ALL SOCIOLOGY TERMS

Sex Segregation: Male Jobs

Doctors, lawyers, computer person, etc.

Sex-Role Theory

Individual behavior expected for males and females Male: Aggressiveness Female: Nurturance

Contagion Theory (Theories of Collective Behavior)

Individuals who join a crowd or mob become "infected" by a mob mentality and lose the ability to reason.

Folkway

Informal norm, such as the expectation to say "hello" when you meet someone for the first time. It is informal because if someone breaks this norm, there are minimal punishments (e.g., a rude look).

Ethnocentrism

Occurs when a person uses their own culture as a standard to evaluate another group or individual, leading to the view that cultures other than one's own are abnormal.

Economic Resources

Purchase what you need and want.

Intergenerational Mobility

The movement between social classes that occurs from one generation to the next.

Sociology of the Body

The field that studies how the social world affects our bodies and addresses processes of social change.

marxist

basically saying that you need to have class struggle or conflict for society to function. two classes and its necessary

"Fag" discourse and Masculinity

Used to assert masculinity and deny it to others

time bind-types of job increased

healthcare or IT--tertiary sector--education 2yrs to 4 yrs

mcdonalds-who they employ

teens, senior citizens- why--part-time workers, flexible hours for school and older ppl cant work so long, first job are easy to train,

social mobility

moving through classes upward and downward. More likely to move up if your already up and vise versa Ex: luck skill and structure in monopoly game

"No way my boys are going to be like that"

kane- socialization and sons masculinity- gender roles parents and social construction of gender and doing gender. normative concepts of masculinity. Domestic skills, nurturance, empathy. Mothers vs. fathers

The Glass Ceiling

keeps women and minority from rising to the top in job regardless of qualifications

norms

kiling, taking orders,

self-fulfilling prophecy

merely applying a label has the effect of justifying it thus affecting performance

mcdonalds-economy

social institution that insure the maintenance of society through the introduction and distribution and consumption of goods and services.

sex

socially constructured categories/ labels based on culturally defined biological criteria. contemporary western culture- females and males categorized on the basis or organs, hormones, chromosomes, genitalia

muslims in US-how are muslims and americans are similar

specific political, religious behaviors,

protestant ethic-religious location

treated different, talk subdued, no swearing, specific clothing, act proper,

Minority

-Beyond the numerical. -People who belong to a social category (racial or ethnic) who suffer from unequal treatment as a result of their status. -Denied access to power and resources compared to the dominant group.

Social Construction Theory

- is something real vs what makes something real? - Difficult to change Examples: money and hand gestures

Primary Deviance

A transitory period of norm violations which do not affect an individuals self- concept of performance of social roles

Deinstitutionalization of marriage

A weakening of the social norms that define partners behavior

All humans are what?

All humans, whatever racial categories they inhabit, are 99.9% genetically identical. In other word, there is not enough "wiggle room."

Individualism

All on you as an individual to... "All on you."

Discrimination

An action. -Unequal treatment of individuals because of their social group. -Usually motivated by prejudice.

Stereotypes

An unreliable generalization about members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group.

Personal troubles

Examples: -lazy -doesn't work hard -Donna Gaines reading with teenage suicide

Functionalist approach to inequality

Social inequality is inevitable, desirable and plays an important function in society Ex. More training = More money

Social Interaction

Social intercourse among the individuals and families who make up a social unit

minority group

any distinct group in society that shares common group characteristics and is forced to occupy low status in society because of prejudice and discrimination

Total Institution

a place where you are completely emersed; you work, eat, sleep, and play there Examples: - University of Iowa - boarding school -military -colleges -monasteries -the army *almost all of these we experience resocialization*

deinstitutionalization of american marriage

an examination of the weakening of social norms in the institution of marriage

time bind-primary sector- gathering from nature

farmer- more automated, hunter- raised on farms, natural resources, growing cotton, oil fracking---world trends-

Racializing the Glass Escalator

Racializing: impose racial interpretation

Racism can be what?

Racism can be overt or covert; individual or institutional.

NGE- theoretical perspective- functionalism- social contract theory

individuals give up some rights in order to maintain social order- traffic laws,

time bind-research

interviews

time bind-gender

certain things are expected- dishes, parenting, etc men just shut off

time bind-secondary sector-blue collar

clothing, manufacturing, 1900 to 1960 stable then it has gone down-

resocilization

giving up one set of values for another, surrounding yourself by total institution. isolated from your original group and your values are reshaped

queer theory

has evolved from recognizing the socially constructed nature of sexual identity and the role of power in defining only some forms of sexuality as "normal" - that is, socially legitimate

red lining

practice that was enacted by morgage lending. including the federal government that denoted some areas unfit for loans. Institutionalized discriminatory practice

residential segregation

segregation based on where one lives

dual market theory

should be looking at the market as two separate markets: primary- opportunity for advancement in high income secondary- lower income ( food service, argiculture) difficult to move from secondary to primary

status

social position an individual holds within a group or social system

gendered workplace

women tend to be employed in occupations that are considered for women, paid less

What theme does "A School in a Garden" cover?

"A School in a Garden" covers the theme of Education.

Routinization

Eliminates decision making for most workers managers and owners have control

Wealth (Socioeconomic Status)

-Economic Resources -Economic Inequality -Value of a Person's Property -Income

Social Structure

Any relatively stable pattern of social behavior.

What did Mills say?

Mills said, "To understand social life, we must understand the intersection between biography and history."

Homogenization

The process of making things uniform or similar.

Latent Functions

Unintended consequences.

middle class children

conserted cultivation- produces an emerging sense of entitlement

lovely hula hands

cultural exploitation- beliefs, rituals and customs hawaiin culture american- ignorance of yet power over cultural prostitution- hawaiins participate in tourism which raises complexity ends with saying dont visit

propoganda

disseminated with the intention to justify the states power

ways racial and ethnic concepts are understood

exclude-not letting other kids play with them include-bring you into group **define ones self- who they are as a child- define other controlling

the scarcity fallacy by stephen j. scanlan, j. craig jenkins, and lindsey peterson For the first time in human history, the world is home to more than one billion hungry people. New data from the United Nations suggest that a higher proportion of the Earth's people are hungry now than just a decade ago, the reverse of a long and otherwise positive trend. Photo by Getty Images, Christopher Furlong winter 2010 contexts 35 Contexts, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 34-39. ISSN 1536-5042, electronic ISSN 1537-6052. © 2010 American Sociological Association. All rights reserved. For permission to photocopy or reproduce, see http://www.ucpressjournals.com/reprintinfo.asp. DOI: 10.1525/ctx.2010.9.1.34. The conventional wisdom is that world hunger exists primarily because of natural disasters, population pressure, and shortfalls in food production. These problems are compounded, it is believed, by ecological crises and global warming, which together result in further food scarcity. Ergo, hunger exists simply because there isn't enough food to go around. Increase the food supply, and we will solve the problem of hunger on a global scale. Scarcity is a compelling, common-sense perspective that dominates both popular perceptions and public policy. But, while food concerns may start with limited supply, there's much more to world hunger than that. A good deal of thinking and research in sociology, building off the ideas of Nobel laureate economist Amartya Sen, suggests that world hunger has less to do with the shortage of food than with a shortage of affordable or accessible food. Sociologists have found that social inequalities, distribution systems, and other economic and political factors create barriers to food access. Hunger, in this sociological conception, is part of the broader concept of "food security," which the World Bank describes as the inability to acquire the food necessary to sustain an active and healthy life. A central sociological element of this is "food poverty." the (recycled) rhetoric of scarcity The idea that hunger is due to scarcity has roots in Thomas Malthus's classic 1798 book An Essay on the Principle of Population. Malthus predicted widespread suffering and death from famine would result from the planet's inability to feed itself, stemming from its failure to cope with exponential population growth. Malthus turned out to be wrong—food production grew much faster than population—but his arguments have been recycled over generations, and today, especially with ongoing threats to Earth's carrying capacity, they have come to define conventional wisdom on hunger in the mainstream media and general public as well as for policymakers. Food scarcity has long been the focus of agencies such as the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the U.S. Agency for International Development. Each uses some version of the scarcity argument to shape food security and development policies in collaboration with global agribusiness and food scientists. In such arrangements, concerns about hunger are viewed as production, marketing, and logistics problems that have solutions in the market-based policies of the global food system. Fighting hunger from this approach means the top priority is reducing scarcity. This is most often addressed by increasing food yields with new technologies and by shipping food to more places more efficiently. The underlying goal in this approach is to facilitate what has been called the "supermarket revolution"— a term used by the World Bank to describe the growing reliance of global citizens on large-scale agricultural industries and commodity chains to obtain their food. This supermarket model has created steady growth in the global import and export of food. But it can also produce its own problems and be counter-productive. What's worse is that the increased prices that often accompany market-based production make food less affordable for those in need. Furthermore, increased production may do nothing at all to guarantee more food. For example, the market model has increased use of crops for biofuel, which shifts agriculture away from producing food. In an oft-cited Washington Post editorial, Earth Policy Institute president Lester R. Brown noted that the same amount of grain needed to fill an SUV's 25-gallon gas tank with ethanol could feed a single person for a whole year. The bigger problem with emphasizing food supply as the problem, however, is that scarcity is largely a myth. On a per capita basis, food is more plentiful today than any other time in human history. Figures on the next pages reveal that over the last several decades food production (represented here in a common staple, cereals) and the average daily food availability per capita have grown, outpacing what has been the most rapid expansion of human population ever. Data such as these from the FAO reveal that even in times of localized production shortfalls or regional famines there has long been a global food surplus. The problem is ensuring access to this food and distributing it more equitably. A 2002 New York Times headline proclaiming "India's Poor Starve as Wheat Rots" dramatically, if tragically, illustrates this point. Starvation amidst plenty has occurred in many a famine, as in Bangladesh in 1974 or Ethiopia in the Pallets of canned goods at a food pantry in the Bronx. Photo by Getty Images, Spencer Platt Sociological research suggests that world hunger has less to do with the shortage of food than with a shortage of affordable or accessible food. 1980s. Even Ireland during the Great Famine exported vast quantities of food. Hunger in contemporary world societies is often no different. Markets are overflowing and even when shortfalls occur in emergencies, the global surplus is more than adequate to address such concerns. Crop science can produce more food, and transportation and storage improvements can distribute greater amounts of it, but these don't guarantee access for all—a scenario that became quite evident with the 2007 global food crisis and spikes in food prices. Indeed, the global supermarket revolution can actually be devastating and counterproductive on the local level when prices increase and make food unaffordable for hundreds of millions of people. Scarcity, in short, isn't the problem, and giving it undue attention reinforces many of the myths that get in the way of understanding hunger. In World Hunger: Twelve Myths, food scholars Frances Moore Lappé, Joseph Collins, and Peter Rosset have elaborated on this, addressing the problems of misplaced focus. Blaming population growth, food shortages, or natural disasters sidetracks attention from the challenges of the global food distribution system, the authors argue. They warn that free markets, free trade, food aid, or even green revolution technologies, for example, can all be barriers to obtaining food when inequalities are deeply ingrained. Rather than food scarcity, then, we should focus our attention on the persistent inequalities that often accompany the growth in food supply. beyond scarcity The basic statistics about world hunger are staggering—and revealing. Some 96 percent of hungry people live in developing countries and according to Unicef nearly a quarter of them are children. The U.N. World Food Programme notes that in developing countries, the poorest citizens spend upwards of 60 percent of their income on food. By way of contrast, according to a New York Times editorial the poorest Americans only spend between 15 percent and 20 percent on food. With declining disposable income, those who already may eat only two very simple meals each day now may have to cut back to one. These statistics reveal a clear link between poverty and hunger. Two-thirds of the countries in the world with the most severe extreme poverty—rates greater than 35 percent—also have child hunger rates of 35 percent or more. As evidenced by the prevalence of hunger in the world's 77 low-income food deficit countries (LIFDCs) as designated by the FAO, poverty is inseparable from hunger and should thus be considered its primary root cause. No wonder the 2000 U.N. Millennium Summit concluded that the most serious problem confronting the world is persistent poverty and its connection to hunger. The prevalence of hunger in LIFDCs is particularly important because these countries are not only among the world's poorest by World Bank classification standards but are also net importers of basic foodstuffs because they are unable to produce amounts to meet their own needs. This makes them more at risk in that they lack sufficient foreign exchange in the international marketplace, something further exacerbated by global price spikes like those experienced in 2007. As evidence of the prevalence of food insecurity in LIFDCs, 23 of the 25 countries with the highest rates of child hunger in the world are also designated as LIFDCs (the exceptions being Burma and Maldives) and they continue to be predominant well down this list. Without guaranteed entitlements or other assistance, hunger is certain to persist among these most vulnerable nations, 36 contexts.org 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 million c.1996 c.1997 c.1998 c.1999 c.2000 c.2001 c.2002 c.2004 2007 2008 2009 Estimated hungry population in the world Source: U.N. Food & Agriculture The time periods are three-year reporting periods as presented by the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization's State of Food Insecurity (SOFI) from various years, with the exception of 2007-2009, which are from press releases specific to those years. The trend line is a two-year moving average for these figures. Missing years indicate periods where SOFI didn't report clear estimates. Estimated percentage of the world that is hungry c.1996 c.1997 c.1998 c.1999 c.2000 c.2001 c.2002 c.2004 2007 2008 2009 Source: U.N. Food & Agriculture 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 percent hungry The Turkana tribe in Kenya distributes food aid from Oxfam with a democratic voting process. Photo by Getty Images, Christopher Furlong winter 2010 contexts 37 where addressing it is least affordable. Moreover, most of the LIFDCs are in Sub-Saharan Africa, where very little progress on hunger has been made over the last couple of decades—children, for example, fare only slightly better now than in 1990, child hunger having declined only 0.5 percent. In contrast, the remaining regions of the world have made much larger gains; East Asia and the Pacific, for example, have reduced child hunger 16 percent. Stagnation in the African subcontinent can be attributed directly to its persistent and pervasive poverty and underdevelopment, which creates further problems with conflict, health crises, and political instability, among other problems that contribute to hunger. The developing world isn't alone in its hunger and poverty, though. Demand on food pantries in the United States is increasing according to a 2009 survey of food banks by the organization Feeding America (formerly America's Second Harvest). Evidence of poverty and loss of employment income as a primary cause of food insecurity can be even more evident in stark contrast to the relative well-being of U.S. citizens or elsewhere in the industrialized world. Here, food scarcity isn't even (or shouldn't be) a consideration. In difficult times and tight budgets, as freelance journalist and senior fellow at the policy and advocacy organization Demos, Sasha Abramsky, found in Breadline U.S.A., families keep gas in the car to get to work, prescriptions filled, and the heat and lights turned on but often cut their food budgets, with the hope public or private assistance will help put dinner on the table. Poverty, though, is only one form of inequality. Gender, ethnic, and other types of stratification have contributed considerably to hunger as well. Women are disproportionately likely to suffer from hunger, and in fact constitute approximately 60 percent of the world's hungry. This is particularly troubling given that women do as much as 80 percent of the world's agricultural labor, working land that in more than a few places they may not be legally entitled to own. As we have found in our own work, countries with more gender inequality (especially in education) have the greatest degree of child hunger. Gender inequality also influences women's health and access to contraception as well as limits their opportunities in society, potentially condemning them to lives where childrearing is their only opportunity for social status. In this context, large numbers of children may not be a cause of scarcity so much as a consequence of poverty and powerlessness. Ethnic inequality can also contribute significantly to world hunger, especially in countries with marginalized minorities and a history or present situation of ethnic violence. Such "minorities at risk," as social movements scholar Ted Gurr calls them in People versus States, have long been threatened with hunger. Eritrea, Indonesia, Rwanda, Sri Lanka, and the Sudan are among many such places. While contributing to rampant militarism and armed conflicts, ethnic discrimination also silently marginalizes minorities to less desirable lands and occupations. The effects of ethnic discrimination then go beyond immediate violence, creating market disruptions, dispersed labor, and land degradation that destroys what for many is their only chance to produce or earn money for food. Further exacerbating the effects of these social inequalities, international food aid—initiated by the US government in the 1960s to remove surplus grain from domestic markets and assist military allies—has long been ineffective and misdirected. According to Public Law 480, U.S. aid must travel in U.S.- flagged vessels and depends on market surpluses. The results, critics contend, is that the major beneficiaries are not those in need of food but U.S. shipping companies, agri-business, and countries with geopolitical value for the United States. 2600 800 2800 3000 1961 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 Global daily caloric availability per capita 2400 2200 Source: U.N. Food & Agriculture FAOSTAT database 15,000,000 800 20,000,000 25,000,000 1961 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2007 Global population and cereal production 5,000,000 10,000,000 Global cereals production (100s of metric tonnes) Global population (1000s of people) Source: U.N. Food & Agriculture FAOSTAT database, U.S. Census International database Scarcity, in short, isn't the problem. Giving it undue attention reinforces myths that get in the way of understanding hunger. Studies of who gets food aid partially support this criticism. In an article in Food Policy aid specialists Daniel C. Clay, Daniel Molla, and Debebe Habtewold, for example, found no relationship between need and food aid in Ethiopia. Food aid was instead allocated to areas where organizations had stable operations, to favored ethnicities, and to female and aged heads of households regardless of need. Tina Kassebaum, a senior research scientist at Strategic Research Group, has found that program aid (bilateral U.S. donations) is unrelated to a country's share of child hunger, while emergency/project aid (multilateral World Food Programme donations) is targeted at needy countries. Making matters worse, emergency food delivery, which has become one of the most visible forms of assistance to those in need of food, has been corrupt on many fronts in recent years. According to Michael Slackman at the New York Times, in Egypt, the government subsidizes flour so that it can be baked into bread and sold cheaply to the population. However, the aid is routinely diverted into the black market and sold at a much greater profit while corrupt inspectors are bribed to certify that it has gone to assist the hungry. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, a 15-year civil war has been fought between the remnants of the Hutu guerrilla force that perpetrated the 1994 Rwandan genocide and other parties. In refugee camps, food is often used as a weapon—camp guards allocate it to those who will keep order, not to those most in need, while also having connections to widespread use of rape. Grim reports such as these have appeared in media outlets such as The Guardian, The Gazette (Montreal), and the New York Times who further note a key tactic in this battle has been attacking food aid and relief convoys, leading to threat and withdrawal of relief agencies, thus further compounding hunger as refugees and internally-displaced persons flee for safety, left to fend for themselves. Similar patterns have occurred in Darfur and other conflict-ridden zones. Some argue that corruption is a product of scarcity, and that if food did not have to be delivered to areas where it was in short supply such fraud would not exist. This argument is true to a point, but such disruptions in the food distribution chain are much more attributable to conflict and inequality, with power and powerlessness at the core of the problem. Corruption is simply another barrier to access—especially in times of acute conflict. Indeed, the poor and powerless are ultimately those most affected by these failures in the systems designed to help them. Poverty, inequality, conflict, and corruption are all crucial contributors to world hunger, then. But what may be even more important and difficult to understand is how these can all fit together, reinforce one another, and even intensify the impacts of more basic food crises or the limits of various natural resources—that is, of scarcity itself. Environmental scarcity can, for example, be both a cause and a consequence of the inequalities associated with hunger. Entrenched poverty can contribute to further conflict and environmental destruction. This limits food access and reinforces a feedback cycle causing more conflict, which in turn creates more scarcity, and so on. As we've learned from Oxford economist Paul Collier's The Bottom Billion, hunger can be a product of a vicious cycle in which violent conflicts borne of corrupt and repressive government, poverty, and ethnic marginalization reinforce one another. addressing hunger Addressing world hunger is difficult and complex. To do it properly, we must get beyond the limited rhetoric of scarcity and instead focus on the inequalities, social conflicts, and organizational deficiencies at its roots. To get at inequality, policy must give attention to democratic governance and human rights, fixing the politics of food aid, and tending to the challenges posed by the global political economy. At the very least, food must be upheld as a human right. In Freedom from Want, for example, political scientist George Kent places hunger squarely in the discussion of politics and the global human rights system. In his view, for hunger to be adequately addressed there must be worldwide recognition of food as a fundamental human right bound up in international law. It is only in this way that that both moral and legal accountability for failing to meet the needs of those not empowered to ensure their own food security can be established. Connecting this to our own work, we have found that democratization and increased protection of political rights reduces child hunger, paralleling a reduction of ethnic and gender inequality. Recognition of this fundamental human rights premise could elevate hunger to a higher level in international discussions and ultimately render it a non-issue, safeguarding it from the negative impacts of inequality, conflict, and politics. Upholding this principle would also protect vulnerable 38 contexts.org "Eating is a right!" declares a young woman on the eve of 2009's World Food Day. Photo by AFP/Getty Images, Fred Dufour At the very least, food must be upheld as a human right. citizens in industrialized countries who are finding it increasingly difficult to afford food as prices increase, real wages decline, and unemployment grows. Moreover, plans emphasizing nutrition and health, such as school feeding programs or those that target women, infants, and children, could be justified on the grounds of human rights and equal protection for the deserving poor entitled to assistance. A second focus should be ensuring that international food aid actually gets to those in need, overcoming the problems of inefficiency and corruption that have long plagued such efforts. Fortunately, the news here is not all negative. Over the last decade international aid has moved toward less politicized emergency/project aid. Studies of the impact of this kind of food aid have revealed a relatively favorable picture, Still, this kind of aid, at best a temporary corrective, can be improved by attending more directly to the underlying conditions of poverty and inequality. There is, for example, a longstanding debate over in-kind aid versus cash assistance. Oxfam International argues that the developed world should not dump cheap, subsidized food aid that undermines local food production and markets in the developing economies it purports to help. A better solution would be to provide direct cash assistance to promote food purchases in local or regional economies. Recognizing that many poor depend on land for their income, such an approach would channel money to those who need it most, rather than to global agri-business and shipping companies profiting from food aid politics (this is a more ecologically sound practice as well). If reformed and effectively managed with minimal corruption, this approach could have a huge impact at minimal cost. Leading up to the 2009 G-20 meetings in London, World Bank president Robert Zoellick noted that it would cost less than one percent of the current U.S. stimulus package to save a generation around the world from poverty and its consequences, including hunger. An influx of money could stabilize hundreds of countries throughout the world, not just with regard to hunger but politics and social conditions as well. Fiscal challenges are further complicated by the fact that they are intricately connected with the global political economy, a third focus area. A number of ideas exist for making the globalized world more equitable so that ending hunger is a significant positive outcome. Strategies should empower societies and individuals to become more food-sovereign (able to exercise power over their food decisions). Promoting sustainable agriculture with an emphasis on local food systems and empowering farmers to compete in their own markets is one such dimension. It will reduce ecological scarcity and go far toward ensuring food security, and ultimately food sovereignty, while having the added benefit of injecting additional money into local communities. Effective long-term solutions through development of production capabilities, however, won't succeed unless ethnic and gender inequality are reduced or better yet, eliminated. Freeing ethnic minorities from the fear they will face violence if they come to aid distribution stations or, better yet, providing them with the tools to produce their own food and economic sustenance, will contribute greatly to reducing hunger. Too, providing women with control over childbearing, giving them access to education, allowing them the right to own land and businesses, and facilitating their economic activities with micro-credit and other innovations will significantly reduce hunger. Investing in the well-being of women and reducing gender inequality not only can improve their lives but benefit entire countries. The challenge, in short, is to create a more equitable and just society in which food access is ensured for all. Food scarcity matters. However, it is rooted in social conditions and institutional dynamics that must be the focus of any policy innovations that might make a real difference. recommended resources Laurie DeRose, Ellen Messer, and Sara Millman, eds. Who's Hungry? And How Do We Know? (United Nations University, 1998). A social scientific treatment of the causes and conceptualization of hunger as well as appropriate responses to it. Food and Agricultural Organization of the UN. The State of Food Insecurity in the World (FAO, various years). An annual assessment of world hunger, including the latest figures and most recent policy discussions. Amartya Senn. Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation (Oxford University Press, 1981). A presentation of "entitlement failure," the seminal theory for understanding global hunger as connected problems of distribution, access, and the human causes of famine. James Vernon. Hunger: A Modern History (Belknap Press, 2007). A useful historical account of evolving conceptions of world hunger. Stephen J. Scanlan is in the department of sociology and anthropology at Ohio University. He studies comparative social change with an emphasis on food insecurity and development.J. Craig Jenkins and Lindsey Peterson are in the department of sociology at The Ohio State University. Jenkins specializes in conflict and its effects on social change, while Peterson studies stratification, movements, and political sociology. winter 2010 contexts 39 Sorting at the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines. Photo by AFP/Getty Images, Romeo Gacad Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission

