the son of Charles I, after Cromwell's death. It temporarily ended England's troubles.

Philosphy responds to changing Science

natural world was seen as mechanical, involved physical condition, Francis Bacon- Father of empiricism, inductive reasoner, english, deserve and draw conclusions, little to big- assylugism, examined evidence of senses, compared himself to Columbus(new route), rejected shalostism (based on past), and tradition. linked scientific and material progress, inductive reasoner, 2 books of divinne revelation- bible and nature (both written by the same author)

How did the Reformation change the roles of women?

new respect (were seen as related to Mary rather than Eve), ability to divorce, encouragement for education

What were Charles I's economic policies?

new tariffs, collected discontinued taxes, subjected English property owners to a forced loan

Did the O.E. recognize Europe's power?

no

Was Philip the II a politique?

no

When her sister died, did Elizabeth accept her brother-in-law's request for marriage?

no

What was the political climate of Eastern Europe In the 16th and early 17th centuries?

no central leadership

Was Charles I religiously tolerant?

no; he wanted conformity

What important events occurred under Louis XV?

not enough gold to back up currency; renewed power of the nobility

What kind of church did the Dutch have?

official, but not established; Calvinist Reformed Church

During the great witchcraft persecutions who were often tried as witches?

older women

What was the church's stance on birth control?

opposed it

July Revolution

overthrow of King Charles X (sought to impose absolutism by rolling back the constitutional monarchy)-radical revolt in Paris forced Charles to abdicate

What were Anabaptists distinguished by?

pacifism, refusal to swear oaths, non-participation in offices of secular government, and the belief in the separation of church and state

Rubens

paintings, Judith beheaded King of Asyria

What was Phillip's religious preference?

pious Catholic

Laissez-faire capitalism ("free enterprise")

policy based on the idea that government should play as small a role as possible in the economy

What kind of people were attracted to Calvinism?

proponents of political decentralization who opposed hierarchical rule

John Locke

puritan sympathies, criticized absolutism, rejected absolute power, wrote the second tetris to government, thinks government heads to protect God given liberty, believed man is basically good, man is reasonable, natural order- life, liberty, property, Loche says is ruler betrays trust, he can be replaced, defended relegious toleration, did not trust athiests, mind at birth is like a blank tablet, content determined by senses and experiences, human condition impacted by experience and enviorment

What did the Council of Trent do?

reasserted church doctrine

What were the Fronde?

rebellions among French nobles

What did the Antitrinitarians believe in?

rebuked belief of the "Holy Trinity"

What important doc is associated with Henry IV?

the Edict of Nantes

New institutions of expanding natural knowledge

reevulated natural knowledge, opposed cholatiscism and asristotleiliasm, tthey believed new ideas couldn't be discovered, they criticized universities- still believed and taught A and S, but new scientists would critcize eduacation and the universities disliked change

Mass politics

reforms encouraged expansion of political democracy through voting rights formed and creation of mass political parties

What were parelements?

regional judicial bodies

Reformers worked within framework of...

reigning political power

What did the Anabaptists believe?

rejected infant baptism

Pressure of Time (witch)

religious division, warfare (French Civil War, 30 years war), religion's competition with political power

Catholic Reform

religious education for girls, Loyala founded the Jesuits-catholic, believed people must submit without question to the church, council of trent- 1. do not change doctorine 2.reassert catholic doctorine 3. stop elling church offices 4.clergy must live with people

What were Peter I's reforms?

reorganized the government, made the nobility more loyal, gave secular control to the church

What kind of political organization did the Dutch have?

republic

What was the Test Act?

required all military and civil officials to swear against transubstantiation

Who was Robert Walpole?

respected member of Parliament who exerted power during the reigns of the Hanovers

What did Mary I do during her reign?

restored Catholic doctrine and practice

What did Archduke Ferdinand do during his reign?

revoked Protestant rights

Charles X

set out to restore the absolute monarchy with the help of the ultraroyalists. Tried to repay nobles for lands lost during the revolution, but the liberals in teh legislative assemly opposed him. Eventually, he issued the July Ordinances.

