ALL Biology Terms

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deoxyribose

The five-carbon sugar in DNA nucleotides

anticodon

a three-nucleotide sequence on a tRNA that is complementary to a mRNA codon

lytic virus

a virus that causes cells to explode

lysogenic virus

a virus that lies dormant in the cell until triggered, then it becomes lytic

A

adenine

pathogens

agents that cause disease

methanogens

archaea that like methane

extremophiles

archaea that live in extreme conditions

thermophiles

archaea that live in extreme temperatures

halophiles

archaea that live in salt

red algae

asian jello

genus

category containing similar species

toxoplasmosis

cats and pregant people disease

lysis

cell explosion

C

cytosine

secondary compounds

defensive chemicals contained in most plants

cladogram

diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships

microspheres

droplet of a lipid, precursors to the first cells

coacervates

droplets of amino acids and sugars

slime molds

eat decaying matter

oral groove

eating mechanism of a paramecium

DNA polymerases

enzymes that add nucleotides to the exposed GCATs, and then proofread everything

DNA helicases

enzymes that break the hydrogen bonds between the GCATs

cyanobacteria

photosynthetic prokaryotes

abiotic factors

physical aspects of a habitat

green algae

plankton, seaweed

carrying capacity

population size that an environment can sustain

speciation

process by which new species form

eubacteria

prokaryotes that contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls

archaebacteria

prokaryotes that do not contain peptidoglycan

diatoms

protists with shells made of silica

primary productivity

rate of the primary producers (plants)

succession

regular progression of species replacement

anthrax

respiratory disease once found in cattle

bacillus

rod-shaped bacteria

taxonomy

science of naming and classifying

eye spot

senses sunlight in euglenas

codons

series of three bases that make an amino acid

vertebrate

something with a backbone

coccus

sphere-shaped bacteria

spirillum

spiral-shaped bacteria

vestigial structures

structures considered to be evidence of an organism's evolutionary past

homologous structures

structures that share a common ancestry

Thomas Malthus

suggested to Darwin that populations have carrying capacities

mycorrhizae

symbiotic relationship between fungus and the roots of a plant

replication forks

the areas where the double helix separates

community

the different species that live together in a habitat

biomass

the dry weight of tissues and other organic matter found in an ecosystem

Charles Lyell

wrote the Principles of Geology and taught Darwin about the changes of the Earth

Erasmus Darwin

Charles Darwin's grandfather who did selective breeding on his farm

prions

infectious proteins that have no nucleic acid; cause mad cow disease

order of classification

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

biotic factors

organisms living in a habitat

consumers

organisms that consume the plants

detritivores

organisms that eat organic wastes and dead bodies

producers

organisms that first capture the energy

complementary base pairs

G-C, and A-T

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

If someone cuts off their finger, their offspring wont have a finger; NOT TRUE

Primordial Soup

1920s model by Oparin and Haldane that says the oceans were filled with organic molecules, fueled by lightening and sun

age of Earth

4.5 billion years

Six Kingdoms:

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria

Three Domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

natural selection

Individuals more fit to survive will pass their good traits onto their offspring

Bubble Model

Louis Lehrman model, that bubbles come from underwater volcanoes and then release into atmosphere

endosymbiosis

Lynn Margulis's theory that says mitochondria are smaller aerobes eaten by larger anaerobes

phagocytosis

Protists that throw their cytoplasm against their cell membrane in order to move; cytoplasmic streaming

messenger RNA

RNA that carries the instructions for making a protein from a gene and then delivers it to the site of translation

transfer RNA

RNA that temporarily carries a specific amino acid on one end

ecosystem

a community and all the physical aspects of its habitat

tissue

a distinct group of cells with similar structure and function

biological species

a group of natural populations that are interbreeding or that could interbreed, and are reproductively isolated from other groups

bacteriophage

a kind of virus that affects bacteria

biome

a major biological community that occurs over a large area of land

uracil

a nitrogenous base found only in RNA

capsid

a protein coat over a virus that has spikes

organ

a specialized structure

envelope

a sugar cloud that disguises the virus

mutualism

a symbiotic relationship where both benefit

commensalism

a symbiotic relationship where one species benefits and the other is unchanged

bubonic plague

flease that lived on rats caused people's skin to get bubose and turn black

cholera

found in mussels and clams, multiplies in human feces

G

guanine

K strategist

have few offspring, but care for each one

R strategist

have hundreds or thousands of offspring hoping that only a few will survive

agnathan

jawless, finless fish

brown algae

kelp

HMS Beagle

name of ship that Darwin traveled on

RNA

nucleic acid made up of ribose

population density

number of individuals living in a given area

population

the individuals of a species that live in a specific geographical area and can interbreed

niche

the job an organism performs in the ecosystem

habitat

the place where a population of a species lives

nitrogen fixation

the process of combining nitrogen with hydrogen to form ammonia

ecology

the study of the interactions of living organisms with their physical environment

nucleotide

the subunits of nucleic acids

T

thyamine

symbiosis

two or more species live together in a long-term association

double helix

two strands of DNA twisted around each other

rhinovirus

virus that causes colds

contractile vacuole

water pumps located in euglenas


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