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mysterious power of social structure

lemert- social structures that make order and they indure for a time (last for a while) article about the hallway hangers- a bunch of scrubs. He knew that the people around him were going to be screw ups. Social structures influenced them. individualism teaches us that good things and bad things are because we deserve them.

dude time-features of mass media

one-sided, shared experiences, technological intermediary, hyperreality- in this reading- sumbolic interactionist- about aymboly- excitement- womens will only run through scores theoretical perspective- resource- airtime is scarce resource- conflict theory- changed over time? the are less equal between women and mens sports

what current reforms are guiding education?

the No Child Left Behind Act program emphasized accountability in the schools, largely through testing. Current educational reforms focus on achieving educational standards, assessing school progress, and developing strong measures of student and teacher success. Free community college is also an educational reform idea

those who feel, even if vaguely, that a compact and powerful elite of great importance does now prevail in America often base that feeling upon the historical trend of our time. They have felt, for example, the domination of the military event, and from this they infer that generals and admirals, as well as other men of decision influenced by them, must be enormously powerful. They hear that the Congress has again abdicated to a handful of men decisions clearly related to the issue of war or peace.

those who listen carefully to the reports of men apparently involved in the great decisions often do not believe that there is an elite whose powers are of decisive consequence. Both views must be taken into account, but neither is adequate.

3 types of authority

traditional authority charismatic authority rational legal authority

dude time-focus group opinions

video games, keep them happy, keep them home, guilt money because cant spend time with them, marketing world- exposed to marketing message- 300 advertisements a day- entertainment, teens are studied -to see how to reach them- they are stubborn- respond to cool- cool hunting- search for certain kind of person- look for trend setters- culture spies, find a certain kind of kid- a leader, ---cool features-- tatoos, piercings, clothes, outside norms, specific trends---record players, jeans, the woman with cat meme

NGE-what are some political behaviors

voting, petitions, boycotts, protesting, watching debates,

mass media

reaches many people, communication that takes place w/o face to face interaction

muslims in US-research

statistics===quantitative, surveys-ton of info really quickly,

traditional authority

stems from long-established patterns that give certain people or groups legitimate power in society

rational-legal authority

stems from rules and regulations, typically written down as laws, procedures, or codes of conduct

how does author of school in garden use symbolic interactionism

symbolically important= pretty campus-seems peaceful,

sexual revolution

the widespread changes in men's and women's roles and the greater public appearance of sexuality as a normal part of social development

making it by faking it

the working class students feel different so they fake it and blend in with the norm- law school students

What theme does "Race, Homeownership, and Wealth" cover?

"Race, Homeownership, and Wealth" covers the theme of Social Class and Stratification.

What theme does "Still Separate, Still Unequal: America's Educational Apartheid" cover?

"Still Separate, Still Unequal: America's Educational Apartheid" covers the theme of Education.

Race (definition & example)

- A symbolic category based on phenotype or ancestry and constructed according to specific social contexts (misrecogonized as a natural category) - Being black, white, asian, etc.

Gendered institution (definition & example)

- An institution where gender roles are reinforced and reproduced - Schools, families, politics, workplaces, etc.

"Some principles of stratification" - Davis & Moore

- Argued that some stratification is in all human societies and is necessary for them to function - Societies require some way to ensure that... 1. All roles and positions are filled by those most capable of performing them 2. They are performed conscientiously 3. Positions have different rewards depending on importance 4. Resulting stratification is functional for society 5. Inequality is largely unconscious

"Racializing the glass escalator" - Wingfield

- Glass ceiling: a barrier to professional advancement for women and minorities - Glass escalator: differences in upwards advancement between men and women in the workplace, especially in female-dominated ones - Men enter women-dominated workplaces more easily than women do into ones dominated by men - Black male nurses encounter racial stereotypes while working

Agents of socialization (definition & example)

- Groups or social contexts in which processes of socialization occur - Family, peer relationships, schools, workplaces, religion, media, etc.

Community organizing (definition & example)

- How ordinary people learn to change social policy using grassroots politics. - Dudley street neighborhood initiative

Gender identity (definition & example)

- How you personally identify in terms of your gender - Identify as a man, woman, or genderqueer despite what your sex at birth was

Conflict perspective on inequality

- Inequality is present due to having a system of domination and subordination where those with more resources exploit those with less - class, race, and gender primarily define who gets what - Inequality keeps bottom people at the bottom or top people at the top

Cohabitation (definition & example)

- Living together as a sexual/romantic couple w/out marriage - 1 in 5 couples living together aren't married - Higher levels for lower education people

What did the worldly Protestant asceticism (ethic) do according to Weber?

- This fought against the enjoyment of possession, constricted consumption, especially of luxury goods. - If one wanted wealth it needed to be used for necessary "practical and useful endeavors"

Wealth (definition & example)

- Total value of a family's financial resources minus debts. Can transmit class status through wealth - Adding money a family has plus everything else they own (homes, cars, etc.)

"Who Rules America? The Corporate Community and the Upper Class" by William G. Domhoff

- Upper class families "prepare" their children for the upper class by putting them in private schools and private elite clubs, also have special classes & tutors - Social clubs are used for upper class people to interact with others of same status - Debutante season is used to introduce young girls to the high class society - Women are expected to volunteer as a way to give back and to fulfill their roles in the household - Children are expected to marry someone of the same social class

Sexual double standard (definition & example)

- Women judged more harshly than men for being sexually active - Reinforces gender roles and rape culture

Ethnocentrism

- one looks at other cultures thinking their own is superior - judging other cultures with our own standards

Empirical Questions

-can provide answers that are measurable -can do some kind of count -can research and isn't just an opinion -some subjectivity -can answer definitively -can do a survey to find out Examples: What is the effect of working during HS on GPA? Do gun control laws reduce violent crimes? *can answer what can be measured but not make opinion based decisions*

the changing landscape of love and marriage

-discusses deinstitutionalization, confluent versus romantic love models, and contemporary marriage trends

Xenophobia

-disliking anything that is abnormal or unusual to us -the wall we put up can lead to negative consequences

Primary Socialization

-during childhood/infancy -the initial process of learning the ways of a society or group that occurs in infancy and childhood is transmitted through the primary groups which we belong

Resocialization

-the process of values and beliefs being recognized - norms are being questioned or changed

mcdonalds-3 ways societies go from pre-industrial to industrial

1) growth of factory system- mass produced goods, making stuff for others. 2) increased specializations-narrow set of skills 3) wage labor-eventually get paid for the work you do ,

4 features of mass media

1) technology intermediary-separates communicators (telephone, texting, emojis help) 2)shared experience (functionalism) many ppl recvd same information- new paper, music, sports, -effect on society-connections, efficiency 3)one-sided-info goes in one direction-TV, conflict theory-watch sport event and shout at TV because they are used to 2 sided media -less true now-a-days (twitter, facebook, )

The social basis of sexuality

1. Human sexual attitudes and behaviors vary in different cultural contexts. 2. sexual attitudes and behaviors change over time. 3. sexual identity is learned. 4. social institutions channel and direct human sexuality 5. sex is influenced by economic forces in society 6. public policies regulate sexual and reproductive behaviors

4 themes of mass media

1. social/ historical context 2.operations of power 3.economic and socials institutions 4. constructing reality Construction doesnt mean its not real it just means its made by (culture, race, exc.)

3 questions sociologist asks

1. what is the structure of society 2. what are the historical forces 3. what are the characteristics of people in power

reality

1.can be considered effective social construction 2.product of social relationships and power importance of historical and cultural meaning

some principals of stratification

1st part- stratification is a necessesity. Need inequalities to motivate people to get into better positions in society. 2nd part- is that its dysfunctional for society because we limit the pool of people that can become successful

how does the military to adhere to norms of killing, orders, part of group

20yr olds- get rid of their individuality- shave hair, uniform, everyone looks the same

What four stages did Armand Mauss identify that social movements tend to go through?

Armand Mauss identified four stages that social movements tend to go through: 1. Public defines problem. 2. People organize. 3. Movement becomes bureaucratized. 4. Movement begins to decline.

Social Isolation

A state or process in which persons, groups or cultures lose or do not have communication or cooperation with one another Ex. Technology isolation

Society

A system of relationships that connects individuals who share the same culture.

Regressive Social Movement (Types of Social Movements)

Attempt to resist social changes, maintain the status quo, or go back to an earlier form of social order.

Katherin M. Flower Kim

The author of "Out of Sorts: Adoption and (Un)Desirable Children."

hypersegregation

a pattern of extreme segregation

Andrew Lindner illustrates how the pentagon's embedded media program ____________

• Dramatically inhibited journalists' coverage of Iraqi civilians' war experiences

Ethnicity

Belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition

Karl Marx and Max Weber

Both agreed that there is a link between religion and economy

Arlie Russell Hochschild, The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work (Ch. 43)

Changing relationships between work life and home life for many working parents

Color-Blind Privilege

Charles A. Gallagher discusses the problem of a color-blind approach to race and race relations in this country. By denying race as a structural basis for inequality, we fail to recognize the privilege of whiteness. With the blurring of racial lines, white college students lack a clear understanding of how the existing social, political and economic systems advantage or privilege whites.

The Rise of the New Global Elite

Chrystia Freeland sees the new global economy as creating a plutocracy, wherein a small number of extremely wealthy individuals hold increasing world power. This represents a shift, she thinks, in traditional models of political power and authority

Obesity

Considered the top public health problem facing Americans today.

When did Ehrenreich begin her field research in "Nickel-and-Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America"?

In "Nickel-and-Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America," Ehrenreich began her field research in 1998 to find out whether welfare reform's back-to-back programs really have the ability to lift poor women out of poverty and provide them a future in the labor market.

What does Ehrenreich describe in "Nickel-and-Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America"?

In "Nickel-and-Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America," Ehrenreich describes what it is like to try to work and survive on the wages most unskilled workers receive in America.

What does Lesko investigate in particular in "Our Guys/Good Guys: Playing with High School Privilege and Power"?

In "Our Guys/Good Guys: Playing with High School Privilege and Power," Lesko investigates in particular how competitive high school athletics masculinize schools and create gender bias that affects school discipline, management, and curricula.

Who did Kim interview in "Out of Sorts: Adoption and (Un)Desirable Children"?

In "Out of Sorts: Adoption and (Un)Desirable Children," Kim interviewed 73 adoptive parents in central New York in the late 1990s.

What does Kim investigate in "Out of Sorts: Adoption and (Un)Desirable Children"?

In "Out of Sorts: Adoption and (Un)Desirable Children," Kim investigates the ways parents in her study came to construct, sort, and talk about Asian children in general, and children from Korea in particular, as desirable for adoption and African American and Latino children as undesirable.

What does Kim present in "Out of Sorts: Adoption and (Un)Desirable Children"?

In "Out of Sorts: Adoption and (Un)Desirable Children," Kim presents her findings of how race and racism influence the adoption decisions of white parents in the United States.

What does Kozol examine in "Still Separate, Still Unequal: America's Educational Apartheid"?

In "Still Separate, Still Unequal: America's Educational Apartheid," Kozol examines current racial segregation in American schools 50 years after Brown v. Board of Education.

What does Eitzen describe in "The Atrophy of Social Life"?

In "The Atrophy of Social Life," Eitzen describes several social trends and the implications they have had for society and for increasing social isolation.

What does Eitzen examine in "The Atrophy of Social Life"?

In "The Atrophy of Social Life," Eitzen examines how social change that occurs on the macro level of society can affect social experiences at the micro level of society.

What is usually the primary source of socialization?

Families are usually the primary source of socialization and greatly impact gender role socialization.

Potential Selves

Fantasies about hobbies or vacations

Brown v. Board of Education

Fearful of the quality of public education now that segregation of schools has ended, many families who could afford it enrolled their children in private schools

Caster Semenva

Female Olympic runner questioned about her gender as her time beat both men and women.

Illumination Night

Festival of lanterns

Racial Wealth Gap

Financial institutions reject African Americans for mortgages at higher rates If approved they pay higher interest rates

The Marriage Cure

For America's poor

What do Zweigenhaft and Domhoff examine in "The Ironies of Diversity"?

In "The Ironies of Diversity," Zweigenhaft and Domhoff examine how some minorities have gained access to the power elite, and why so many others are still excluded.

What does Mills argue in "The Power Elite"?

In "The Power Elite," Mills argues that the most important decisions in this country are made by a cohesive "power elite."

What is Mills' argument in "The Power Elite"?

In "The Power Elite," according the Mills' argument, these elite officials all know each other and act in unison when critical decisions must be made.

What does this power elite consist of in "The Power Elite"?

In "The Power Elite," this power elite consists of the top leaders in three areas: The corporate elite is made up of the executives from large companies; the military elite is the senior officers; and the small political elite includes the president and top officials in the executive and legislative branches.

What is Johnson especially interested in in "What Can We Do?: Becoming Part of the Solution"?

In "What Can We Do?: Becoming Part of the Solution," Johnson is especially interested in understanding how and why systems of privilege are created and maintained in society.

What does Johnson outline in "What Can We Do?: Becoming Part of the Solution"?

In "What Can We Do?: Becoming Part of the Solution," Johnson outlines how every individual can be involved in creating solutions to social problems caused by social inequality.

What does Johnson study in "What Can We Do?: Becoming Part of the Solution"?

In "What Can We Do?: Becoming Part of the Solution," Johnson studies the dynamics of privilege, power, and oppression.

What does Domhoff argue in "Who Rules America?: The Corporate Community and the Upper Class"?

In "Who Rules America?: The Corporate Community and the Upper Class," Domhoff argues not only that there is a cohesive upper class in the United States, but also that the upper class has a disproportionate share of power through its control over economic and political decision making in this country.

What does Domhoff find in "Who Rules America?: The Corporate Community and the Upper Class"?

In "Who Rules America?: The Corporate Community and the Upper Class," using both objective and subjective indicators of social class status, Domhoff finds that in addition to wealth, the upper class shares a distinctive lifestyle through participation in various social institutions.

What is it called when individuals or groups occupy unequal positions in society based on socioeconomic factors?

It is called social stratification when individuals or groups occupy unequal positions in society based on socioeconomic factors.

Institutional Racism

Operates through corporations, universities, legal systems, politic bodies

School Vouchers (Attempt to Fix America's Educational System)

Payments from the government to parents whose children attend failing public schools to help parents pay for private school tuition.

Race as Socially Constructed

People create, reproduce and resist systems of racial classification

American Dream

People earn their socio-economic status position based solely on their merit, or remain poor bc Of their lack of merit. U.S. is a land of unlimited economic & geographical mobility Endless opportunity for those who work hard for it Significance: many people are stuck in cycle of poverty-- for those who have no power- this mobility May not be possible? Ex: cartoon of american dream-- displays people cannot escape late fees, taxes, interest

What do people project onto scapegoats? (Psychological Interpretations of Prejudice and Discrimination)

People project anxieties and insecurities onto scapegoats.

What do people tend to see their own way of thinking and doing as?

People tend to see their own way of thinking and doing as natural.

What are poor people particularly affected by?

Poor people are particularly affected by: -Local Grocery Stores: Rarely sell fresh or low-cost produce. -High Crime Rates and Traffic: Make exercise in parks difficult.

Gender and Poverty

Poverty rates are higher for women than men Black women have higher poverty rates than latinos

Power is the possibility of what?

Power is the "possibility of imposing one's will upon the behavior of other person." - Weber

shifting the center

Practice of centering thinking around traditionally excluded groups, hearing & understanding Marginalized people's stories on their own terms. It challenges exclusionary, unjust thinking. Significance: uncovers gender, race, & class as part of the experience of ALL people Ex: educational access is less available to women & people of subordinated groups Ex: redskins commercial: names native americans call themselves: brave, strong, etc. name mascot calls them-- redskins

sex & gender

Sex: assignment of physical/anatomical classification, usually made at birth Gender: social categorization usually based on 'sex' classification + personal psychological identity which may or may not agree with this social classification (society created norms) Significance: who has power/access -- many aspects of diversity overlook sex & gender Ex: a man who is born with penis may not abide by gender norms based on his sex

In what sense is sexuality, seemingly so personal an experience, a part of social structure?

Sexual relationships develop within a social and cultural context. Sexuality is learned through socialization, is channeled and directed by social institutions, and reflects the race, class, and gender relations in society

"The Promise" C. Wright Mills

Subjects: - Topic of Study: Sociological Imagination Questions Being Answered: personal troubles vs public issues Findings: -by understanding the difference between personal troubles and public issues will help us better understand ourselves - being aware of the social structure and to use it with sensibility is to be capable of tracing such linkages among a great variety of milieux Main Points: troubles, issues, sociological imagination Main Concepts: how to understand the life and purpose for individuals

"On Being Sane in Insane Places" by Rosenhan, David L

Subjects: 8 sane people, 12 different hospitals Topic of Study: Symbolic interactionism Questions Being Answered: what are the consequences of labeling? Findings: -all but one patient was diagnosed as schizophrenic - psychiatric labels are socially constructed but also sticky - patients of recognized normality when staff did not Main Points: - every person did normal things, but viewed in a schizophrenic sense - when labeled, all viewed differently - labels are hard to get rid of

"'No way my boys are going to be like that!' Parents' Responses to Children's Gender Noncomformity" by Emily W. Kane

Subjects: Parents Topic of Study: parents and their social construction of gender Questions Being Answered: how parents respond to gender nonconformity; are boys and girls treated differently? Findings: - Girls treatment: more leeway, can be tomboyish -boys treatment: narrower box, concert of adapting masculinity -characteristics becoming more masculine: cooking and cleaning, baby dolls (vs barbie for parenting), and empathy - Heterosexual fathers: transmitting own masculinity, critique of ones own masculinity, issue pop personal accountability - Heterosexual mothers and gay parents: accountability to others, didn't care as much for own identity, but for how others would treat them

"Teenage Wasteland: Suburbia's Dead-End Kids" by Donna Gaines

Subjects: suburban teens Topic of Study: teenage suicide Questions Being Answered: the distinction between personal troubles and public issue through teenage suicide Findings: -teenage suicide wouldn't go away until bad lives do -many teenagers felt they had a fait of a bad life and would rather die out than burn out - those with special skills received more hope and attention Main Points: -labeling of teenagers impacted lives -teenagers didn't always have a way out Main Concepts: -

Negative consequences of standardization, per Leidner

Such systematized work removes all opportunity for creativity, initiative, human thought and self-development for employees.

Social Learning Theory

Suggests that babies and children learn behaviors and meanings through social interaction internalize the expectations of those around them.

Ideology

System of ideas and ideals

Sociology

Systematic study of human society and social behavior, from large scale institutions and mass culture to small groups and individual interactions; the scientific study of the connection between the individual and social structure; the study of society.

basic needs of a society

THESE ARE UNIVERSAL food, water, shelter, jobs, government/leader commerce/barter, security, rules,

TRUE OR FALSE- the act of desocialization and then re-socialization can happen over and over in someone's life

TRUE

According to Max Weber, what was necessary to develop modern rational capitalism? And where did this law (legal system) come from?

Technological development and a calculable legal system and administration of formal rules. They came erin the rationalism of Western culture

Crowd (Types of Collective Behavior)

Temporary gathering of individuals (spontaneous or planned) with a common focus.

net worth

the result of adding all financial assets and subtracting their debts

Gender Identity

A sense of ourselves as women, men, or genderqueer

wealth

the monetary value of everything one owns

NGE-plutocracy

government of the wealthy

What are several major impacts of globalization in contemporary societies?