England- Charles 1

short, not smart, 1.taxed people, 2. dissolved parliament, 3, forced loans, imprisoned enemies without cause, and let military stay in private homes, favored Catholisiscm in the Anglican church, had to call parliament because he needed money for war against Scotland(Calvinist and in absolute monarchy he wanted same religion), 1642- Charles invaded parliament and arrested people who didn't like him, parliament-roundheads, cavaliers-king, fighting about 1.)power 2.) Anglican 3.)decentralized Calvinism, parliament wins, made peace with the Scots, Oliver Cromwell(puritan) and county squire in parliament, was willing to tolerate the established majority(Anglican), in January they captures Charles and the Interregnum(1649-1660)- rump(radical) parliament beheaded him, they abolish the monarchy and make the House of Lords and Anglican Church

Relegion Vs. Science

some saw science as a challenge to relegion, certain theories did not agree with biblical statements, who would decid which was right? church authories/ natural philosphers? new science replaced- universe of spiritual meaning and significance with a materiliastic one, many philosphers viewed this as contributing a deeper knowledge of god and supportive of relegious belief

Einstein

someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality

James 2

son of Charles 2, wanted absolutiscm and catholiscm, wanted to rule and had catholic heir, but the people wanted Anglican King, so called on William of Orange to push him out and he fled, so William and Mary began the Glorious revolution(1688)- protestant, parliament invited them to rule but had to sign the bill of rights 1.) limited power of monarchy 2.) garunteed liberty of civil classes(catholics could not rule) 3.) parliament had to be called every 3 years 4.) religious toleration of protestants, they ruled together, no taxes(without parliaments approval), died with no heirs, formed a base for civil liberties

Charles 2

son of Oliver Cromwell, began the Restoration (1660-1688)- restored stuart monarchy and Anglican church, clarendon code-allowed loyal catholics and puritans to worship, test act- had all oficials swear an oath against transubstantiation which any loyal catholic could not do, 1665- plague, 1666- London fire converted to catholiscm when he died

SS

special police force in Nazi Germany founded as a personal bodyguard for Adolf Hitler in 1925

Facts about Frederick William the Great Elector

spoke 5 languages, strict Calvinist, nephew of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

Erasmus

stayed being catholic, criticized the catholic church for being secular, Christian humanism- latin/greek, Dutch(Netherlands), wrote the Praise of Folly (1509), Caloques, Greek New Testament, emphasized ethical piety(tried to be like Christ) h thought humanity and civic virtu should be united with Christian love

What are characteristics of the Tories?

strong monarchy, low taxes for landowners, strong Anglican church, peace with France, favored James the Pretender as king

Humanism

studied latin/greek, purpose- celebrate dignitiy of man, wrte in vernacular, Neoplatinism- god manifest himself in the beauty of his word, Humanists- Bruni(early promoter, lover of greek) Pertrach- father of humanism, wrote letters to the ancient dead, and love sonnets to Laura Dante Allgeheri- divine comedy, vernacular, went through heaven hell and purgatory Boccacio- Decameron (100 plague stories) Castiglione- book of the courtier, how to act in noble court Christine de Pisan- noble woman, wrote for money(324-325) Michael Chrysoloas- from Constantinople, promoted greek Pica de Merandolo- oration of the dignity of man, free will to determine destiny Lorenzo valla- wrote donation of Constantine, showed error in latin vulgate

Cosimo de Medici

supported education and the arts, made many business connections in Europe

What did Charles II restore?

the Anglican church and Parliament

What was the Duke of Alba's reign in Netherlands called?

the Council of Blood

What was an example of French competition for political power and religious strife that resulted in violence?

the Duke of Guise murdered a Protestant congregation at Vassy in Champagne

What document did Louis XIV revoke?

the Edict of Nantes

What did the Council of Trent not accomplish?

there were no doctrinal concessions about Protestants

How did the Protestant Bohemians respond to their Catholic emperor?

they declared Frederick V their king

Who were Congregationalists?

they wanted every congregation to be self-governing

What were Peter the I's goals?

to build power of Tsar safe from boyars and streltsy; increase military power

What were James II's goals?

to promote absolutism and Catholicism

U.S. Commodore Perry

took four ships to the Tokyo Harbor- the massive black wooden ships powered by steam astounded the Japanese, the ships' cannons also shocked them. The Tokugawa shogun realized he had no choice but to receive HIM and the letter HE had brought from U.S. president Fillmore

Cult of Domesticity

tradition that housework and child care were considered the only proper activites for married women

France

unified by winning conflicts(centralized), they had pushed out England as well as Charles of Burgandy, by 1550 internal disunity began again and the Hapsburgs from the Holy Roman Empire

What was the 1707 Act of Union

united England and Scotland

What was the Spanish Fury?

unpaid Spanish mercenaries ran amok in Antwerp on Nov. 4, 1576, leaving 7,000 people dead

What was a main theme of Mary's rule

unrelenting Catholicism; Protestant persecution

What are some characteristics of the Stuart rulers?

untrustworthy, flippant, Catholic sympathies, offensive, limited religious toleration

How did Peter I achieve his goals?

visited Western Europe and was inspired; brutally oppressed steltsy; built stronger military; westernized nobility; developed a navy

Why did the peasants revolt?

wanted release from serfdom

What distracted Charles V from the rapid rise of Protestantism?

war with Italy and Spain

The Princes main purpose

was to unite Italy under one ruler