There are several major impacts of globalization in contemporary societies: -A revolution in communications -The technological change, especially IT --> the nature of jobs -Cultural globalization (or cultural imperialism): English language, TV programs

There is more genetic diversity within what?

There is more genetic diversity within racial populations than between them.

Sociological Theory

A basic image of society that guides thinking and research. What issues should we study? How should we connect facts? All depends on our theoretical road map or paradigm.

media in iraq

In 2002, as the specter of conflict with Iraq began to loom larger, Pentagon officials announced a week-long "Embed Boot Camp" for journalists hoping to participate in the program. Reporters were outfitted with Kevlar helmets and military garb, slept in barracks bunks, and ate military grub in the mess hall aboard the USS Iwo Jima. Marines trained them in military jargon, tactical marches, direct fire, nuclear-biological-chemical attacks, and combat first aid. Perhaps more significantly, embedded reporters were forced to sign a contract and agree to the "ground rules"— allow their reports to be reviewed by military officials prior to release, to be escorted at all times by military personnel, and to allow the government to dismiss them at any time for any reason. Before a single word was printed, many speculated that embedded reporters would fall victim to Stockholm Syndrome, the condition, named after a notorious 1973 incident in the Swedish city, in which hostages begin to identify with their captors. Media commentators like Andrew Jacobs at The New York Times, Richard Leiby at The Washington Post, and Carol Brightman at The Nation argued that as embedded journalists became socialized into military culture, they would develop relationships with the soldiers and start reporting from the military point of view. While labeling this condition Stockholm Syndrome is perhaps slightly inflammatory, much sociological research suggests socialization is one of the military's greatest strengths. In his classic collection of essays, Asylums, Erving Goffman noted the military is a total institution that not only controls all an individual's activities, but also informs the construction of identity and relationships. In total institutions, such as the military, prison, or mental institutions, Goffman argued, the individual must go through a process of mortification that undercuts the individual's civilian identity and constructs a new identity as a member of the institution. In such a communal culture, individuality is constantly repressed in the name of the institution's larger values and goals. In the case of embedded journalists, it's easy to imagine how they might have come to identify with the military mission or, at the very least, the other members of their units. In addition to wearing military-issue camouflage uniforms, embedded journalists had to share living and sleeping space as well as food and water with their units. If embedded reporters ended up telling the story of the war from the soldiers' point of view, as so many critics charged, it would simply be the natural and expected result of a process of re-socialization However, a different, and arguably more compelling, explanation exists for why embedded reporters might depict However, a different, and arguably more compelling, explanation exists for why embedded reporters might depict the war in a military-centric manner: they didn't have the freedom to roam. George C. Wilson, for example, embedded for National Journal, compared it to being the second dog on a dogsled team, writing, "You see and hear a lot of the dog directly in front of you, and you see what is passing by on the left and right, but you cannot get out of the traces to explore intriguing sights you pass, without losing your spot on the moving team." Many sociological studies have observed that journalists, whether reporting from a newsroom in New York or a bunker in Baghdad, encounter what Mark Fishman has called a "bureaucratically constructed universe." The constraints of journalists' "universes" lead them to make certain assumptions, engage in specific practices, and only pursue particular types of stories. For example, a typical beat reporter is constrained by technical requirements such as word counts, the publication's ideological commitments, and professional ideas about what is and isn't newsworthy. Several commentators, notably Michael Massing in the New York Review of Books, argued that in addition to these common limitations, the embedding program made covering soldiers' experiences easy, while covering the experiences of Iraqi civilians was difficult, if not impossible. From the Pentagon's perspective, the ease of access to soldiers was the essential strength of the embedding program. As Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs Bryan Whitman told The Nation, "you get extremely deep, rich coverage of what's going on in a particular unit." alternatives to embedding Although the embedding program was the dominant form of reporting during the early days of Operation Iraqi Freedom, two alternatives did exist. Though slightly more expensive than embedding, some news organizations opted to station a reporter in Baghdad. These journalists bunkered down at the Sheraton Ishtar or the Palestine Hotel in central Baghdad and watched as the American "shock and awe" bombing raid wrought death and destruction on the city. During the first few weeks of the war, many Baghdadstationed journalists attended briefing sessions led by Iraqi government officials and were escorted on tours of the city by official Iraqi minders. As Saddam Hussein's government Baghdad-stationed reporters took to the streets to cover the conflict and its consequences, either alone or with hired bodyguards. The second alternative—funding an independent reporter with the freedom to roam—was far more costly and largely the province of elite news sources, particularly The New York Times and other national newspapers and wire services. In the weeks and months before the conflict began, many of these independent reporters traveled through Iran or Turkey into Iraqi Kurdistan and followed the slow advance of Kurdish forces and U.S. Special Forces toward Kirkuk and Mosul. Other independent reporters, after hiring a four-wheel-drive vehicle and private security team, fanned out across the country, often buckling down in potential battlegrounds like Fallujah and Basrah. While ground commanders interacted positively with independent reporters, on several occasions Pentagon officials criticized what they called "four-wheel-drive" and "cowboy" journalists for operating outside of the embedding program. Like the embedded reporters, the other two arrangements for reporting from Iraq—being stationed in Baghdad or independent—represent distinct journalistic social locations (often defined in sociology as sets of rules, expectations, and relations based on status) that channeled journalists toward producing certain types of content and limited access to other types. While embedded reporters had nearly unlimited access to coalition soldiers, Baghdad-stationed reporters would seem to have the most extensive access to Iraqi civilians. Although media accounts have suggested both embedded and Baghdad-stationed reporters presented a narrow view of the war, we would expect independent reporters, with the freedom and resources to roam at will were the least constrained of the three types of journalists, and, therefore, most likely to produce articles that balanced the Iraqi and the military experiences of the war. Nonetheless, given that embedded reporting was the dominant form of reporting from Iraq (both in sheer numbers and in prominence), if the claims regarding embedding are true, then the vast majority of the news coming out of Iraq may have emphasized military successes and the heroics of soldiers, rather than the consequences of the invasion for the Iraqi people. the embedding effect Much of the existing systematic research on the embedding program has focused on the issue of rhetorical tone. Adopting an approach similar to the Stockholm Syndrome explanation, these researchers have argued that embedded reporters tend to sympathize with the soldiers they cover and adopt a more supportive tone when describing the mission in Iraq. For example, a 2005 cross-cultural study of various network and cable television news programs found 9 percent of embedded reporters adopted a supportive tone as opposed to only 5.6 percent of "unilateral" reporters. Another 2006 study of 452 articles from American national daily newspapers found that compared to non-embedded reporters, embedded reporters produced coverage significantly more positive about the military and "implied a greater trust toward military personnel." Research by the same group of scholars found similar results in broadcast news. These studies clearly suggest the embedding program encourages journalists to adopt a positive outlook on both the soldiers with whom they live and the military mission as a whole. While these findings tell us much about the social psychological consequences of embedding, without considering the actual content of news reports it's difficult to answer the more sociological question of how the various journalistic social locations inhibited or enabled journalists' access to various types of stories. The only research to address the substantive content of embedded reporting is a 2004 Project for Excellence in Journalism (PEJ) study that examined 108 embedded reports from 10 different television programs Among the results, PEJ found 61 percent of reports were live and unedited, 21.3 percent showed weapons fired, and combat was the most commonly discussed topic, covered in 41 percent of stories. Unfortunately, the PEJ study didn't incorporate a comparison group of non-embedded journalists. Without such a group, we can't compare the effects of various journalistic contexts on cultural production. A study of the substantive content produced by embedded reporters and both types of non-embedded reporters would allow us to consider two questions of considerable sociological interest. First, we can better understand how institutional contexts in a war zone can shape the ability of journalists to report on various types of stories (or speak to varying types of people). By contrast, while a study of tone can tell us about how context shapes affective dispositions and/or ideological commitments, it does little to answer more concerning questions of limitations of access. Second, by focusing on content rather than tone, we learn more about what kind of information news consumers received. The capacity of governments to influence the types of information citizens have access to is an enduring theme of sociology, harking back to preeminent social thinkers from Karl Marx to C. Wright Mills. a soldier's eye view To consider how the context of the embedding program may have limited journalists' access and, thus, information about the war to the wider public, two research assistants and I studied five articles by each of the English-language print reporters in Iraq during the first six weeks of the war. We coded 742 articles by 156 journalists for five types of news coverage representing the soldier's experience of the war and five types representing the Iraqi civilians' experience. By comparing the differences in news coverage among embedded, independent, and Baghdad-stationed journalists, we are better able to understand how these different journalistic social locations may have limited reporters' ability to present a balanced portrayal of the war. To capture the extent to which journalists depicted the soldier's experience in Iraq, we recorded the frequency of news coverage of combat, military movement, soldier fatalities, the use of a soldier as a source, and the inclusion of a soldier human interest story (above, left). As the results dramatically demonstrate, embedded reporters provided the most extensive coverage in all five categories representing the soldier's experience of the war. Such thorough coverage of military happenings is perhaps unsurprising, considering embedded journalists used a soldier as a source in 93 percent of all articles, more than twice as frequently as independent journalists. More remarkable in light of much of the criticism of the embedding program is the fact that embedded reporters wrote about technical and often gritty subjects like combat and military movement in about half the articles. Clearly the common claim that embedded reporters wrote only "fluff pieces" about homesick soldiers is patently false (although soldier human interest stories were fairly common, appearing in 37 percent of all articles by embedded reporters). Nonetheless, it's worth noting that Baghdad-stationed reporters, and in particular independent reporters, were fairly effective at portraying the military perspective of the war. Though both types of non-embedded reporters rarely covered soldier human interest stories, they both used soldiers as sources and covered combat and military movement in a quarter or more of the articles. In fact, independent reporters covered the "hard facts" of the war (like combat and military movement) nearly as frequently as embedded reporters. To document the extent of news coverage of the Iraqi civilian experience of the war, we noted the frequency of coverage of bombings, property damage, civilian fatalities, the use of an Iraqi civilian as a source, and the inclusion of an Iraqi human interest story (above, right). The results show embedded reporters put forward a highly military-focused vision of the war, covering bombing and civilian fatalities and using Iraqis as a source far less frequently than either independents or reporters stationed in Baghdad. Baghdad-stationed reporters provided the most extensive coverage of the consequences of the invasion, reporting on bombing, property damage, and/or civilian fatalities in half the articles. While independent reporters didn't conduct all types of coverage as well as Baghdad-stationed reporters, they used an Iraqi source in nearly three quarters of the articles and covered Iraqi human interest stories in 43 percent of their articles. Most troubling of all the disparities among embedded, Baghdad-stationed, and independent journalists is in their respective coverage of civilian fatalities. While estimates of Iraqi civilian fatalities during this period of the war vary widely, at least 2,100 civilians died during the first six weeks of the invasion. Though civilian deaths were acknowledged in half the articles by Baghdad-stationed reporters and 30 percent of articles by independent reporters, only 12 percent of articles by embedded reporters noted the human toll of the war on the Iraqi people. These findings strongly suggest the Pentagon's embedding program—the dominant journalistic arrangement during the Iraq War—channeled reporters toward producing war coverage from the soldier's point of view. While Baghdad-stationed reporters were similarly narrow in covering the Iraqi civilian experience of the war, independent reporters, who had freedom to roam and chose their sources and topics, produced the greatest balance between depicting the military and the Iraqi experience of the war. Although the embedding program didn't print only good news, it did tend to emphasize military successes while downplaying the war's consequences. With upwards of 90 percent of articles by embeds using soldiers as a source, as long as the soldiers stayed positive, the story stayed positive. And thus, an administration that hoped to build support for the war by depicting it as a successful mission with limited costs was able to do so through the embed program and without some of the more heavy-handed propaganda efforts of Operation Desert Storm. It's important to remember the embedding program was the only officially sanctioned mode of reporting, so we can't say the three arrangements for journalists painted a complete portrait of the war. A full 64 percent of print journalists in Iraq were embedded (the figure is even higher among TV journalists). In terms of visibility, the imbalance toward embedded coverage is even more striking—of the 186 articles in the sample that ultimately appeared on the front page of a newspaper, 71 percent were written by embedded reporters. Based on the content of articles by embedded journalists and the overwhelming dominance of the embedding program, it seems clear that, in the aggregate, the majority of the news coverage of the war was skewed toward the soldier's experience and failed to fully recognize the extent of the human and material costs. embedding, then and now Shortly after President George W. Bush declared an end to "major combat" in Iraq in 2003, most embedding terms came to an end. For a time, Iraq was considered safe enough by most western media outlets that journalists rented houses in Baghdad or freely traveled throughout the country. By September 2006 only 11 journalists were embedded with units in Iraq. However, as insurgent resistance grew many were forced to retreat to the safety of hotels protected by blast walls, occasionally taking excursions in armored cars with Iraqi bodyguards. Today, a variation on the original embedding program exists, with journalists "embedding" with units on a particular mission or for shorter periods of time. Even journalists committed to depicting the Iraqi experience of the ongoing conflict, such as Jon Lee Anderson of The New Yorker, have traveled on brief stints with Army units because it's one of the least dangerous ways to cover the insurgency. At the same time, the rules of the embedding contract have become more restrictive. In June 2007, The New York Times reported that embedded reporters would now be required to obtain signatures of consent before mentioning the names of soldiers used in moving or still images as well as in audio recordings. Some journalists have contended the new rules further enhance the military's ability to limit the release of undesirable news. In the case of a future large-scale invasion (in Iran or Somalia, for example), both Pentagon officials and media industry leaders have indicated an interest in reviving the full embedding program. Should this happen, both sides must reconsider the nature of the embedding program, given its well documented pattern of leading journalists to produce reports that present the military in a more positive and less objective light.

Critiques of Functionalist approach

Limits full range of talents provides elite with power promotes inequality in social rewards Ex. Racism "white privilege"

Beauty Culture

Norms about beauty, beauty practices, beauty products Targets women

Socialization

Norms, customs, and ideologies of a social group, community, or culture

Rise of the Power Elite

Not caused by a plot but rather homogeneous

Interpersonal Racism

Operates at the level of interaction (direct)

Kathyrn Edin and Maria Kefalas, Promises I Can Keep: Why Poor Women Put Motherhood Before Marriage (Ch. 54)

Poor women who become single mothers

Industrialized Structure of America

Promotes the Power of the Elite

Marriage as Prestige

Respect

economic inequality

a feature of the capital society, hegemonic explanation for it. Mediotocracy- the american dream (everyone can go from rags to riches) ex: poor people are lazy and they make bad choices. Sociologists see this as being dysfunctional

goods vs. services

a good is a material object, service is something you do- intangible. Both necessary in life

race, homeownership and wealth

basically says you must examine race and ethnic differences in socioeconomic classes because there are racial issues and there is a widening gap. Difference between wealth and income. Wealth is passed down through generations- assets to help you stay wealthy

latency

be able to motivate and renew motivations of individuals-mass media, schooling, education, family,religion

reproduction thesesis

built from karl marx insights about how powerful proups inevitably careate social and cultural systems that legitimate their own class advantage

socioeconomic class

combines prestige and income. Deals with income, eduation (level of degree) occupational status

charismatic authority

derived from the personal appeal of a leader

lucal

fit in neither gender understanding own life peoples reaction we always make gender attributions two+only two system

peers

friends, team, people you work with who may or may not be your friends

traditional authority

giving power passed on through custom or tradition- monarchy, heredity,parent is CEO=you will become CEO ,

in school setting what is the main way you are rewarded

gold start, sit in corner, based off of performance = performance really matters

time bind-why are people working more

goods are more expensive now--jobs are also changing, need more money. author says--homelife is more like work- rather be at work then home. live to work- then work to live

NGE-reading new global elite how relates to power elite

government, military, corporations- all these revolve around the rich

social stratification

groups at the top have more power and privlidge- ranks different classes and creates a hierarchy

Political Action Committees

groups of people who organize to support candidates they feel will represent their views

McDonalds-things need to do or know in pre-industrial society

hunting, get water, build shelter, clothings, every can do all these

what is school in the garden about

looking at elite schools, and how they cause stratfication stratification

time bind-about

looking at work vs family life-

muslims in US-diversity within muslims

lot of variations- some are very devote, some don't practice praying, mosque. communities, treated as one group

NGE-how do people learn about politics

parents, families, tv-media, school, college, friends,

culture

shared activities that people engage in outside their work life. Can be a sight of learning such as disney films

muslims in US-about

study how muslim are the same or different

occupational sex segregation

the concentration of women in certain occupations and men in other occupations

state

the organized system of power and authority in society

childrens culture and disney animated films

theyre teaching mechanisms/ machines that are racist, females are subordinate, really political

What is the social structure?

The social structure is an active and constantly changing social force; it varies across space and time.

What is Weber's concerns in modern capitalism?

There is not religion imbedded in the Spirit of Capitalism, so we are stuck in an iron cage. Once you have capitalism established then we no longer need the Spirit of Capitalism because of the competitive pressures of capitalism force us to work as if we see our vocation as a calling.

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Wealth (income), property, power, prestige, and education.

Social Resources

What do we think is valued and sacred? What is desirable and what members of society strive for?

Desmond, Matthew and Mustafa Emirbayer. "What is Racial Domination?" *SHORT ANSWER

What is Race? A symbolic category, based on phenotype or ancestry and constructed according to specific social and historical contexts, that is misrecognized as a natural category Symbolic Category -Belongs to the realms of ideas, meaning-making, and language -Actively created and re-created by humans Phenotype or Ancestry -Phenotype is the physical appearance and constitution, including skeletal structure, height, hair texture, eye color and skin tone. -Ancestry is the family lineage, which often includes tribal, regional, or national affiliations Social and Historical Contexts -Racial categories are place specific (Africa has White, Black and Coloured while Brazil has White, Brown, Black, Asian and Indigenous) -Racial categories are also time specific; race is a new concept. In the Middle Ages, wars would wage out against "civilized" and "uncivilized" *We must grapple with "the historical specificity of race in the modern world" Misrecognized as Natural -Where something crated by humans is mistaken as something dictated by nature (i.e., race) Ethnicity and Nationality -Ethnicity refers to a shared lifestyle informed by cultural, historical, religious and/or national affiliations -Nationality is equated with citizenship, membership in a specific politically delineated territory controlled by a government -Race, ethnicity, and nationality are all intertwined -Race and ethnicity are very fluid as you can act white while in a business meeting but black while celebrating kwanza. Similarly, you can act catholic while attending Easter mass bu Irish when celebrating St. Patricks Day Race is performed on the things one does in the world aka how you act Five Fallacies about Racism -Individualistic Fallacy: There are racists and non-racists and that is the extent of racism --Crucial to this is intentionality "Did I cross the street because I was scared of the Hispanic man walking toward me...? --This conception of racism fails to acknowledge the more systematic and structural forms of racism in schools, politics, etc. -Legalistic Fallacy: If we get rid of racist laws, we also get rid of racism in practice --People still break laws -Tokenistic Fallacy: If we have a black president, therefore racism no longer exist --An exception doesn't break a rule -Ahistorical Fallacy: Racism may have been part of our past, but it is no longer relevant today --Past shapes present -Fixed Fallacy: Racism always takes the same form and looks the same across time and space --Racial violence is not as present so therefore people who operate under this fallacy suggest that things have gotten better Racial Domination -Interpersonal racism --Manifested in everyday interactions and practices -Institutional racism --Systemic White domination of people of color embedded in corporations, universities, legal systems, etc. --Symbolic power; one group is normal and another group is abnormal --Political power; withholding basic rights from people of color --Social power; denying people of color full membership --Economic power; privileges Whites in terms of advancements, wealth, etc. Intersecting Modes of Domination -The notion that our identity is constituted by an intersection of our race, gender, class, sexuality, etc.

NGE-drawing attention to the divide between the wealthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left. (The idea of "two Americas" was a central theme of John Edwards's 2004 and 2008 presidential runs.)

What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was being offered by none other than the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan: iconic libertarian, preeminent defender of the free market, and (at least until recently) the nation's foremost devotee of Ayn Rand. When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong.

What people see as natural sociologists see as what?

What people see as natural sociologists see as created by human beings.

Public Goods Dilemma (Specific Social Dilemmas)

When individuals must pay to contribute to a collective resource, even though they might not benefit from it.

Tragedy of the Commons (Specific Social Dilemmas)

When many individuals over-exploit a public resource, and they deplete or degrade that resource.

sweatshops

a factory or workshop, especially in the clothing industry, where manual workers are employed at very low wages for long hours and under poor conditions. Significance: Demonstrates the continuation and reconfiguration of the pattern of low-paid,casual, 'low-skilled' jobs available to women that, as per Lerner, emerged in 19th century. Ex: there are sweatshops in U.S. today-- $50 dress, $6 goes to worker, Samsung made in sweatshops Either cheap labor in 'developing' countries; Or cheap immigrant workforce in 'developed' nations - in both cases, often women of color.

Institutional racism

a form of racism is the negative treatment and oppression of one racial or ethnic group by society's existing institutions based on the presumed inferiority of the oppressed group

Cultural Script

a general idea of what to say and how things are going to play out Examples: first date

Housing Act, 1949

To make homes more affordable and improve living standards of Americans

"Culture: A Sociological View" by Howard S. Becker

Topic of Study: culture Findings: - culture works as a guide in organizing collective action and how it comes into being are really the same process - cultural understandings affect and "socialize" the internal experiences people have - existence of culture makes it possible for people to plan their own lives -characterize people's behavior in public - people invent culture - the cultural process of doing something in line with their understanding of what one might best do under given circumstances - problem of collective action and how people manage to act together

basic instincts: disc 5 (canvas)

author: ABC news main point: authority (esp. intellectual) guarantees obedience; women also follow through; women are more likely to continue to highest shock; worry about lawsuits; might not be true in more collectivist cultures; people who refuse to follow orders don't take responsibility for learner's safety; moral people in room don't keep people from continuing the experiment research method: audit study broader implications: same as milgram experiment

people like us: social class in america

author: PBS main point: class is massively complicated and is conceptualized completely differently by different people in different classes research method: in-depth interviews broader implications: class is not simply economic; everything from the way people dress to their level of wealth to the jobs they aspire to have indicates class

poor at 20, poor for life (canvas)

author: ana semuels main point: haha we're ****ed!! upward mobility in the US is super limited and fluidity in class has lessened; you can't educate your way up research method: N/A broader implications: perceptions do not match reality

anorexia nervosa and bulimia (ferguson #20)

author: penelope a. mclorg and diane e. taub main point: people with eating disorders feel as though once they are labeled as a disordered eater, the views of those around them change, and their label is reinforced research method: in-depth interviews, content analysis broader implications: again, labeling bias

diversity in the power elite (ferguson #36)

author: richard j. zweigenhaft and g. william domhoff main point: diversity celebrated by power elite reinforces class structure and inequality; people are included based on class origin, education level, lighter skin color, and identity management; US racism based on skin tone rather than country of origin and is very systemic research method: content analysis broader implications: what a society doesn't talk about is usually more of an issue than what they do; race doesn't work the way you think it does

academically adrift (canvas)

author: scott jaschik main point: students aren't actually learning from college due to lack of rigor research method: N/A broader implications: sometimes,, overly constructed systems based on outdated standards of existance,,,,,, are worse

amazon's cashier-less seattle grocery (canvas)

author: scott neuman main point: amazon has made a grocery store that relies on computers and cameras as cashiers research method: N/A broader implications: ultimate routinization involves removal of humans from the equation

no, it's not you (canvas)

author: zoe krupka main point: we're working too much to be healthy research method: N/A broader implications: businesses need to change because people can't change what their managers are telling them to do

Race

a group treated as distinct in society based on certain characteristics, some of may be biological, that have been assigned or attributed social importance

implicit bias

a largely nonconscious form of racism, where individuals make unconscious associations ie. race and crime

Credentialism

a process of social selection in which class advantage and social status are linked to the possession of academic qualifications

democracies

a representative government with elections by the population and, typically a multiparty political system

social institutions

a set of beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will meet its basic needs.

role

a set of expectations about the behavior assigned to a particular social status

stereotype threat

a situational predicament in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of conforming to stereotypes about their social group

Ethnic group

a social category of people who share a common culture

meritocracy

a system in which one's status is based on merit or accomplishments, not other social characteristics

How does Calvinism lead to the disenchantment of the world? a) Calvin was a "secular humanist" and he instilled this idea in his followers. b) Calvin elevated god to such an extent that he eliminated magical means of salvation c) Calvin discouraged people from going to church d) Calvin demanded that men and women rationalize their behavior so they could be good capitalists

b) Calvin elevated god to such an extent that he eliminated magical means of salvation

According to Weber, the modern state can best be defined by the functions it fulfills in society: a) true b) false

b) False

interractional technique

calling women girls, humiliating comments, said to women to maintain their subordinate status of females

individual

came out during enlightenment, overwhelmed by the idelogy of the individual. used to be urban white people. Makes it hard to see social structure and we individualize problems even when they are social problems sociological imagination challenges the individual

McDonald's-removal of boundary between work and home in post- industrial society

cant make cars, can take certain work home-lawyers, billing. home office-

cultural capital

certain types of parents will have access to knowledge and information about preparing their student for college entrance exams

Primary Groups

characterized by intimate, enduring, unspecialized relationship among small groups who generally spend a great deal of time together

theft of souls

brutal institution that worked to turn people into objects, commodities and capital significance: objectifying these individuals gave them less power, letting white people have hierarchy. ex: enslaved people picking pocket earned a profit for their owners

cc

c

What best defines the spirit of capitalism for Weber? a) hedonistic orientation to economic life b) A withdrawal from everyday life c) An orientation to acquisition as an end in itself d) An orientation to glory as an end in itself

c) An orientation to acquisition as an end in itself

Which of the following sorts of activities would Weber see as distinctive to modern capitalism? a) Speculation in real estate and stocks b) Large scale production c) Buying for low prices in one market to sell at higher prices in another market d) Continuous production of goods for sale at a profit.

d) Continuous production of goods for sale at a profit.

What best defines the modern state for Weber? a) The modern state is monopolistic organization with a relatively territorial, but also legitimate, character. b) the modern state is a democratic organization that has many monopolies c) The modern state is characterized by the fact that everyone is able to participate in the administration if they want to. d) The modern state is a territorial organization with a relative monopoly over the legitimate use of violence.

d) The modern state is a territorial organization with a relative monopoly over the legitimate use of violence.

Social structures social institutions groups roles Statuses

diagram of social structures

protestant ethic-how did puritans spend their money

didn't spend on clothing, alcohol, sports, churches- not having luxuries, their money is spent on ways to make maoney- keeps going without the religious company,

civilize them with a stick

education as an institution of social control; conflict perspective

social constructionalist approach

emphasizes a roll in culture in shaping differences and producing inequality. The opposite is essentialist 1. no strict biological basis for identity 2. cultural variation 3. historical approach talks about nature vs. nurture being oversympathized

mcdonalds-industrial economy

focus on secondary sector- processing raw materials into finished goods. wool to cloth, skins to clothes, plants to food, lotions soaps, desks from wood,

McDonalds-preindustrial economies

focus on the primary sector- extraction of raw materials from environment. find stuff in nature and you use it--- animals for food, plants, orchards, water from stream, hunter gatherer society,

multiracial in a monoracial world; student stories of racial dissilussion on color blind campus'

four college students talked about their racial predjudices and educators should acknoweledge and help students understand prejudices. embrace racial dialogue- support multiracial students

behavior rules

guidlines that define a companies ideal girl: appy, wear makeup, cheerleader type, wholesome, smile, happy etc..

time bind-private ownership

handmade socks, make masks, mcdonald- franchise, buy stocks in company legal systems.

dude time-democratic governments

have more media usage- free people, freedoms, not controlled, more technology, tv station all political ads, show just filibusters,

power of disney

hegemonic ideologies, power works through enchantment. racial conflict and differences naturalized anti-democratic relationships. Naturalists- The US is always right. Womens power is always connected to their beauty. Being white is seen as a good thing. Cultural amnesia- they change history around

NGE-case that the U.S. economy had become "very distorted

high-income individuals, large banks, and major corporations had experienced a "significant recovery"; the rest of the economy, by contrast -- including small businesses and "a very significant amount of the labor force" -- was stuck and still struggling. What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather "fundamentally two separate types of economy," increasingly distinct and divergent.

magnolia myth

idea that slavery was a harmonious social structure Significance: downplays severity of slavery, often erases stories (whitewashing) Ex: textbook excerpt I read says slave families bonded in their free time (romanticized)

dude time-broad culture changes- why do people use so much mass media

media usage- 1440AD- from where started o% to now-11hours per day--- what explains this--communication avaliability and efficiency, technology, protestant reformation, democratiic governments, capitalism

The Glass Escalator

men rise to higher position faster in "women jobs"

gender and televised sports

men vs. women, women are unequal. Diregatory and sexist towards women. less coverage- ESPN only covers them 1.4% percent

social mismatch hypothesis

mismatch between income and jobs. low income jobs are in high income neighborhoods, vise versa

time bind

modern families needs both to work, longer hours,

NGE-symbolic interactionism-

need to measure is political socialization-how you are influenced by the politics of the people around you -political attitude values and behaviors

mcdonalds-research

observation, mcdonalds university, historical,

type of research

observation, talking to people interviews and quotes

NGE-rise of the new global elite-research

observation- journalists- spent time around rich people- observation plus interview

Qualitative Research

observational; interviewing and asking opened-ended questions - Dr. Haylett does this type of research

Quantitative Approach

obtain information about social world that can be put into numbers Example: - surveys - statistical data

social location

ones place in society in terms of identity background and experience. A reflection of the many social groups that you're a member of (class, age, gender, race, sexuality, ethnicity, physical abilities/ qualities etc).

interlocking directorates

organizational linkages created when the same people sit on the board of directors for numerous corporations

protestant ethic-definition of religion- belief in a higher being and serving that higher being- faith and worship,

other definitions of religion from class- church-like pews, people standing and singing, everyone has yarmulka-same clothing- menora in the back. showing Muslim prayer rug, buddist, retreats, Scientology, ufology,

individualized education programs (IEP)

outline specific types of learning that target specific needs

estate system

ownership of property and the exercise of power are monopolized by an elite class who have total control over societal resources

disability (identity-based, legal-medical, cultural)

identity based: physical or mental conditions experienced as limiting to oneself (movements, senses, development) Legal-medical: physical or mental conditions recognized as limiting by medicine or by law Cultural: representations of bodily experiences that highlight unjusr distribution of acess & ease, fit/misfit Social systems & built environments that regulate access & ease fit/misfit Significance: norms construct difference-- sustains hierarchy// shift center-- redesign environments Ex: no railways etc.

how did the author of school in the garden did author use functionalism

if not educated people would be dumb, impact on workforce and income do you need elite schools- yes because if there are smarter children who need that instruction may not need elite school just schools in general

NGE reading-in what way do rich have power

if you don't like laws or regulations- avoid by living in another country- good or bad- advantages-philanthropy-charities foundations, or disadvantages-small amount of people are rich, form their own nation (rich)

media in iraq- 3 types of news stroies

imbeded- military reports- soldiers dying, **real stories cowboy- civilian issues, collateral damage-**real stories

path of least resistance

it is depending on our roles, ideas, values and material goods and it doesnt disrupt the social system

finding out how the social world works

it was systematic research to study the social world. It is important to be sociologically mindful and it also talks about the questions, imperical (measurements), moral (values) and asthetic (appearance). be mindful of the complexity of the world and our actions

hegemonic power

it works by getting us to support power relations without thinking about it or by convincing us that its in our best interests

what situations in society where power exists

job- other candidates are the opposition and the person who gets the job is the one with the power. traffic- opposition is other cars- power has a bigger car.

media in iraq- about

journalism and military has issues with each other- military, government, corporations- adds news media to this group as well.

feral children

kids who are raised without socialization, babies need some adults- but theise

socialization-(using racial and ethnic concepts)

language-teach each other language only exposure has been family, education, ,

what are the elaborate bureaucracies that characterize all industrial societies

large corporations, centralized governements, highly bureaucratized religious organizations, and schools

Parenting Style: Natural Growth

leads to an emerging sense of constraint

power elite model

linked to the framework of the conflict theory; the state in this framework is the instrument by which the ruling class exercises power

what did steven study in school in a garden

lived on campus studied college admissions and financial aid process. what factors influence student college choice

mcdonalds-about

looking at adult workers at mcD's

formal power

male management exert power over low prestige female's attire, schedule, hiring, firing, attitude to keep employee in line

nationalism

the strong identity associated with an extreme sense of allegiance to one's culture or nation

Laissez-faire racism

the subtle but persistent negative stereotyping of minorities, a tendency to blame Blacks themselves for the gap between occupational achievement and educational achievement, and clear resistance to meaningful policy efforts designed to ameliorate racially oppressive social conditions and practices in the US

sociology

the systematic study of social behavior and human interaction auguste comete is the founding father of sociology

educational attainment

the total years of formal education and the third indicator of SES

sex trafficking

the use of women and girls worldwide as sex workers in an institutional context in which sex itself is a commodity

Prestige

the value others assign to people and groups

the forest the trees and the one thing

this is about social systems which is an ongoing process that relates to how we see the world and ourselves in it. We participate in something larger than ourselves. individuals occupy rolls but the social system still exists even when your not playing a roll aka monopoly

key ways desocialization and resocialization has been studied

total institution- look at organization where everything is controlled for people like prison, convents, or military, rehab schools- prep-school, boarding schools,

how do you move authority from one person to another

traditional- easy to maintain power. charismatic-difficult/impossible to transfer power rational legal- easy to pass on by teaching, or hiring

dude time-average tv consumption

trend consumption- US watch a lot of tv- 8hrs- all other countries- 3-4 hrs-- how to explain difference--functions and purposes are different, cultural norm difference, and material different- access to TV- updated results- US went down and japan and italy went up. change over time- usage changes- smart phone, and internet are reasons

T or F does the overall distribution of educational attainment remains stubbornly correlated with socioeconomic background

true

orders-ambushed people shooting what are they supposed to do

turn right even though instinct say to run away. do opposite of intinct, overcome gut reaction

why did they just observe kids and not use other type of research (using racial and ethnic concepts)

two alternatives- survey with brief questions interview the kids- use teachers-kids might demonstrate it better then they could talk about it

muslims in US-definition of religion applies to muslims

unified, beliefs, practices- daily prayer, sacred- praying 5 times a day

appearance rules

uniform style of short shorts, tank tops, that further make female subordinates

NGE-why dont people vote

uninformed about process, satisfaction with status quo, dissatisfied with system-

color blind ideologies

world view that suggests race and racism dont significantly effect peoples experiences.

voluntary resocialization and desolation can be very effective is involuntary effective also?

yes they can learn the values norms and beliefs,

power elite- the reading was done 70 yrs ago, does this still work?

yes, they are interconnected, influence politics, move company to other countries, all are powerful, in 2020 does this work--famous influence, give money to campaign, influence on social media,

complexities of the privilege and opression

you can experience privilege without realizing it and you can face challenges even when your in a privilege group. You can experience privilege and oppression at the same time. Ex: being white and being a woman

sand castles and snake pits

—an examination of how deinstitutionalization increased the numbers of mentally ill among the homeless; impact of social policy (Housing Act of 1949 and Community Mental Health Centers Act) on homelessness

invisible inequality

—an examination of social class differences in parenting and child rearing in African American and white families; concerted cultivation versus accomplishment of natural growth

global corporations, global unions

—on the difficulties and opportunities global corporations present workers around the world

how social movements matter

—on the impact social movements have beyond their intended goals

The data presented by Doug Hartman confirms that boys' athletics ____________

• Are more physical and aggressive than girls

Andrew Lindner in "Controlling the Media in Iraq tell us that civilian deaths in Iraq were more frequently reported by what reporters?

• Baghdad-stationed reporters

how do magazines rank the best institutions

by how many applicants they turn away

Politics

social institution for which power is attained and exercised.

media in iraq- type of research

specific news stories, tv- content analysis- using pre-existing media

sexual orientation

the attraction that people feel for people of the same or different sex

Mindful Skepticism

- From "Finding out how the social world works" -must seek alternative views and pay attention to how information is created, by whom, and for what purposes - we can see that alternative perspectives create the possibility of understanding the world more fully, because they give more angles for us to view it

Latent Functions

- Functionalism Theory - Unintended consequences -Examples: dating in college/ love life - University is not made for this purpose

Conflict Theory

- Macro - Historical analysis - about economy - Critique of Capitalism: anything that could create more wealth, money, property, factories, other business - we lose ourselves being apart of this economic structure -Exploitation: people are taken advantage of with lack of power Critiques: 1. shift in society w/rise of capitalism making money 2. not being able to explain why things stay the same overtime 3. over emphasis on economy

Ethnicity

-Another social category. -Applied to a group with a shared ancestry of cultural heritage.

Economic Inequality

A function of people's occupations.

Social factors and health

Environmental and occupational hazards

What is the "spirit of capitalism"? and what is its relation to work?

Pursuit of riches, goals, and journey, and it's relation to work is that work is the method.

The way to understand the power of the American elite lies neither solely in recognizing the historic scale of events nor in accepting the personal awareness reported by men of apparent decision., linking the two, are the major institutions of modern society. These hierarchies of state and corporation and army constitute the means of power; as such they are now of a consequence not before equaled in human history—and at their summits, there are now those command posts of modern society which offer us the sociological key to an understanding of the role of the higher circles in America. Within American society, major national power now resides inthe economic, the political, and the military domains. Other institutions seem off to the side of modern history, and, on occasion, duly subordinated to these. No family is as directly powerful in national affairs as any major corporation; no church is as directly powerful in the external biographies of young men in America today as the military establishment; no college is as powerful in the shaping of momentous events as the National Security Council.

Religious, educational, and family institutions are not autonomous centers of national power; on the contrary, these decentralized areas are increasingly shaped by the big three, in which developments of decisive and immediate consequence now occur. Families and churches and schools adapt to modern life;

sneetches and other stories

author: dr. seuss :) main point: sneetches shouldn't be putting so much value on superficial parts of themselves research method: bomb ass poetry broader implications: i really love dr seuss, this is a VERY good way of getting across how people profit off of differences among members of a society and also how DUMB it is

new racism (canvas)

author: eduardo bonilla-silva main point: racism has gone underground, sorta; eventually, it'll become more of a gradient racism; pigmentocracies pre 1960: overtly racially unequal political and economic structures/overt biological racism post civil rights: racially equal political and econ structure coexisting w/ racially unequal outcomes (new racism); covert, cultural 'color blind' racism; biological inferiority no longer acceptable -> focus on cultural behaviors and explanations research method: interviews, surveys, content analysis broader implications: the construct of race is shifting but we don't know into what; white people hate to admit that they're wrong/the USA has a general policy of avoiding issues instead of talking about them and that's uhhhh bad

the real reason you'll never be able to parent like a french mom

author: laura june main point: governmental support and job support is vital to raising healthy kids research method: N/A broader implications: public influences private

civilize them with a stick (ferguson #50)

author: mary crow dog and richard erdoes main point: indian boarding schools are really messed up research method: ethnography broader implications: im mad and also forced resocialization never works

the case for filth (canvas)

author: stephen marche main point: men still aren't doing their mc****in housework; the amount of housework in general is going down research method: N/A (content analysis?) broader implications: we all need to care less and also invisible burdens are way too real

social research

concerned with the definition and assessment of the social phenomenon

Doctrine of predestination

deals with the question of the control God exercises over the world

muslim americans in the news before and after

episodic vs. thematic framing, U.S. media's treatment of muslims

epistomology vs. methodology vs. ontology

epistemology- study of knowledge methodology- ways we try to understand the social world ontology- study of the being-whether we exist

higher claims for prestige. By the powerful we mean, of course, those who are able to realize their will, even if others resist it. No one, accordingly, can be truly powerful unless he has access to the command of major institutions, for it is over these institutional means of power that the truly powerful are, in the first instance, powerful. Higher politicians and key officials of government command such institutional power; so do admirals and generals, and so do the major owners and executives of the larger corporations. Not all power, it is true, is anchored in and exercised by means of such institutions, but only within and through them can power be more or less continuous and important. Wealth also is acquired and held in and through institutions. The pyramid of wealth cannot be understood merely in terms of the very rich; for the great inheriting families,

every one of the very rich families has been and is closely connected—always legally and frequently managerially as well— with one of the multi-million dollar corporations. The modern corporation is the prime source of wealth, but, in latter-day capitalism, the political apparatus also opens and closes many avenues to wealth. The amount as well as the source of income, the power over consumer's goods as well as over productive capital, are determined by position within the political economy

media in iraq- theoretical perspective

functionalism- war stories, leaders make decision, information is needed to make good decisions. symbolic interactionism- power is the resource, young children dying,

what type of power do these people have-military

give orders, can tell soldiers to kill people

norm-group vs individual

in military- not individual anymore- now you are part of a group- group is most important-think of self as part of group

school as a socialization agent

key- non-relatives- FIRST SOURCE NOT THROUGH RELATIVES- reward or punishment-

protestant ethic-religious objects

money-defacing money has value, constitution, hindu-cows they are revered. family heirlooms, flags

working class children

nurtured child growth- that leads to an emerging sense of constraint- more independent

rational legal power

power that is made legitimate by laws- judges-bail, search warrants, sentences. police-arrest, shoot someone, teachers- respect, want good grades. homework, tests, laws-written down and someone to enforce them ****this type of power top when fired or retired

time bind-products

pre-prepared food, tv dinners, quick meals, quick appliances, day-care

Re-socialization

process of learning to adopt new norms, values and behaviors. ex- take naps- socialize into it- kindergarten, desocialized 1st grade on, then elderly resocialized to take naps again ex-religions

Medicare

provides health insurance to older Americans

Medicaid

provides health insurance to poor Americans

dude time-capitalism

reinforce media- why is mass media important- advertising, selling stuff, newspapers, broadcast tv

gender socialization (ad shown- wash hands)

sears ads- different from adverts-boys play with tools, girls- pink- dolls, home appliances clothing different= overalls and dress posing- boy is tall as he can get, girl- down on knees

solutions for basic needs

separating people into jobs- paid in some way, money is a belief, government- decides rules- people decide who is in government. communism/dictator-they decide for everyone.

Culture

shared understandings that people use to coordinate their activities

hyperreality- john bacolard-

simulation of something as real that never really existed. ex- romantic comedy- boy meets girl fall in love then they cant overcome, then overcome, then end up together. soap operas, WWE-pro wrestling- mostly not real, lawncare-perfectly green, soft, same height, no weeds, cross hatch-totally fictional- 14 billion on the perfect lawn

economic systems

social institution that coordinates human activity in the effort to produce, distribute and consume goods and services

dude time-about

sports media, understanding gender, race,

power

the ability to act or to exert influence over others Significance: distributed unequally, who has access to power? Ex: someone who has more money may have more power because they are able to afford schooling, become bosses CEO's etc.

ethnocentrism

the belief that one's group is superior to all other groups

false consciousness

the class consciousness of subordinate classes who had internalized the view of the dominant class

teacher expectancy effect

the effect of teacher expectations on a student's actual performance

prejudice

the evaluation of a social group and the individuals within it, based on conceptions about the social group that are held despite facts that disprove them; the beliefs involve both prejudgment and misjudgment

dominant group

the group that assigns a racial or ethnic group to subordinate status in society

Racial formation

the process by which a group comes to be defined as a race

assimilation theory

the process by which a minority becomes socially, economically and culturally absorbed within the dominant society

Socialization

the process by which individuals internalize the values and beliefs and norms to a given society and learn to function as members of that society

status attainment

the process by which people end up in a given position in the stratification system

Role Conflict

the tension caused by competing demands between two or more roles pertaining to different statuses Example: employee vs student

positivism

using scientific method to study society, thought it was possible to know that subjective world in an objective way. It is a point of contention in the field even today

understanding occupy

—various perspectives on the emergence of the Occupy Wall Street movement

sociological methods

quantitative vs. qualitative. the deductive approach- you have a theory first and then you make observations the inductive approach- you have observations and then you make a theory. Independent and dependent*

bad boys

racial and gender stereotyping in American schools; similarities between educational and criminal justice system

racial dissolutions???

racial problems are diminished by the environment that sends discouraging messages

still separate, still unequal

racial segregation in American schools; example of correspondence principle

what media can be considered mass

radio telephone broadcast tv internet

sexuality

refers sexual desire, attraction, and practice based on sexual object of choice, western culture (heterosexual, homosexual, trans, pansexual, queer, asexual)

social stratification

relatively fixed, hierarchical arrangement in society by which groups have different access to resources, power, and perceived social worth

emotional labor

requires one to induce or suppress feeling in order to sustain an outward countenance that produces the desired state of mind in others

teleological

reversing the usual order and explaining things that happened after

mcdonalds-rootinization

routines, normal behaviors- food prep, measuring, greetings, -other places---how do customers get rootinized--routine about order- go to counter then order- menu has numbers--get own drinks, throw away own trash. useful--fast service, need fewer employees because customers do most of it--- you learn by observation, self check out

feral child documentation

russia treated like dogs, left kid in closet, child walk out of woods one day - parental abuse?

4 primary agents of socialization

school family, mass media, peers

examples of family socialization

sitting at the table- meals- eating in general, parental interaction with their kids language uses- shut up- went to friends- it was really bad

NGE-elite model

social contract itself benefits those who are already powerful- private propety- cannot take other peoples stuff- private property laws- wealthy benefit from property laws

functionalism**

sociological theory it is the application of the scientific method and it connects the individual in society. talks about basic values and norms in society. homeostatis nature and equillibrium

conflict theory

sociological theory that we need social conflict. economic structure is two classes- the owner bourgeeosie, prolitariate- workers

stereotype interchangeability

stereotypes, especially negative ones, are often interchangeable from one social class to another, from one racial or ethnic group to another, from a racial or ethnic group to a social class, or from a social class to a gender

class system

stratification exists, but a person's placement in the class system can change according to personal achievements

what is the most prominent explanation for the recent growth of demand for seats at colleges with nationally recognize names

students seeking graduate schools, seek prestigious, and valuable undergraduate degrees

symbolic interactionalism

subjective meaning of human behavior- roll making and faking. humans are pragmatic actors. we all have roles and reverse these roles and act a certain way

informal power

subtle ways male managers sustain dominence over women employees to maintain their inferior status: disciplinary actions, threats humiliation,

Aversive racism

subtle, covert and non-obvious racism

protestant ethic-days of the week

sundays

the birth of the intravidual

talks about how we have fragmented identities- we have multiple selves. We join a million things and we dont really participate in everything. Social assignments- example the netflix when you have a "might like page"

why is marching such a good thing to teach in boot camp

teaches recriuts to work as a group.- not used but needs to be taught to help then become a group

McDonald's-post-industrial economy

tertiary sector- provision of services rather then providing goods--information displaces property, carpenter--to fix--assume they have the property for the job. doctor- needs degree, computer, dx things, has to do with ***information exchange, skill set***

power

the ability of people to achieve goals despite opposition from others.

white privilege

the condition that allows whites to define themselves as politically and racially tolerant as they proclaim adherence to a belief system that does not see or judge individuals by "the color of their skin"

hence top decisions tend either to become co-ordinated or to lead to a commanding indecision.

the controlling decisions in each order are inspected by agents of the other two, and economic, military, and political structures are interlocked. At the pinnacle of each of the three enlarged and centralized domains, there have arisen those higher circles which make up the economic, the political, and the military elites. At the top of theeconomy, among the corporate rich, there are the chief executives; at the top of the political order, the members of the political directorate; at the top of the military establishment, the elite of soldier-statesmen clustered in and around the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the upper echelon. As each of these domains has coincided with the others, as decisions tend to become total in their consequence, the leading men in each of the three domains of power—the warlords, the corporation chieftains, the political directorate—tend to come together, to form the power elite of America.

sexual identity

the definition of oneself that is formed around one's sexual relationship

credential inflation

the diminution of the value of college degrees in a labor market that was flooded with them. helped people articulate their sense that a mere college degree might not be sufficient to attainment of upper-middle-class comforts

Role

the duties and behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status Example: -student: attend classes, study for exams

homophobia

the fear and hatred of lesbians and gays

schooling

the more formal, institutionalized aspects of education

manifesto communist party

the only way for society to move forward is through class conflict of the bourgeossie and prolitariate. capitalism is a revolutionary force, global force, creative force and a destructive force

life chances

the opportunities that people have in common by virtue of belonging to a particular class

class consciousness

the perception that a class structure exists along with a feeling of shared identification with others in one's class

meritocracy

the poor suffer due to bad choices or lack of merit; poverty = fault of individual, not social structures Significance: lack of power & control-- single mothers vulnerable group to poverty Ex: Cathy -- made poor choices which landed her homeless

sex tourism

the practice whereby people travel to particular parts of the world specifically to engage in commercial sexual activity

racial formation

the process by which social economic and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories and they're in turned shaped by racial meanings

coming out

the process of defining oneself as gay or lesbian

Concept of Calling

A product of the Reformation

Education

Prepares students for their future class status

What theme does "Nickel-and-Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America" cover?

"Nickel-and-Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America" covers the theme of Social Class and Stratification.

What theme does "Our Guys/Good Guys: Playing with High School Privilege and Power" cover?

"Our Guys/Good Guys: Playing with High School Privilege and Power" covers the theme of Social Inequality: Gender.

What does "Our Guys/Good Guys: Playing with High School Privilege and Power" examine?

"Our Guys/Good Guys: Playing with High School Privilege and Power" examines how the social institution of education has replicated social hierarchies that perpetuate gender inequality.

What theme does "Out of Sorts: Adoption and (Un)Desirable Children" cover?

"Out of Sorts: Adoption and (Un)Desirable Children" covers the theme of Social Inequality: Race and Ethnicity.

time bind-socialism

1) public ownership of means of production- community access-public schools, taxpayers pay, police dept., fire dept, roads-turnpike 2) pursuit of collective goals/goods-everyone-no individualism--homeowners association, charity, volunteer, 3) production and prices are set by the government--farmers, snake oil sales

Personal troubles vs public issues

A personal trouble becomes a public issue once it happens to many different people within a certain region

Hidden curriculum

Children from more privileged backgrounds are exposed to rich, sophisticated, and complex materials

What type of base does class have? (Differences Between Class Systems and Slavery and Caste)

Class is economically based.

Social Functions

Consequences for the operation of society as a whole.

Emotional Downsizing

Deny emotional needs of themselves and families

Personal Troubles

Example: Losing a job based on your lack of effort and tardiness

Cosmopolitan Canopy

Focus on industrialism, immigration, and globalism to make societies more diverse where you can expect civility (politeness) Ex. Reading Terminal Market

Eating Disorders

Food production in the modern world is globalized, due to technologies of transportation and storage. In a sense, everyone in the developed world is on a diet. Having to decide what to eat everyday.

Social Dilemma

Happens when a behavior is rational for an individual, but it can lead to collective disaster when practiced by many people.

Mass Media

Has become an important agent of socialization, often overriding the family and other institutions in instilling values and norms. Controlling and manipulative.

Lillian B. Rubin, Sand Castles and Snake Pits (Ch. 48)

Homeless population increase, and increase of mentally ill people among the homeless

Adia Harvey Wingfield, Racializing the Glass Escalator: Reconsidering Men's Experiences with Women's Work (Ch. 42)

How black men experience gendered advantages over females in the nursing industry

Sense of Constraint

Lack of trust, powerless

history & myth

Myths are stories a community tells itself about itself, can support or contradict existing social Structures-- NOT the opposite of history (history isn't the cure for myths) Significance: these myth narratives can erase history Ex: heroes and villains narrative-- involves belief that historical actors are either Completely good or completely evil, leaders are more than human & one group's virtue rides on another group's villainy WHAT DOES THIS ERASE?

Gov structure that reflects the Elite

National security council

Power is the ability to what?

Power is the "ability to achieve desired outcomes." - Weber

Charter Schools (And/or Exam Schools) (Attempt to Fix America's Educational System)

Public schools run by private entities to give parents greater control over their children's education.

Matrix of domination

Race, class, and gender are interlocking systems of oppression (abuse)

C Wright Mills

Promise and sociological imagination- understanding the individual in relation to society- biography vs. history and personal trouble vs. public issues

Community Mental Health Centers Act, 1963

Provide federal funding for community mental health centers in the U.S.

Making the Familiar Strange

Questioning why we do the things we do automatically

Optional ethnicities

Race and ethnicity are relatively decoupled (separate) for white Americans (they have many options)

Structuration

Social World <-- --> Human Behavior and Thinking (culture, socialization, social interaction, social organizations and institutions, social inequality, environment)

Gender

Social and cultural differences.

Social change can be what?

Social change can be deliberate/intended OR unplanned/unintentional.

Norms

Social expectations that guide behavior Example: washing hands

Structural Functionalism

Society is viewed as an ordered system of interrelated parts, or structures, which are the social institutions that make up society (family, education, politics, the economy). Each of these different structures meets the needs of society by performing specific functions for the whole system (society).

Centralization

The degree to which power is differentially distributed within an organization.

Education

The process by which a society transmits knowledge, values, and expectations to its members so they can function in society.

Stereotypical Thinking (Psychological Interpretations of Prejudice and Discrimination)

Thinking in inflexible terms.

time bind-Are women who have jobs less likely to be depressed than stay home moms?

Yes

Affordable Care Act

aimed to address the problem of too many uninsured Americans

Does the educational system perpetuate or reduce inequality

although the education system in the US has traditionally been a major means for reducing racial, gender, and class inequalities among people, the education institution has perpetuated these inequalities. Segregation of schools and communities keep minority and poor children in schools that lack resources for success

race

an element of social structure it is not biological. complicates every day lives and constructed and maintained during colonial times which means its historical. Racial meanings is what we attach to certain races

intersection perspective

argues that class, race and gender combine to create a matrix of domination

transformation thesis

argues that the replacement of traditional societal hierarchies with educational ones is a definitive chapter in every societies progress toward modernity

intersectionality

article about looking at both race class and gender because they are all part of your identity

time bind-US is a mixed economy- combines elements of capitalism and socialism

ascribed and achieved status

'Great changes'

beyond their control, but affect their conduct and outlook none the less

protestant ethic-things got started by religion--- easter, Xmas- birth and death of christ---now dominated by bunny and eggs and santa

blue laws- alcohol on sunday,

time bind-types of economies

capitalism- 1) private ownership of the means of production- own factory, production buildings 2) pursuit of personal profit 3) competition not monopoly or oligopoly-literally 2 or 3 companies own product line (amazon, verizon, t-mobile) 4) lack of government intervention-separated

social class

categories of people who share common economic interests in stratification system

NGE-The best-known of these events is the World Economic Forum's annual meeting in Davos, Switzerland, invitation to which marks an aspiring plutocrat's arrival on the international scene. The Bilderberg Group, which meets annually at locations in Europe and North America, is more exclusive still -- and more secretive -- though it is more focused on geopolitics and less on global business and philanthropy

defining characteristic of today's plutocrats: they are forming a global community, and their ties to one another are increasingly closer than their ties to hoi polloi back home

interpersonal dynamics in a simulated prison

dehumanizing effects on prisoners and guards. social dynamics of the prison and of social forces.

diversity

differences in culture, history, embodiment,experience (gender, sexuality, race, class, dis/ability...) significance: attends to differences institutions often ignore or Tokenize, & structural injustice and uneven distribution of power Ex: South Florida diverse-- many different cultures, experiences, races. U.S. = melting pot

differential socialization

different values, different norms within same family- siblings- treated different- younger- stricter or lenient same tv shows but sibling watches different shows. **interests-what you are raised around- example is rugby- parent is really into rugby you would be interested

racial domination

explains why race and racism is still apart of life- talked about white domination, intersectionality and ethnicity versus nationality

muslims in US-measuring religiosity

high-religion is very important and may rule everyday life low-dont practice or dont beleive

protestant ethic-research

historical research-250 yrs-1600's -puritanical-predestination-everyone god has already decided if they go to heaven or hell. effect people- whatever dont do anything--signs bad or good- cheat the system- work really hard, advanced class, money,

Media Magic

how mass media distorts the social class

ethnomethodology

how people can create illusion of shared social order when they have different views? Breaching experiments studying through observations criticize others for being impressionistic and systematic

protestant ethic-about

how protestantism effect development of capitalism

muslims in US-religiosity

how religious is someone- very or not---

how to use some of the concept used on 3-5 yr old for the broader world

how to view any concept- really early in peoples lives

norm- orders

idea of taking orders- can be punshed, it is requirement

NGE- what would u buy with 100 billion

jet, house, boat, cars, diamonds, yacht,

why does it matter with total institution if it is voluntary or involuntary

in terms of how we interpret it, were they joined by voluntary- prep-school, rehab, military, involuntary- prison,court ordered rehab, military draft

mcdonalds-services

intangible goods-skill knowlegde skill- car mechanic, musician, concerts, theater, electricity, teaching, dr office, ---what is McD's providing--applies to every society

pluralist model

interprets power in society as derived from the representation of diverse interests of different groups in society

bureaucracy

is a formal organization characterized by an authority hierarchy, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality

historiography

is the study of how, why and how we tell history Significance: often erase multiple stories, especially counter histories Ex: slavery very downplayed in textbooks, leaves out brutal beatings, etc.

The fact of the interlocking is clearly revealed at each of the points of crisis of modern capitalist society—slump, war, and boom. In each, men of decision are led to an awareness of the interdependence of the major institutional orders.

liberal integration was achieved in the automatic economy, by an autonomous play of market forces, and in the automatic political domain, by the bargain and the vote. It was then assumed that out of the imbalance and friction that followed the limited decisions then possible a new equilibrium would in due course

mass media as agent of socialization

magazines, news, facebook, TV movies, --amount people consume- age of 8-18yrs--2,700 hrs per year of mass media. learn about other countries, political affiliations, occupations, exposes people to alternative lives.

Voluntary Participation

make it clear participants can stop at any time

what type of power do these people have- government

makes laws, how governmental money is allocated,

NGE- hedge fund manager

makes money by investing other people's money-2012- 500,000,000 per year- top 5 -1 million per year

operations of power

mass media- power makes us obey. (say yes or no to things). Make sure the dominant groups stay in power

who was the first proponent of transformation thesis

max weber

intersection of biography and history

mexican american workers called chicanas- the devaluation of house work- talked about the influence about social relationship. about the girl that was working as a maid for the family and they treat her like garbage. contradiction of race and class. after the american mexican war

nickle and dimed on not getting by in america

middle class journalists exploring the world of welfare mothers. Poverty, worked unskilled people, low income and she could not make it

Do No Harm

no physical or psychological harm to subjects

dude time-3 dimensions of culture

normative dimension- action cognative dimention- beliefs material dimention- physical objects- american TV comsumption

beliefs and rules- school in garden

norms, folk-ways, cognative

culture in military

norms- killing- since young taught you shouldn't kill, get them into mindset that killing is ok

McDonald's-workplace culture in post-industrial society

offices,

how do bureaucracies tend to distribute rewards

on the demonstrated individual accomplishment, not inherited

family as socialization agent

one of the most important sources - IT IS THE FIRST SOURCE- you don't that there is an alternative-

Master Status

one status within a set that stands out or overused all others Example: lesbian, race

caste system

one's place in the stratification system is an ascribed status, meaning it is a quality given to an individual by circumstances of birth

dude time-time use studies

people literally record over a week or a month- record every single minute (11 hours per day)

NGE-the rich of today are also different from the rich of yesterday

phenomena: the revolution in information technology and the liberalization of global trade. Individual nations have offered their own contributions to income inequality -- financial deregulation and upper-bracket tax cuts in the United States; insider privatization in Russia; rent-seeking in regulated industries in India and Mexico. But the shared narrative is that, thanks to globalization and technological innovation, people, money, and ideas travel more freely today than ever before.

sources of power

physical force- literally forcing someone to do something they don't want to do- arresting someone-police officers, sports, military, Influence- ability to convince someone to do something- salespeople, marketing, parents authoity- certain people we give power to.

Wealth

physical property, valuable objects, and investments

mass culture

pop culture connected with mass media

charismatic authority

power from exceptional personal characteristics. MLK, Hitler, Trump, influencers,

desocialization

process of relinquishing old norms, values, and behaviors - over time give up their culture- example- learning to hold hand when crossing street- at some point you stopped -naturally evolves, changing to new religion, childhood toys as grown-up- dolls, legos. santa-young believe through parent stories, mass media- old don't believe in it- tell not real

disney empire

profit- teaches kids to consume. A lot of different places you can purchase disney. Issue of accountability- should they be accountable for what they are teaching even though they are a business and they are trying to make a profit

Culture Relativism

recognizing difference and trying to understand it, but falling short of giving it value

McDonald's- in preindustrial society you are rewarded for work immediately, for industrial society - weekly or bi-weekly paycheck.

rewarded for effort--education- 2-4 yrs, exercising,

type of research using racial and ethnic concepts

sat in and observation, participant observation

Doug Hartman argues that the reason men watch football is because _____________

• It maintains and creates their masculinity

what are some things feral children don't know

social skills, norms, facial expressions, language-none, walking, still crawl dont walk, eating food face in the food, or use hands,

Role Strain

the incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status Example: mother- available 24/7, scheduling, feeding before self

heterosexism

the institutionalization of heterosexuality

Secondary Socialization

the learning process that takes place each time we join a new secondary group

socialization

the secret answer to everything

autonomous state model

the state as its own major constituent

The benefits of doing embedded reporting is, according to Andrew Lindner in "Controlling the media in Iraq" is ___________

• It is one of the least dangerous strategies

display

when a female is made to "perform as if she is on stage". embodying a specific image. deep acting

authoritarian

where power is concentrated in the hands of a very few individuals who rule through centralized power and control

big stick system

whoever has the biggest stick whoever is toughest is the leader

5 fallacies about racism

- Individualistic - Legalistic - Tokenistic - Ahistorical - Fixed

Public Issues

A more sociologic approach Examples: -more people than just Dave laid off -unemployment line increased -Donna Gaines reading with teenage suicide

muslims in US- individual religion

1)beliefs- extent to which people accept the truth of religious doctrine god is higher power, heaven and hell, jesus, trinity, 2) behaviors- actions that individuals perform that directly concern religion --attendance-church services (25%-never, weekly- 25%, other- 50%) a lot of variation- not uniform --prayer (14%-never, several times daily-28%, 58 % -other) --sacred book- bible, tora, koran (27%-never, weekly or more- 23%, other-50%) summary- key thing is so variation, don't like to read, 3) knowledge understanding and awareness of one's own religion-do you know founder, why?, site psalms, scripture, rituals, catechism, amish-living daily lives religious. 4) experiences-intensity and kind of contact with the supernatural - out of body, heaven/hell visitation, life passes before eyes, stigmata, speaking in tongues, apparitions, bigfoot, 5) consequences-way a religion unites and divides with other in the community-cult, going door to door, natural disasters, wearing burkas, foods,

What theme does "A Slow, Toxic Decline: Dialysis Patients, Technological Failure, and the Unfulfilled Promise of Health in America" cover?

"A Slow, Toxic Decline: Dialysis Patients, Technological Failure, and the Unfulfilled Promise of Health in America" covers the theme of Health and Medicine.

Tokenistic fallacy about racism

- Believe that because we have black people in power, racism is no longer present - Wrong because many people still are racist despite those people being in power

Food Desert

A community in which the residents have little or no access to fresh, affordable, and healthy foods. Usually located in densely populated urban areas.

Social Capital

Any relationship between people that can facilitate the actions of others

Karl Marx on religion and economy

Claimed religion enabled rational thinking to develop capitalism through the Industrial Revolution

What does every society have?

Every society has some form of stratification, but societies stratify people on different criteria (like race, class, and gender).

C.J. Pascoe, 'Dude, You're a Fag': Adolescent Masculinity and the Fag Discourse (Ch. 29)

Experiments male homophobia and how this discourse is less about sexuality and more about maintaining gender identity and the boundaries of masculinity

Herbert Spencer

Founding father of sociology. -First great English-speaking sociologist. -Believed in evolution and coined the phrase "survival of the fittest." -Believed that societies evolve through time by adapting to their changing environment. His philosophy is often referred to as Social Darwinism.

Auguste Comte (1789-1857)

Founding father of sociology. 1. He invented the word "sociology." 2. Scientific evidence. 3. Seeing sociology as a means to predict and control human behavior, which in turn contributes to human welfare. 4. Try to grasp the laws that determine human behavior so that they could plan for a better society.

What is gender socialization?

Gender socialization is the learning of gender of roles through social agents. Boys and girls are treated differently by parents from birth. Behavior interpreted based on parent's expectations.

Gender typing of occupations is often what?

Gender typing of occupations is often reinforced and perpetuated by childhood gender socialization.

Social Isolation as the result of geography and technology

Geography: Homogeneity by place in terms of race, class, and age Technology: makes people stay inside Internet=no need to go out to shop Tv & Video games=no need to go out to play games

What does Stevens review in "A School in a Garden"?

In "A School in a Garden," Stevens reviews a number of potential theories related to education and social class inequality, including social reproduction theory, the transformation thesis, and credentialism.

What does Stevens study in "A School in a Garden"?

In "A School in a Garden," Stevens studies how elite colleges reinforce the social class structure in society.

In displacement, feelings of hostility are directed against what?

In displacement, feelings of hostility are directed against objects that are not the real origin of anxieties.

How does racism occur in the slaughterhouse in "At a Slaughterhouse, Some Things Never Die"?

In the slaughterhouse in Tar Heel, North Carolina in "At a Slaughterhouse, Some Things Never Die," racism occurs on many levels, including racial stereotyping, verbal harassment, and even the threat of physical violence and death.

"Dude, You're A Fag": Adolescent Masculinity and the Fag Discourse

In this piece, Pascoe summarizes the results from her field research in a working-class, suburban high school in California. She examines the use of the word fag as an insult among and between adolescent males. Using gender and queer theory, the author presents evidence that there is a discourse that uses the word far and negative homosexual stereotypes in interactions among high school boys. Instead, heterosexual high school boys use the term to mock or tease other heterosexual boys. The "fag discourse," then, is a tool for establishing and highlighting the masculinity of the person using the language

What is the significance of the elimination of "magic"?

Lost of trust in efficacy of magic, push for asceticism, disenchantment makes it possible for reorganizing work. In other words Disenchantment > Predestination > Anxiety > so vocational work is used to ease this anxiety (ascetic denial)

Race

Marks difference between groups of people; psychical appearance, ancestry

Luddites

People who oppose new technologies are often called "Luddites" after a secret society whose goal it was to destroy new textile machines during the early years of the Industrial Revolution.

Sered, Susan Starr and Rushika Fernandopulle. "Sick Out of Luck" *SHORT ANSWER

Social-class based inequalities in Health -Income --Medical care is expensive --Lower rates of insurance among the poor -Occupational Status --Dangerous conditions --Exposure to stressful conditions over a long period of time --Higher levels of education = longer lifespan The Uninsured in America -People who don't have any money who need to see a doctor are just shit out of luck The Core of America's Health Care System -For profit -Employment based -Private insurance -As the nature of employment has changed globally, fewer people are able to stay in the same job for many years. As a result, jobs no longer serve as stable platforms for healthcare arrangements. More than half of uninsured men and women work full-time throughout the year, and most of the others work part-time or for part of the year. They simply work at jobs without health benefits. -Without affordable healthcare, health issues often go undetected until it is too late -As the cost of health care in America has soared far beyond the costs of care in Canada, England, and otherEuropean countries, the millions who find themselves uninsured are now priced out of the healthcare marketplace, potentially facing bankruptcy, and in substantially worse health than those who do have health insurance. Uninsured Americans receive less preventive care, poorer treatments for both minor and serious chronic and acute illnesses, and they often live shorter lives than members of comparable insured populations. -People who were promised a job over the phone, then rushed to the personnel office only to be turned down based of their appearance which occurred due to their lack of health care. -Catch-22 Making too much money to get charity services at Health Centers but not enough to pay for it out of pocket -Dangerous jobs were worthwhile for good benefits and comprehensive health care -Uninsured people treated like losers -Proud members of the working class to the working poor --Members of the working poor are locked into employment situations that do not offer medical benefits -Our healthcare system is similar to a bizarre natural selection where the richest reproduce and the poorest die out Frans Story -Worked for 7 years as an inventory control supervisor -A foreign corporation purchased the plant and Fran was laid off -She was divorced the next day -Then she attended school and while in school she went without healthcare -She went to the doctor about a hangnail and could'nt return when he asked for $200 -She also discovered she had diabetes -After being treated for gangrene she was able to work but was now 55 years old and this made it difficult to find work Lennys Story -Mined silver for 30 years -Dangerous working conditions in the mine but was worth it for the benefits -A fire broke out in the mine but Lenny was lucky enough to survive -Lenny then worked in different departments of the mine until the mine closed entirely -Then he started installing telephone lines which health insurance came into effect 60 days on the job -30 days into the new job he suffered from cardiac arrest and was left with enormous medical bills -Now he is left unable to work

What is "economic traditionalism"?

This expressed the traditional mindset of individuals when it comes to the purpose of their life activity. For example, if a woman only needs $2.50 they are satisfied with getting paid that much.

What people think and do are the products of what?

What people think and do are the products of culture and history.

"paths of least resistance"

What you're supposed to do if you want to belong

Stigma

a negative social label that not only changes other's behavior toward a person but also alters that person's own self-concept and social identity

urban underclass

a new lower class; includes those who are likely to be permanently unemployed and without much means of economic support

Racialization

a process whereby some social category, such as a social class or nationality, takes on what society perceives to be racial characteristics

Ascribed Status

a status into which one is born; involuntary status

According to Weber, Luther contributed to extending the idea of the calling to every day life a) true b) false

a) true

According to Weber, feudalism is characterized by a dispersal of the means of administration among outlying power holders a) true b) false

a) true

According to Weber, it is possible to have wage labor and entrepreneurs without the spirit of capitalism a) true b) false

a) true

the time bind (ferguson #43)

author: arlie hochschild main point: work has become home and home has become work due to creation of new management structures and idealization of nuclear family structure research method: in depth interviews, surveys, content analysis broader implications: time is capital and it's not distributed the way you think it is; so is emotion; children don't work within our society

academically adrift: a must-read (canvas)

author: richard vedder main point: colleges are dumbing down the curriculum due to higher rates of students going to college who aren't 'suited' for it research method: N/A broader implications: hm,, this is perhaps a biased perspective that I perhaps very much disagree with. perhaps

over the counter (ferguson #41)

author: robin leidner main point: McDonald's intensively socializes workers; work is reduced to simple steps (routinized) for control, leading to alienation; fluctuating schedules :/ research method: content analysis, ethnography broader implications: i would like to delete mcdonald's; routinization is good for business but makes lives of individuals very difficult

adoptions by gay couples rise (canvas)

author: sabrina tavernise main point: more same gender couples are adopting because there's a huge need for adoptive parents; those who do are usually wealthier research method: N/A broader implications: society doesn't reflect practical need

3 agents of socialization (using racial and ethnic concepts)

family- was their only socialization up to prescool, education- preschool now becomes agent of socialization, ***peers- fellow preschoolers teach each other-

legacy admissions

giving preference to the children and siblings of alumni

what type of power do these people have- corporations

have more education, hire and fire, control money and resources that are released,

muslims in US- rituals

public-baptism, wedding, funerals, devotions (private)- prayer, bible readings, confessions

what media is NOT mass

telegraph

advertising

tells us who we are as a culture, it focuses on the individual. (usually attracted people). it challenged consumption- it makes us feel like we need to buy things. Brings on happiness in the future

pluralism

the separate maintenance and persistence of one's cultural, language, mannerisms, practices, art, and so on

Tracking

the separating of students within schools according to some measure of ability

social class

the social structural position that groups hold relative to the economic, social, political, and cultural resources of society

segregation

the spatial and social separation of racial and ethnic groups

media in iraq- 3 types of reporting

with a group of military- combat mission, eat sleep with them- military protects them, military imbedded reporters; cowboy journalist- rent truck driver and body guard; journalist just stayed in safe areas and reported

american social trends

—-an overview of social change in America; 10 structural and cultural trends of modern era in US

the atrophy of social life

—how social isolation is affecting society; references Putnam's Bowling Alone

cultures of the tea party

—on the characteristics of Tea Party Movement participants (nativism; authoritarianism; small government; Constitution as symbol)

Healthcare as commodity

A marketable item produced to satisfy wants or needs

C. Wright Mills (1959)

"Think ourselves away" from the familiar routines of our daily lives; look at the larger historical scene and gauge oneself within the period; intersections of biography and history (e.g., drinking a cup of coffee).

What theme does "Media Magic: Making Class Invisible" cover?

"Media Magic: Making Class Invisible" covers the theme of Power, Politics, and the Mass Media.

Income

"Income includes earnings from work its substitutes, like pension, disability, unemployment insurance, or social assistance"

What theme does "The Atrophy of Social Life" cover?

"The Atrophy of Social Life" covers the theme of Social Change.

What theme does "The Ironies of Diversity" cover?

"The Ironies of Diversity" covers the theme of Power, Politics, and the Mass Media.

What theme does "The Power Elite" cover?

"The Power Elite" covers the theme of Power, Politics, and the Mass Media.

Wealth

"Wealth is the total value of a family's financial resources minus all debts" -Passed down from generation to generation -Example: Estates, property, etc.

What theme does "What Can We Do?: Becoming Part of the Solution" cover?

"What Can We Do?: Becoming Part of the Solution" covers the theme of Social Change.

What theme does "Who Rules America?: The Corporate Community and the Upper Class" cover?

"Who Rules America?: The Corporate Community and the Upper Class" covers the theme of Social Class and Stratification.

What theme does "Working at Bazooms: The Intersection of Power, Gender, and Sexuality" cover?

"Working at Bazooms: The Intersection of Power, Gender, and Sexuality" covers the theme of Social Inequality: Gender.

Gender (definition & example)

- Social meanings of masculinity and femininity - Men like sports, women wear dresses

Sex (definition & example)

- Socially agreed upon biological criteria for classifying persons as females & males - Born with male sex organs, categorized as a man

Manifest Functions

-Functionalism Theory - Intended Consequences -Examples: why we have a college? to learn

Prestige (Socioeconomic Status)

-Social Esteem -Treat People with Respect -Status

Race

-Social category based on real or perceived biological differences. -A physical marker transmitted through reproduction. -Individual, group, and cultural attributes associated with that marker.

Deviance

-the recognizable violation of a social norm -both informal and formal (major violations vs minor violations)

What are two factors necessary to develop the spirit of modern capitalism?

1) Rational conduct of life founded on the idea of calling 2) Individualism were necessary to develop the spirit of modern capitalism

media in iraq-media technologies

1) printing press 2) daily newspaper 3)mass paper seling-literacy 4)photography 5) telegraph 6)telephone 7) movies-silent 8)radio 9) record 10) broadcast TV 11) VHS 12)cable tv 13) micro computers 14) cell phones 15) internet

social mobility

a person's movement overtime from one class to another

Ethics of Social Research

1. Do no harm 2. Informed consent 3. Voluntary Participation Examples: -Tuskegee Syphilis Study -Nazi Medical Experiments - Nuremberg war trials

Example of Institutional Discrimination Laws

1. English only. 2. Preferential admissions policies by college. 3. Restrictive employment-leave policies. 4. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. 5. Laws in 1920s barred Asian nationals from entering the US.

Explaining Gender Stratification: Conflict Perspective

1. Gender = A dimension of social inequality and conflict. 2. The relationship between men and women = Unequal power.

NGE-In contrast to yachting and attending debutante balls, what do today's global rich do in terms of social events? Why do they matter?

1. Meeting and conventions that they all come together for. 2. They make connections with other elites at the conventions. 3. They form a dominant

Social-Conflict Paradigm

1. Power: Sees society as an area of inequality that generates conflict and change. 2. Investigates how factors are linked to unequal distribution of money, power, education, and social prestige. 3. The power class.

theoretical perspectives in society

1. functionalism 2.conflict theory 3. symbolic interactionism a sociological theory is a different explanation to a social phenomenon that provides a lense or perspective to help us understand the social world

racial domination- 5 fallacies

1. individualistic 2.legalistic 3.tokenistic 4.ahistorical 5.fixed

reason that these agents of socialization matter

source of socialization and they socialize in very different ways

what is using racial and ethnic concepts about

3-5 year olds,

Food (Institution of Health)

A part of the larger social institution.

How may a person display their ethnic and racial group membership?

A person may display their ethnic and racial group membership through Symbolic Ethnicity and/or Situational Ethnicity.

Racism

A set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group. Used to justify inequality. Often rooted in the assumption that differences between groups are genetic.

"Doing Gender"

Gender is a performance, something we "do" Expectations lead us to perform gender in expected ways

Sexism

Gender prejudice.

What does gender refer to?

Gender refers to the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members.

According to Bourdieu, why does this happen? (Theories of Social Class)

According to Bourdieu, this happens because each generation acquires cultural capital (tastes, habits, expectations, skills, knowledge, etc.) that help us to gain advantages in society.

NGE-Google, Amazon, the iPhone -- broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy

And the less-wondrous inventions -- particularly the explosion of subprime credit -- helped mask the rise of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant.

Subjective Indicators of Social Class

Attitudes and values Class identification Consumption patterns

Heterosexual

Attracted to the opposite sex.

Homosexual

Attracted to the same sex.

Emergent Social Movements (Promoting and Resisting Change)

Because society is constantly changing, new social movements and different opportunities for activism (any activity intended to bring about social change) are constantly emerging.

time bind-how has the workplace changed?

Becoming to be at home, technological development and improvement of work conditions

Theories of Gender Inequality: Conflict Theorists

Believe men have historically had access to most of society's material resources and privileges. Therefore, it is in their interest to try to maintain their dominant position.

Theories of Gender Inequality: Functionalists

Believe that there are social roles better suited to one gender than the other, and that societies are more stable when certain tasks are fulfilled by the appropriate sex.

Weber's idea of iron cage

Believed the bureaucracy can cause people to feel trapped in the dehumanized iron cage.

Sex

Biological differences between men and women.

Blood difference is more significant than what?

Blood difference is more significant than skin color.

What are bodies?

Bodies are social objects. Physical selves have socially constructed meaning.

Lifestyle

Exercise Alcohol use Smoking Diet

Who coined the term sociological imagination?

C. Wright Mills (1959) coined the term sociological imagination.

The Power Elite

C. Wright Mills's classic book, The Power Elite, first published in 1956, remains an important analysis of the system of power in the US. He argues that national power is located in three particular institutions: the economy, politics and the military. An important point in his article is that the power of elites is derived from their institutional location, and not their individual attributes

calling out/calling in

Calling out: publicly give feedback to someone about their potentially problematic or oppressive behavior Calling in: talk with someone privately about their behavior (considered a less reactionary route to work through conflict) Significance: important across diversity issues & social injustice-- found calling out to be Counteractive EX: if a friend shows up to a halloween party dressed as "sexy native american" pull her aside, etc.

Culture

Consist of the values the members of a group hold, the norms they follow, and the material goods they produce. The ways of thinking, acting, entire way of life. Acts as a lens through which one views the world and is passed from one generation to the next.

How are positions in class systems? (Differences Between Class Systems and Slavery and Caste)

Class positions are in some part achieved. Social mobility is more common in this system.

How are boundaries in class systems? (Differences Between Class Systems and Slavery and Caste)

Class systems are fluid. Boundaries between classes are not clear cut.

How are class systems? (Differences Between Class Systems and Slavery and Caste)

Class systems are large scale and impersonal.

What are classes based on?

Classes are based on inequalities in control of material resources, and access to educational and occupational opportunities.

What evidence is there of contemporary sexual attitudes and behavior?

Contemporary sexual attitudes vary considerably by social factors such as age, gender, race, and religion. Sexual behavior has also changed in recent years, with mixed trends in both liberal and conservative sexual values. In general, attitudes on issues of premarital sex and gay and lesbian rights have become more liberal, though this depends on social characteristics such as age, gender, and degree of religiosity, among others.

colonialism/settler colonialism

Colonialism - European powers established colonies from which to extract resources (...) The ruling country dominated indigenous populations → BUT indigenous population remained in the majority Settler Colonialism: colonial invasion decimated indigenous populations through foreign disease and military domination→ indigenous population became the minority → settler population became the majority Significance: Colonialism, slavery etc. therefore not just historical but reinforced in many people's lives today ex: sweatshops, H&M

Riot (Types of Collective Behavior)

Continuous disorderly behavior by a group of people that disturbs the peace and is directed toward other people and/or property.

Who rules America?

Corporate, political, and military leaders. Are all interconnected

Division of Labor (Form of Gender Inequality)

Degree of inequality between sexes varies across cultures. Women in the US have made considerable progress, but still are unequal in many areas.

Status

Derives from occupation, age, and ethnicity.

Hidden Curriculum

Describes the values and behaviors that students learn indirectly over the course of their schooling because of the educational system's structure and teaching methods.

Inequality of Opportunity

Differences in people's chances of acquiring social resources.

Individual Discrimination (Types of Discrimination)

Discrimination carried out by one person against another person.

What are displacement and scapegoating?

Displacement and scapegoating are psychological mechanisms associated with prejudice and discrimination.

Symbolic importance of marriage

Display of prestige and achievement changing place in life course Love and intimacy

time bind-How has family changed?

Divorce rates increase

Patterns of Social Behavior

Divorce, substance abuse, aging, immigration, unemployment, underemployment, overwork, lower pay, etc. However, they are public issues at the societal level.

What is the importance of the education institution?

Education is the social institution that is concerned with the formal transmission of society's knowledge. It is therefore part of the socialization process. Although the US education system has long produced students at the top of the world's educational achievements, the US is falling behind other nations on standardized test scores

Educational institutions also help to do what?

Educational institutions also help to reproduce the inequality seen in society.

Credentialism

Educational legitimation You have school or you don't Best measure of a persons intelligence or ability to do a particular job

Progressive Social Movement (Types of Social Movements)

Efforts to promote forward-thinking social change.

America Without a Middle Class

Elizabeth Warren argues that the American tradition of having a strong middle class is now at risk because of the economic crisis that has beset America. She shows the increasingly fragile status of many middle-class families, who are now working harder than ever just to keep up with basic expenses.

Theories of Gender Inequality: Interactionists

Emphasize how the concept of gender is socially constructed, maintained, and reproduced in our everyday lives.

Matthew Desmond and Mustafa Emirbayer, What is Racial Domination? (Ch. 31)

Explains why race and racism are still a part of modern social life

Status

a recognizable social position that an individual occupies Example: -professor -student -friend -employee

The Rise of Food Democracy

Food has become a target for those who are critical of the domination of multinational corporations in the production and distribution of food. Brian Halweil discusses the new food movements that are developing to make food more "local."

What four states already have a minority-majority population?

Four states who already have a minority-majority population: -Texas. -California. -New Mexico. -Hawaii.

Liberty

Freedom to pursue one's interests as one desires and to reap the benefits of one's effort (individual interest).

What can gender inequality be traced back to?

Gender inequality can be traced back to biological differences.

For-Profit Universities

Good for full-time students (flexibility) Goal is to make a profit

Why do food deserts exist?

Grocery chains began leaving urban areas in 60s and 70s due to perceived problems: -Security -Profitability -Real Estate Costs -Parking

Health and illness are connected to population as well as what?

Health and illness are connected to population as well as social factors, such as class, race, and gender.

Health disparities adversely affect groups of people who have what?

Health disparities adversely affect groups of people who have systematically experienced greater social and/or economic obstacles to health and/or a clean environment (age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, etc.).

Malcolm X

Human rights activist, author Significance: believed in shifting the center, call & response, naming conflict Ex:

What did Kozol visit in "Still Separate, Still Unequal: America's Educational Apartheid"?

In "Still Separate, Still Unequal: America's Educational Apartheid," Kozol visited over 60 public schools and interviewed children, teachers, and administrators about the status of education.

What does Eitzen argue in particular in "The Atrophy of Social Life"?

In "The Atrophy of Social Life," Eitzen argues in particular that some types of social progress have led to a decrease in social interaction.

Social Control

Peoples thoughts, feelings, appearance and behavior are regulated in social systems

Institutional discrimination is the denial of what?

Institutional discrimination is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from normal societal operations (i.e., discrimination laws).

What is institutional discrimination?

Institutional discrimination is the systematic exclusion of people from equal access to, and participation in certain activities. -Organizational practices and societal trends that exclude minorities from equal opportunities for position of power and prestige. -Structural involves policies and practices.

Fads (Examples of Mass Behavior)

Interests or practices followed enthusiastically for a relatively short period of time.

Companionate Marriage

Intimate needs such as love, to be loved, and to experience a fulfilling sex life

Dieting (Example of Modern Social Technology)

Involves planned interventions in bodily functioning.

Homeschooling (Attempt to Fix America's Educational System)

Involves the education of children by their parents at home.

time bind-Life inside Google

It's great and fun. Provide housing

What does Kozol's ethnography contend?

Kozol's ethnography, "Savage Inequalities," contends that because schools are funded by local property taxes, children in poor neighborhoods are trapped in poor schools, which reinforces inequality.

Parenting Style: Concerted Cultivation

Leads to an emerging sense of entitlement

"Sand Castles and Snake Pits" by Lillian B. Rubin

Looks at homelessness and mental illness People experiencing homelessness are more likely to be mentally ill, racial minorities, men Mental hospitals inadequate and "the system doesn't work very well" - author says it is actually broken The Snake Pit: shocking movie highlighting insane asylums JFK brought issue into public eye when he revealed there was a member of their family that struggled with mental illness Homelessness is a product of failed social policy

what is the power elite about (theoretical article)

Mills says power elite groups are: military, corporations/CEO's, government/politicians

Theories to Understand Racial and Ethnic Inequality: Conflict Theory

Power, control, and capitalism. Racism is part of the economic competition and struggle over scarce resources. "A Split Labor Market."

Scapegoat Theory (Theories of Prejudice)

Scapegoat. Frustration -> prejudice. Prejudice tends to be more common among people who think of themselves as being disadvantaged.

House Mascots

School mascot

Schooling serves a number of important functions for what?

Schooling serves a number of important functions for society: -The transmission of knowledge. -Learning to follow society's rules and to respect authority. -Being socialized to develop other qualities that will eventually makes us efficient and obedient workers.

Power elite operations

Secret and can mask their intention, any secret is in their favor

Symbolic-Interaction

Sees society as the product of everyday interactions of individuals.

What does sociology look at?

Sociology looks at a broad range of institutions (structures in our society, like education, economics, and politics) to better understand social relationships.

Evelyn Nakano Glenn, Yearning for Lightness: Transnational Circuits in the Marketing and Consumption of Skin Lighteners (Ch. 34)

Skin lightening products for women to alter their appearance in order to look more Caucasian and conform to the racialized beauty norms of western culture

What is the most extreme form of stratification?

Slavery is the most extreme form of stratification.

Formula for Inequalities in Health

Social Structure -> Inequalities in Social Position + Inequalities in Access to Determinants = Inequalities in Health

What can sociologists use to explore social relationships?

Sociologists can use different levels of analysis to explore social relationships.

Sociology is a subject for the who?

Sociology is a subject for the endlessly curious.

Kingsley Davis, Wilbert E. Moore, and Melvin Tumin, (Ch. 23) Some Principles of Stratification

Stratification is a a functional necessity Some social positions are more important than others (rewarded and valued differently)

"Making it by Faking it: Working-class students in an elite academic environment" by Robert Granfield

Subjects: working class students Topic of Study: socialization to resocialization Main Points: - went from identity that was normal to abnormal -was proud of class but led to questioning belonging Main concepts: - Hidden injury of Class: - faking it: looking part, concealing past - ambivalence: trying to come to terms but has trouble, "limbo" (doesn't fit in either places) - resolve ambivalence: shed working class identity by accepting it and finding pride of by not taking about it and hiding it

how does the US compare to other nations in the area of health care?

The US is only recently providing universal health care for its citizens, through the Affordable Care Act. Despite disagreement with the program, more Americans now have health care insurance. The health care system is organized according to social patterns, including that disease itself is influenced by social factors such as race, gender, and social class

media in iraq-embedded

The Pentagon's embedded journalists program allowed reporters for the first time to attach themselves to military units. While Bush Administration officials hailed it for its intimate access to soldiers' lives, media watchdogs criticized its often restrictive nature and publicly worried reporters would do little more than serve up rosy stories about soldiers' courage and homesickness. Critics also argued the embedding program was essential to the administration's attempt to build popular support for the war in Iraq. Several influential members of the Pentagon leadership and the administration believed the media contributed to defeat in the Vietnam War by demoralizing the American public with coverage of atrocities and seemingly futile guerilla warfare. They hoped to avoid a similar result in Iraq by limiting journalists' coverage of darker stories on combat, the deaths of Iraqi civilians, and property damage. As media commentator Marvin Kalb noted, the embedding program was "part of the massive, White House-run strategy to sell...the American mission in this war." While anecdotal examples of the worst excesses of embedded reporters abound, only a few studies have systematically considered news coverage by embedded reporters. Those studies show the program provided reporters with an insider's view of the military experience, but also essentially blocked them from providing much coverage of the Iraqi experience of the war. By examining the content of articles rather than the tone, and comparing embedded and non-embedded journalists' articles, it becomes clear that the physical, and perhaps psychological, constraints of the embedding program dramatically inhibited a journalist's ability to cover civilians' war experiences. While most embedded reporters didn't shy away from describing the horrors of war, the structural conditions of the embedded program kept them focused on the horrors facing the troops, rather than upon the thousands of Iraqis who died. By comparison, independent reporters who were free to roam successfully interviewed coalition soldiers and Iraqi civilians alike, covering both the major events of the war and the human-interest stories of civilians. But given the far greater frequency and prominence of published articles penned by embedded journalists, ultimately the embedding program proved a victory for the armed services in the historical tug-of-war between the press and military over journalistic freedom during war time. war reporting in perspective From the Pentagon's perspective, the embedding program represented a potential compromise in a long-standing conflict between the press and the military over journalistic freedoms in a war zone. In the past 150 years, with the growth of both contemporary warfare and the modern media apparatus, the armed forces and the press have often been at odds in a battle to control information dissemination. While accounts of warfare go back as far as cave paintings, most war historians mark William Howard Russell, an Irish special correspondent for the London Times, as the first modern war reporter. In 1853, Russell was dispatched to Malta to cover English support for Russian troops in the Crimean War. His first-hand reports from the front lines, often criticizing British military leadership, were unique at the time and stirred up much controversy back in England, both rallying support from some quarters and scandalizing military leaders and the royal family. Bending under political pressure, the Times agreed to a degree of self-censorship, but a precedent had been set and news consumers would continue to expect the same caliber of war coverage in the future. Since Russell's time, the relationship between the media and military has undergone many transformations. During World War II, American military and political leaders carefully noted the morally reprehensible yet highly effective propaganda of the Nazi party, most notably Leni Riefenstahl's Triumph of the Will. They responded with their own propaganda series, Why We Fight, created through the combined talents of director Frank Capra and Disney's animation staff. In terms of frontline coverage, the United States military exercised limited censorship with a largely cooperative and nationalistic press, yielding what military scholar Brendan McLane called, "from the military perspective...a golden age of war reporting." Even independently minded reporter Edward R. Murrow, later a hero to many journalists for his bold castigation of the McCarthy hearings, provided assurances of the moral righteousness of the American military campaign alongside vivid descriptions of Allied bombing raids. By contrast, the low levels of censorship, convenient transportation, and the significant technological advancement of television made coverage of the conflict in Vietnam the ideal of war coverage for much of the press. Lyndon B. Johnson's administration policy of "minimum candor" with the press as well as the military's efforts to push only those stories that emphasized progress led to the widespread belief in a "credibility gap" between what government officials claimed and the reality of the situation. However, even if military and political leaders were successful in obstructing journalists in the White House press room, the very nature of a guerilla conflict with an ever-shifting frontline gave journalists in Vietnam excellent access to soldiers and civilians alike. In addition, with the advent of television and advancements in the portability of TV cameras, reporters were able to transmit powerful images of the conflict into living rooms, censored only by editors' sense of propriety and Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations. While collective memory of the journalism during the Vietnam War today tends to be of the courageous release of The Pentagon Papers by New York Times reporters or the image of the free-roaming photojournalist played by Dennis Hopper in Apocalypse Now, it's worth noting that, for more than 10 years until the late 1960s, the majority of the press corps complacently accepted the official story. Nonetheless, the important distinction between the modes of war reporting in World War II and Vietnam is that war correspondents in Vietnam—David Halberstam, Stanley Karnow, and Peter Arnett among them— always had the opportunity to roam and report on the story they chose. More than three decades later, it has become axiomatic that most military leaders and many among the political right believe a liberal-leaning press corps "lost" the Vietnam War by demoralizing the public with horrific images and accounts of atrocities. And, indeed, this simmering resentment has made military-media relations since Vietnam incredibly tense. During the first Gulf War, the media furiously complained about the infamous "press pools" that forced journalists into parroting official press releases from military headquarters in Kuwait. On occasion, selected journalists were allowed to ride with military minders on a tour of the battlefield after the struggle had ended and the bodies were removed. In the mid-1990s, the military was left similarly fuming as journalists arrived in Somalia before the troops. Pentagon leadership, well aware that an ongoing feud with the press was not in its best interests, formed two workgroups to study the issue of how better to manage the press in wartime. In 1984, under the leadership of Brigadier General Winant Sidle, a military panel was charged to examine how to conduct military operations while protecting military lives and the security of the operation but also keeping the American public informed through the media. In the wake of complaints about the Desert Storm press pools, military and media leaders met for the Pentagon-Media Conference in 1992 and agreed on several principles of news coverage in a combat zone. In the intervening years prior to the embedding program, technological changes once again altered the nature of war reporting. As satellite phones became more portable journalists became more self-sufficient, able to coordinate with newsrooms and feed reports, images, and video instantaneously. The newfound capacity of journalists to transmit information on the spot presented a new set of threats to operational security Without the traditional lag-time of war reporting, even wellintentioned journalists might accidentally reveal information of strategic significance, such as locations or troop levels. Based on the recommendations of the various workgroups and the practical consequences of technological innovation, Pentagon officials began to develop training programs and other provisions for embedding in the next major conflict. into the fray

Social Stratification

The division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy.

Epidemiology

The science that studies distribution and incidence of disease and illness within the population.

What were the three races of the 19th century?

Three races of the 19th century: -Negroid -Mongoloid -Caucasoid

Barriers in access to healthcare

Transportation, knowledge about medical options, residential segregation, take time off, language differences

Gender as pervasive

We can't not participate in gender

"Doing Gender"

We learn how to be a girl or a guy, and then do it.

Dakar, Senegal

Women associate overweight bodies with health and wealth. Slimmer woman actually want to gain weight. Teeth - beyond cavities.

convergence

about the mass media 4 key development strategies: 1. take the companies out of private business 2.bring in new corporate managers 3.make investiments in digital technology 4. establish lines of horizontal integration

horizontal integration

absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level

Values

abstract cultural beliefs Examples: value hygiene and cleanliness

time bind-tertiary-white collar

has gone way up

dude time-functionalism

media around sports- women in sports also mention they are mothers, wives, don't do that for men. women are role models, men are entertainment. the function of media sport is for entertainment .

what type of research is school in the garden

observation over a year- author lived at the school, with councelors, walked around school

dude time-research

observation, content analysis-use existing stats, chart, time, get them from existing media- watch TV

which authority has the most emphasis- because there is a system of transfer of power

rational legal

Gender binary (definition & example)

- Assumption that there are only two genders that are mutually exclusive - Very clear expectations for each gender

Legalistic fallacy about racism

- Believe if we get rid of racist laws, we get rid of all racism - Wrong because laws don't change mentalities

Fixed fallacy about racism

- Believe racism always takes the same form and looks the same across time & space - Wrong because there are many forms of racism and it appears in many different ways

Ahistorical fallacy about racism

- Believe racism was in the past, no longer part of our society - Wrong, just because it is a lot more discreet, racism is still very prevalent

Functionalist perspective on inequality

- Believe society is a stable, ordered system made up of interrelated structures and each structure has a specific structure - Believe some positions are more important and filled with more qualified individuals that are paid more - Think inequality is largely unconscious

Individualistic fallacy about racism

- Believe there are racists and non-racists - Wrong because there is a spectrum

"The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism" - Weber

- Influence of religion on social and economic life - Protestantism is source of capitalism - Drive to succeed, desire to serve god - Material success a sign of divine favor - Belief that wealth shouldn't be flaunted - leads to accumulation

Sociological Imagination

-Another way to perceive the world - A skill to see how we are interconnected with the world

How is sexuality related to other social inequalities?

Sexuality intertwines with gender, race and class inequality. This is especially revealed in the sexual stereotypes of different groups, as well as in the double standard applied to men's and women's sexual behaviors, such as in the hooking up culture.

How is sexuality related to contemporary social issues

Sexuality is related to some of the most difficult social problems-including birth control, abortion, reproductive technologies, teen pregnancy, pornography, and sexual violence. Such social problems can be understood by analyzing the sexual, gender, class and racial politics of society.

how does the author of school in garden use conflict theory

admission and getting into the school is a scarce resource, another scarce resource is how do we decide if a school is an elite school - the expensive ones, best teachers, best classes, curriculum, dinning hall, dorm rooms, how it is designated elite- society decides, more apply,

racializing the glass escalator (ferguson #42)

author: adia harvey wingfield main point: men in 'women's' professions face pressure to move 'up' in job level; are welcomed by women they work with; this can change with race re: suitability for jobs/coworker prejudice/supervisor prejudice/customer prejudice, overriding gender status research method: in depth interviews broader implications: race matters more in the US than gender; racism is a consistent barrier to POC, no matter the workplace or the gender of coworkers

dude time-latent or dysfunctions of sport media

reinforces prejudices, sexism, racism- 3-6% to womens sports, other 90% are to mens sports

who rules america

the corporate community and the upper class. socio economic class and the institutionalized nature of the upper class. How the wealthy reproduces itself from going to private school, attending country clubs, and marrying in their own social class

discrimination

the overt negative and unequal treatment of members of some social group or stratum solely because of their membership in that group or stratum

agents of socialization

the people or the sources that socialize us in society- parents, family, school, teachers, mass media, (work-subset of other agents). peers coaches, religious org, sunday school, drill instructor

racism

the perception and treatment of a racial or ethnic group, or member of that group, as intellectually, socially and culturally inferior to one's own group

illness and identity

—an interview study of people with depression; interactionist perspective

What isn't a form of diversity that was not discussed by Gamson and Latteier?

• Competitive

According to Gamson and Latteire, what does the conglomeration of the media do to diversity in the media?

• Have no real negative impact on idea diversity

Examples of Social Change

-Smoking. -Domestic Violence. -Divorce. -Abortion. -Homosexuality.

Developing a Sociological Perspective

How are things that we take to be natural socially constructed?

What does Shapiro analyze in "Race, Homeownership, and Wealth"?

In "Race, Homeownership, and Wealth," Shapiro analyzes the racial-ethnic gap in assets and wealth.

Critiques of For-Profit Universities

Not hesitant to raise tuition Not a "real" college setting May cut unnecessary programs

Formula for Racism

Prejudice + Discrimination + Institutional Inequality (Power) = Racism

stigma

a social identity that develops when a person is socially devalued by others because of some identifiable characteristic

T or F higher education has not been the great equalizer between the distribution of priviledge in this country

true

when you are socialized by family you dont know that there is an alternative way of socializing -----True or false

true

The author of the contexts reader is _________

• Doug Hartman

According to Gamson and Latteier, the challenge for those who want to reform the media is to _______________

• Figure out how some conglomerations make diverse media formats and content and encourage such activity while also opposing cooperate domination

Doug Hartman in "Why men love sports" gathered data for this study by _______________

• Interviewing pro-athletes

"Race, Homeownership, and Wealth" - Shapiro

- Wealth: Storehouse for a family's financial resources and, when combined with income, frames the opportunity for families to secure the "good life" - Income: Reward for work you do

Income (definition & example)

- Earnings from work, social assistance, etc. - Paycheck you get from working

Symbolic ethnicity (definition & example)

- Ethnicity that is individualistic and without real social cost for the individual - Being a white Polish-American. Its an invisible category that will not equate to additional social struggle

Mass media (definition & example)

- Forms of communication designed to reach mass audiences - Social media, TV, radio

Systematic Research

- From "Finding out how the social world works" - mismatch of what people see and what they should be doing - inaccurate result to her research -Advantage: beyond own bias and personal experience

Karl Marx and Conflict Theory (1818-1883)

-Believed that capitalism was creating Social Inequality between the Bourgeoisie, who owned the means of production (money, factories, natural resources, and land), and the Proletariat, who were the workers. -According to Marx, this inequality leads to Class Conflict.

Secondary groups

-larger -temporary -intimate -specialization Examples: - football team - work group/team at work - our sociology class

Why has racism flourished?

-Europeans established exploitative relations with conquered peoples. -Opposition between the colors of white and black as cultural symbols is deeply rooted in European culture. -Concept of race has been invented and diffused.

Class Indicators

-Food/eating Choices -Church Affiliation -Neighborhood: Zip Code -Clothes -Language -Legal Status -Education: Type of Education -Vacation -Group/club Affiliations - Political Affiliation

a matter of degrees

-on credentialism and the reasons a college degree matters (presumed professional skills and cognitive ability)

Gender Binary

-If you are born with a penis, your sex is male, your gender is man, you will identify as masculine and you will be attracted to women. -If you are born with a vagina, your sex is female, your gender is woman, you will identify as feminine and you will be attracted to men.

Importance of Education

-Impacts career opportunities and professional advancement. -Impacts economic security. -Impacts identity development. -Can impact health and well-being.

Icons of Feminity

-ONLY acceptable for females 1. nail painting 2. barbie dolls 3. make-up 4. pink nikes

Symbolic Interactionism (theory)

-Micro -Subjective meaning (shared meaning) - Three Tenets: 1. we act towards things on the basis of their meaning 2. meanings are not inherent but negotiated through integration with others 3. Meanings can be changed through interaction -Critiques: 1. focus too narrow ~overemphasizes ability to give meaning and ignores ~doesnt looks beyond small institutions

C. Wright Mills, "The Promise"

-Mills says we cannot understand the life of an individual and the history of a society without understanding both -Sociological Imagination is the capacity to shift from one perspective to another --A skill that encourages us to connect our personal experience and larger forces of history -"the personal troubles of milieu" and "the public issues of social structure" --troubles occur within the individual and within the range of his relations with others --issues have to do with matters that transcend these local environments of the individual and the range of his inner life -Making the familiar strange

Moral Questions

-Not look to sociologist for answer - opinion based -could do study on percentage of students who think its okay, but that will only answer what people think not if it is right or wrong *is it right or wrong?* Example: is it morally permissible to smoke marijuana

Coping with Technological Change: Positive or Negative?

-Over-dependency. -Creation of 'mass culture.' -Changes in gender roles. -Social isolation. -Addiction.

Risman, Barbara. "Gender as Structure"

-Sex-Role Theory; Suggests that early childhood socialization is an influential determinant of later behavior -Reinforcement Theory; Suggests, for example, that girls develop nurturant personalities because they are given praise and attention for their interests in dolls and babies, and that boys develop competitive selves because they are positively reinforced for winning, whether at checks or football -Girls develop selves based on connectedness and relationships while boys develop selves based on independence and autonomy -Men and women behave differently because they fill different positions in institutional settings -Once a person is labeled a member of a sex category, she or he is morally accountable for behaving as persons in that category do (aka they must do gender) -Gender as Structure; --Individual; Socialization (identities) --Interactional; Cultural expectations, taken for granted situations, situational meaning --Institutional; Distribution of material advantage; formal organizational schemas, ideological discourse

Cooky, Cheryl, Michael A. Messner and Michela Musto "'It's Dude Time!': A Quarter Century of Excluding Women's Sports in Televised News and Highlight Shows"

-Title IX 1972 -Coverage of women in sports declined 1989-2009 --Instead, female spectators were shown (large-breasted women especially) --Other mentions were: gag stories, fights, assaults, and scandals or women as girlfriends, wives and mothers -Shows cover men's sports nearly all the time, even to the point of featuring stories on out-of season men's sports -Portrayal of women athletes has become increasingly "respectful" and news and highlights commentators have become far less likely o joke about women or portray women as sexual objects

Factors Important to Ethnicity

-Values and Ways of Life. -Sense of Community. -Language. -Religion. -Perception of History and Fate. -Contemporary Social, Political, and Economic Situations -Status is Ascribed.

Intersectionality

-intertwined or overlapping forms of oppression (ex: sexism, racism, homophobia, etc.) -intertwined categories of belonging -intertwined knowledge -Significance: important in truly understanding meaningful diversity -Ex: A black women who also belongs to the LBGTQ community

Aesthetic Questions

-subjective questions about beauty - an opinon - opinion of a person should not be associated with a solid base (not reliable) Example: Is this piece of art/music beautiful?

Secondary Deviance

-subsequent acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of your new deviant label and peoples expectation of you -McLorg and Taub Findings ~conforming behavior -> primary deviance -> secondary deviance

Gender as Structure

3 levels: Individual (identities), interaction (cultural expectations), and institutional (distribution of material advantage)

dude time-protestant reformation-

500 yer ago decision to seperate from catholic church- every individual should be able to read bible for themselves- increase literacy and access to bibles- side-effects- they want to read more

Prejudice

A thought process. -An idea about the characteristics of a group. -Applied to all members of that group. -Unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it.

What does Johnson suggest in "What Can We Do?: Becoming Part of the Solution"?

In "What Can We Do?: Becoming Part of the Solution," Johnson suggests we learn new strategies to effectively become aware of how each of us is privileged and contributes to the oppression of others based on that privilege. With that awareness comes the ability to better affect social change.

Debt and higher education

Ex. College Loans

Microsociology

Examines small-group interactions to see how they impact larger institutions in society.

Mitchell L. Stevens, A School in the Garden (Ch. 51)

Examines social inequality in schools How college reinforces the social class structure in society

What does Quadagno examine in "Institutions, Interest Groups, and Ideology: An Agenda for the Sociology of Health Care Reform"?

In "Institutions, Interest Groups, and Ideology: An Agenda for the Sociology of Health Care Reform," Quadagno examines how social institutions and ideologies in society affect the organization of health care and, ultimately, will determine whether the United States can successfully change its health care system.

What does Mantsios argue in "Media Magic: Making Class Invisible"?

In "Media Magic: Making Class Invisible," Mantsios argues that the mass media is a powerful institution not only because it is the most influential in molding public consciousness but because the ownership and control of the mass media is highly concentrated.

How do homophobia and heterosexism influence lesbian and gay experience?

Homophobia is the fear and hatred of gays and lesbians. Heterosexism refers to the institutional structures that define heterosexuality as the only socially legitimate sexual orientation. Both produce relationships of power that define gays and lesbians as a social minority group

Keith Wailoo, A Slow, Toxic Decline: Dialysis Patients, Technological Failure, and the Unfulfilled Promise of Health in America (Ch. 49)

How U.S. government and medical officials responded to the critical needs of dialysis patients before, during, and after the massive storm and power outage caused by hurricane Katrina

Intersectionality

How race, gender, and class intersect. Each has their own histories and processes.

Strategic Ambiguity: Protecting Emphasized Femininity and Hegemonic Masculinity in the Hookup Culture

In this reading, Currier summarizes her findings from interviews with college students about the experiences of HU. She specifically looks at how HU has no clear definition and can involve various different sexual activities. The term "strategic ambiguity" is used to explain that by not having a consistent and clear definition of HU behavior, men and women are able to be vague about their sexual behaviors. Additionally, the author uncovers clear gender distinctions in what are accepted sexual behaviors for men and women.

"A Split Labor Market" (Theories to Understand Racial and Ethnic Inequality: Conflict Theory)

In which one group of workers (usually defined by race, ethnicity, or gender) is routinely paid less than other groups, keeps wages low for racial and ethnic minorities, compounding the effects of racism with poverty.

goal attainment

POLITICS OR GOVERNMENT---define and achieve primary goals of the societies- everyone should have access to food, water, shelter, expansion of empire, religious expansion

Interest Groups

Institutions produced through political struggles

Early College High Schools (Attempt to Fix America's Educational System)

Institutions that blend high school and college into a coherent educational program in which students earn both a high school diploma and an Associate's degree OR up to two years of credit toward a Bachelor's degree (tuition free).

D. Stanley Eitzen, The Atrophy of Social Life (Ch. 56)

Social change that occurs on the macro level of society can affect social experiences at the micro level of society. Social Progress lead to decrease in social interaction (internet)

Gender

Social meanings of masculinity and femininity -Activities we engage in to meet social expectations of femininity and masculinity -Example: playing with dolls versus playing with trucks

a school in a garden (ferguson #51)

author: mitchell l. stevens main point: inflation in number of students has led to credential inflation; the ability of students to get into college is still disparate, with the wealthy having advantage and not needing to stay in; the worth of a college is defined as the number of people who want to get in research method: ethnography broader implications: this study implies that the value of college is socially constructed and that it reinforces who is in power and does not modify class structure

Gender Role Socialization

The lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through four main agents of socialization: families, schools, peers, and the media.

Conspicuous consumption

the ostentatious display of goods to define one's social status

Informed Consent

right to know what study they're partaking in

NGE-. A multibillion-dollar bailout and Wall Street's swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit

this, in turn, has led to wider -- and not unreasonable -- fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self-interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.

social construction perspective

used by symbolic interaction theory to interpret sexual identity as learned not inborn

dying alone

—the health consequences of the 1995 Chicago heat wave; 4 key social conditions that contribute to extreme social isolation of urban elderly

the health divide

—the impact of health care access and income inequality on health disparities in the US

the mommy tax

—the income discrimination faced by working mothers; financial impact of job interruptions

What is sociology according to Howard Becker?

According to Howard Becker, sociology is the study of people "doing things together," because neither the individual nor society exist independently of one another.

Individualized Marriage

People marry for self-discovery and personal growth

"Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia: The Development of Deviant Identities" by Diane E. Taub and Penelope A. McLorg

Subjects: self-defined anorexics and bulimics Topic of Study: labeling deviance and how other's define, perceive, and respond to that persons behavior Main Points: - research on disorders exclusively on medical and physiological aspects and neglect social process involved Main Concepts: -Primary deviance of binging or purging -Secondary deviance where respondents self-concept and master status becomes anorexic or bulimic

Davis, Kingsley and Wilbert E. Moore, with a response by Melvin Tumin. "Some Principles of Stratification" *SHORT ANSWER

The Functional Necessity of Stratification -The requirement faced by any society of placing and motivating individuals in the social structure How can we explain inequality? 1. Some positions are more important than others 2. The most important positions must be filled by the most qualified people 3. To incentivize people to become qualified, society allocated greater rewards to those positions that are more important and require more social talent 4. Inequality is largely unconscious 5. Some degree of inequality in inevitable because it contributes positively to the functionings of the society Differential Functional Importance -The less essential positions do not come heavily rewarded, even though important -If it is important but hard to fill, the reward must be high enough to get it filled anyway Differential Scarcity of Personnel -All positions require some form of skill or capacity for performance -Qualifications come out; through capacity or through training How Variations are to be Understood -Different societies may have different important positions because the conditions faced by may be different Critical Response by Melvin Tumin 1. Social Stratification systems function to limit the possibility of discovery of the full range of talent available in a society. This results from the fact of unequal access to appropriate motivation, channels of recruitment, and centers of training. 2. In foreshortening the range of available talent, social stratification systems function to set limits upon the possibility of expanding the productive resources of the society, at least relative to what might be the case under conditions of greater equality of opportunity. 3. Social stratification systems function to proved the elite with the political pwer necessary to procure acceptance and dominance of an ideology which rationalized the status quo, whatever it may be, as "logical," "natural," and "morally right." 4. Social stratification systems function to distribute favorable self-images unequally throughout a population. 5. To the extent that inequalities in social rewards cannot be made fully acceptable to the less privileged in a society. Social stratification systems function to encourage hostility, suspicion, and distrust among the various segments of a society and thus to limit the possibilities of extensive social integration. 6. Social stratification systems function to distribute unequally the sense of significant membership in the population. 7. Social stratification systems function to distribute loyalty unequally in a population. 8. Social stratification systems function to distribute the motivation to participate unequally in a population.

Three Sociological Theories of Education

Three Sociological Theories -Assimilation or Acculturation: Fitting in; changing lifestyle to match to new culture. -Credentialism: Where did you go to school, degree, etc. "Credit." "Legitimacy." -Social or Cultural Reproduction: Constantly reproducing your culture in society (hidden curriculum and cultural capital).

Adaptation

a society must be able to adapt to the natural environment-food, water, shelter, accomplished because of economy

Achieved Status

a status into which one enters; voluntary status

ordinary americans carried out inhumane acts for trump

author: chris edelson main point: autocrats never act alone; no need for special monsters research method: N/A broader implications: there's no general method of teaching people to resist authoritarian rule or inhumane orders and there should be

gender identity

inner sense most of us have our self in terms of gender

sexual politics

the link between sexuality and power, not just within relationships

socialization

the process of learning to participate in group life through the acquisition of culture - all of us go through it throughout life and everyone will go through it

Second Shift

A term that describes the unpaid housework and child care often expected of a woman, even after she completes a day of paid labor outside of the home.

What theme does "Institutions, Interest Groups, and Ideology: An Agenda for the Sociology of Health Care Reform" cover?

"Institutions, Interest Groups, and Ideology: An Agenda for the Sociology of Health Care Reform" covers the theme of Health and Medicine.

George H. Mead and Symbolic Interaction (1863-1931)

-Was interested in the connection between thought and action - between the individual and society (microsociology). -Suggested that the meanings that we give to objects in our society are social processes - people interact, and meanings come from these interactions.

Emile Durkheim and Structural Functional Approach (1858-1917)

-Worked to establish sociology as an important academic discipline. -Interested in the social factors that bond and hold people together. -Studied the correlation between social isolation and suicide.

Homophobia

A fear of or discrimination toward homosexuals or toward individuals who display purportedly gender-inappropriate behavior.

Bisexual

Attracted to both sexes.

What was Stevens particularly interested in in "A School in a Garden"?

In "A School in a Garden," Stevens was particularly interested in what factors influenced college choice among students, and what factors influenced a college's decision to admit a student.

NGE-the World is dividing into two blocs -- the Plutonomy and the rest":

In a plutonomy there is no such animal as "the U.S. consumer" or "the UK consumer", or indeed the "Russian consumer". There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumption they take. There are the rest, the "non-rich", the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie.

integration

LEGAL SYSTEMS must regulate the relationships of adaptation, goal attainment, and latency- police, lawyers, judiciary

Mass Behavior (Types of Collective Behavior)

Large groups of people engage in similar behaviors without necessarily being in the same place.

time bind-is money the only reason why family friendly policies are not used by many families?

No

What do sociologists define social change as?

Sociologists define social change as the transformation of a culture over time. Some social changes are more controversial than others.

What is sociology more than?

Sociology is more than common sense.

Barbara Ehrenreich

The author of "Nickel-and-Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America."

Sociological Theories

Theories in sociology are propositions that explain the social world and help to make predictions about future events.

stereotype

an oversimplified set of beliefs about members of a social group or social stratum

grinding on the dance floor (canvas)

author: shelly ronen main point: grinding is the socially acceptable 'sex'; grinding scripts don't apply to hookups; women are always judged more than men and grinding reinforces gender inequality; Those Heterosexuals Are At It Again research method: ethnography broader implications: methods of doing gender are heavily reinforced in hookup culture even if these cultures profess to be more liberal/safe/sex-positive; cultural scripts

obedience (canvas)

author: stanley milgram main point: teacher meets learner and receives sample shock and have to read volts out loud; most people still go through to high levels if not all the way; spacial relationship relates to degree of obedience research method: audit study broader implications: lmao i've seen this WAY too many times !!! people will go wayyy farther than you think they will in response to authority

gang leader for a day

author: sudhir venkatesh main point: women play a huge role in community affairs; matriarchs often have more actual power than patriarchs and can work around and with male-dominated gangs; militia defense can be used to protect women in projects; a different life creates the need for a different set of rules; part time jobs in manual labor are most profitable men; women trade and barter and run small businesses; lots of physical abuse; taxation from matriarchy and patriarchy; matriarchal authority relies on soft power research method: ethnography broader implications:

the labeling hype (canvas)

author: victor rios main point: labels are impossible to get rid of, and on the streets, they start at an extraordinarily young age; labels are reinforced by people in positions of power research method: ethnography, interviews broader implications: conflict theory - people in power reinforce their power, even when they don't mean to

how do fmilies know just which colleges are pretigious.

demans- the more peopl are denied the more popular the school,

power

the ability of one person or group to exercise influence and control over others

economic restructuring

the decline of manufacturing jobs in the US, the transformation of the economy by technological change, and the process of globalization

one world under business

—the politics of globalization; identification of global corpocracy

Gender Inequality

The inequality between men and women in terms of wealth, income, and status.

what was the single most reason student gace for coming to a collge

attracttion of the campus. -beauty of the campus

What theme does "Drinking Like a Guy: Frequent Binge Drinking Among Undergraduate Women" cover?

"Drinking Like a Guy: Frequent Binge Drinking Among Undergraduate Women" covers the theme of Social Inequality: Gender.

What theme does "Dude, You're a Fag: Adolescent Male Homophobia" cover?

"Dude, You're a Fag: Adolescent Male Homophobia" covers the theme of Social Inequality: Gender.

What does "Dude, You're a Fag: Adolescent Male Homophobia" examine?

"Dude, You're a Fag: Adolescent Male Homophobia" examines adolescent male homophobia and how this discourse is less about sexuality and more about maintaining gender identity and the boundaries of masculinity.

Gendered Institution

"A gendered institution is one in which gender is used as an organizing principle" -"In a gendered institution, men and women are channeled into different, and often differently valued, social spaces or activities and their choices have different and often unequal consequences *GENDERED INSTITUTIONS ARE UNAVOIDABLE -Example: Male doctor and female nurse or male principle and female teacher

Race

"A symbolic category, based on phenotype or ancestry and constructed to specific social and historical contexts, that is misrecognized as a natural category" -Example: The color of you skin (Black, White, Asian, etc.)

What theme does "At a Slaughterhouse, Some Things Never Die" cover?

"At a Slaughterhouse, Some Things Never Die" covers the theme of Social Inequality: Race and Ethnicity.

What theme does "Civilize Them With a Stick" cover?

"Civilize Them With a Stick" covers the theme of Education.

What theme does "Controlling the Media in Iraq" cover?

"Controlling the Media in Iraq" covers the theme of Power, Politics, and the Mass Media.

Symbolic Ethnicity

"Ethnicity that is individualistic in nature and without real social cost for the individual" -Example: Biracial Individual 1. Option to claim a specific ancestry or just be "white" or "black" 2. Choice of which ancestry to use when discussing one's identity

What does "A Slow, Toxic Decline: Dialysis Patients, Technological Failure, and the Unfulfilled Promise of Health in America" examine?

"A Slow, Toxic Decline: Dialysis Patients, Technological Failure, and the Unfulfilled Promise of Health in America" examines how U.S. government and medical officials responded to the critical needs of dialysis patients before, during, and after the massive storm and power outage caused by Hurricane Katrina.

What does "Working at Bazooms: The Intersection of Power, Gender, and Sexuality" utilize?

"Working at Bazooms: The Intersection of Power, Gender, and Sexuality" utilizes in-depth interviews and participant observation to reveal how gender and sexuality affect one workplace culture by taking us inside the social world of waitressing.

time bind-what is the reason women have changed more than men (why they absorbed the views of male-oriented work world" than men taking up their share of the work at home)?

"male" work seems more honorable and valuable than the "female" world of home and children

Wedding Industrial Complex

$70 billion dollar sector (dressmakers, florist, reception halls, photographers, planners)

Stoecker, Randy. "Community Organizing and Social Change"

-Community Organizing is about activating people at a local, neighborhood level to claim power and make change for themselves. -The process by which grassroots organizations form and grow, their members develop leadership skills and ordinary people learn to change social policy What is Democracy? -Rule by the people -Decisions that affect our common fate and common interests should reflect the collective will and choices of equal citizens rather than of powerful elites Community Organizing -Major Periods of Community Organizing --1929-1939 Great Depression --1950s-1960s Issues of Segregation --1970s-1980s Issues of Disinvestment and Redlining How it Works -Community Organizers knock on your door and ask you about what issues are most important in your community, they then encourage you to come to a meeting and share your thoughts. Their commitment is to the expansion of democracy -Cold Anger --This is the process of taking unfocused frustration and channeling it into social change strategy. Hot anger is the anger of riots. Cold anger is rational anger, the anger of organizing.

Westbrook, Laurel and Kristen Schilt "Doing Gender, Determining Gender: Transgender People, Gender Panics, and the Maintenance of the Sex/Gender/Sexuality System"

-Determining Gender; The social process of authenticating another person's gender identity (When people do gender in interactions, they present information about their gender, others then interpret this information and place them into gender categories) -"Gender Panics"; Situations in which people react to disruptions to biology-based gender ideology by frantically reasserting the naturalness of a male-female binary" -Identity-based criteria versus biology-based criteria -Criteria for determining gender vary across social situations --Gender-integrated spaces --Gender-segregated spaces -"Gender Attribution" or "Sex Categorization"; People sort each other into the category of "male" or "female" in social situations on the basis of visual information cues (such as facial hair or wardrobe choices)

Read, Jen'nan Ghazal. "Muslims in America"

-Four in every ten Americans have an unfavorable view of Islam --Americans rank Muslims second only to atheists as a group that doesn't share their vision of American society -Islam is the 2nd largest and fastest growing religion in the word --Misconceptions; there is only one kind of Islam (characterized by violence and antidemocratic tendencies), being a muslim is most salient identity for Muslim Americans -Increase in anti-muslim hate crimes since 2001 -Muslim Americans are diverse, well integrated and largely mainstream in their attitudes, values and behaviors Who Muslim Americans are... -Muslim Americans are the most ethnically diverse muslim population in the world -Tend to be highly educated, politically conscious and fluent in English -Roughly 2/3 are immigrants to the U.S. -Vast majority of immigrants have lived in the U.S. for 10+ years -Not uniformly religious and devout -Much more politically integrated than common stereotypes imply Attitudes, Values and Variations -tend to lean to the right on social issues -tend to lean to the left on foreign policy -diversity in levels of satisfaction and feelings of inclusion (or exclusion) in American society

Hidden Injury of Class

-Granfield reading about law school students -extra psychological burden working class needs to overcome -makes experience challenging for working class students

Wingfield, Adia Harvey. "Racializing the Glass Escalator: Reconsidering Men's Experiences with Women's Work"

-Jobs are sex segregated and this segregation creates different occupational experiences for men and women -Jobs predominantly filled by women often require "feminine" traits, a fact that means men confront perceptions that they are unsuited for the requirements of these jobs. Rather than preventing success, these assumptions facilitate men into better paying, higher status positions. -Men enter the "glass escalator" and face invisible pressures to move up in their professions -Men receive warm welcomes from their women colleagues. The same cannot be said for women in men's professions. Men also frequently share a bond with a superior of the same sex. -Black male nurses face gendered racism in the workplace. The stereotypes emphasize the dangerous, threatening attributes associated with Black men. -Male nurses are often mistaken for doctors as masculinity is associated with competence and mastery. Black male nurses do not experience this same advantage, rather they are thought to be less capable and qualified. -Men often try to distance themselves from femininity (gravitating towards emergency wards rather than obstetrics or emphasize that they're only in nursing to get into hospital admin) --Black men do this as well -Black male nurses may also try to combat racism by embracing femininity and turning to pediatrics to demonstrate sensitivity -Glass Ceiling; unseen or unreachable goal for minority group -Glass Barriers; Similar to glass ceiling, also blocked intersection with colleagues and patients *Glass barriers suggest that the glass escalator is a racialized concept as well as a gendered one

Functionalism Theory

-Macro - Principles: 1. society persists of an ordered system with interrelated structures 2. each structure has a function that contributes to the continued stability of the unified whole -Structure: a social institution that is relatively stable over time and meets the needs of society by performing functions necessary to maintaining social order and stability -positivism -manifest vs latent functions - Critiques: 1. doesn't account for social change 2. doesn't question things in life 3. lacks a critical lense

Dog, Mary Crow and Richard Erdoes. "Civilize them with a Stick"

-Separation of Indian children from their families and culture -"In order to solve the Indian Problem, just turn them into useful farmhands, laborers, and chambermaids..." --Education as an agent of social control used to assimilate racial-ethnic populations into the dominant culture -Assimilation was done through strict rules and schedules --Punishments followed if rules were broken or if children tried to escape -Also assimilated the students by completing remove their culture (cutting their braids upon arrival) -After returning back to India, the Indian children were not good enough for the whites nor the Indians (aka no longer Indian enough but also not white enough)

Questions of Interpretation

-To what extent do American's need to be involved? -How do American's understand their role in democracy?

Power (Socioeconomic Status)

-Underlines All Form of Inequality -People's Authority in Groups -Social Relationship -People Do Thing Even Against Their Will -Resides Implicitly in the Other's Dependency

Deductive Approach

-begins with theory and then find proof theory -> hypothesis -> observation -> confirmation Examples:generations who are gear to have sex

Collective Behavior

A group or crowd of people who form together to take actions toward a shared goal.

Sociological Imagination

A skill that encourages us to connect our personal experience and larger forces of history -Making the familiar strange -Personal troubles verses public issues

Minority Group

A social group that is systematically denied access to power and resources available to the dominant groups of a society. NOT necessarily fewer in number than the dominant group.

Katherin M. Flower Kim, Out of Sorts: Adoption and (Un)Desirable Children (Ch. 33)

Adoption decisions of white parents in the united states

class: structure, formation, consciousness

Analytical tool used to categorize & analyze differences in people's economic position Collective position, NOT personal or self determined identity like sexuality Class structure: social relations into which individuals enter & which shape their class consciousnes Class formation: collectivities that come as a result of the interests shaped by class structure Class consciousness: ideologies held by individuals & organizations Significance: class denotes economic position, social position, value, respectability-- WHO HAS POWER Ex: single mother Cathy made many choices not very different from other Americans, Makes argument that poverty can be fault of social structures

anybodys son will due

BY: Dyer about rescocializaiton- talks about the boys going to the millitary, hair is shaven, uniforms, individualism is destroyed and they work in groups

call & response

Back & forth interactions between speaker & audience Traditional form of participation in African American tradition Often affirmative but can be combative Significance: can allow ppl to call in-- productive form of working to solve social injustice, possibly shift center? Invite diverse groups in Ex: Malcom X & interviewer -- interviewer had preconceived idea

The higher circles in and around these command posts are often thought of in terms of what their members possess: they have a greater share than other people of the things and experiences that are most highly valued. From this point of view, the elite are simply those who have the most of what there is to have, which is generally held to include money, power, and prestige

But the elite are not simply those who have the most, for they could not 'have the most' were it not for their positions in the great institutions. For such institutions are the necessary bases of power, of wealth, and of prestige, and at the same time, the chief means of exercising power, of acquiring and retaining wealth, and of cashing in the higher claims for prestige. By the powerful we mean, of course, those who are able to realize their will, even if others resist it.

Institutional Discrimination (Types of Discrimination)

Discrimination carried out systematically by social institutions (political, economic, educational, and others), which affects all members of a group who come into contact with it.

What does discrimination refer to? (Psychological Interpretations of Prejudice and Discrimination)

Discrimination refers to behavior that prevents members of a group from having opportunities that are open to others.

Equity

Distribution of the society's rewards in a just manner (collective interest).

Laurel Ceremony

Dropping laurel (shurbs) on graduation day

Reproduction Thesis

Educational attainment is a coating for preexisting class inequalities

body positivity

Empower & encourage larger bodied individuals & encourage them to accept themselves as they are regardless of size Significance: who has access? Education, airlines, etc. who has power? Ex: plus sized models -- however are they really plus sized? Has become more of a pop culture Term rather than increasing inclusivity on things that really matter

"The Deinstitutionalization of American Marriage" by Andrew Cherlin

Erosion of social norms as marriage has become more optional and negotiable Major changes: 1) changing division of labor in the home 2) increase in childbearing outside of marriage 3) increase in cohabitation 4) movement to legalize same-sex marriage All caused by: cultural and economic shift, legal reforms Most people feel they do not need to get married before having sex, living with a partner, or raising children With ride in divorce, a wedding does not necessarily signify a lifelong commitment People marry because of incentives, social pressures, imitation, and trust and status

External Events (Forces of Social Change)

Events that have occurred on a large scale affecting an entire nation or several nations. These events have a large and immediate impact on social change.

Macrosociology

Examines large-scale social structures to determine how they impact groups and individuals.

Public Issue

Example: Losing a job due to wide-spread company cut backs

No centralization

Exists if all members of the organization shared equally in the exercise of power, essentially no centralization.

Maximum centralization

Exists if all the power in an organization were exercised by a single individual.

Norm

Expectation for behavior, it is a form of social control. Norms may be formal or informal.

"Invisible Inequality: Social Class and Childrearing in Black Families and White Families" by Annette Lareau

Explore how social class affects parenting style Observed families in third-grade classrooms then did interviews of parents Two parenting styles: Concerted civilization (middle to upper class): parents actively foster and assess child's talents, opinions, and skills -orchestrate leisure activities and discipline kids by explaining reason -allow negotiations between parents and children -criticize and intervene on behalf off children Criticism: emerging sense of entitlement on the part of the child Natural Growth (lower to working class): parents care for child and allow child to grow -"hanging out" particularly with family -use directives and do not allow questioning of adults -give children independence in institutions/sense of powerlessness and frustration Consequences: emerging sense of constraint on the part of the child

Mores

Formal norm, such as the expectation to protect human life. It is formal because it is written into law. If you purposely kill someone, you go to jail.

"Sick Out of Luck" by Susan Starr Sered and Rushika Fernandopull

Fran: working class citizen working with/around health care Catch 22: take the job and lose charity eligibility, but job income would not be enough for health insurance Working class has seen a rise in temporary and part-time jobs as well as contract work Struggle results in living without health insurance

Who are Crow Dog and Erdoes from "Civilize Them With a Stick"?

From "Civilize Them With a Stick," Crow Dog is a Native American activist and Erdoes is the ghostwriter of her autobiography.

How does sociological theory inform our understanding of education?

Functionalism interprets education as having various purposes for society, such as socialization, occupational training, and social control. Conflict theory emphasizes the power relationships within educational institutions, as well as how education serves the powerful interests in society. Symbolic interaction theory focuses on the subjective meanings that people hold. These meanings influence educational outcomes

What does sociological theory have to say about sexual behavior?

Functionalist theory depicts sexuality in terms of its contribution to the stability of social institutions. Conflict theorists see sexuality as part of the power relations and economic inequality in society. Symbolic interaction focuses on the social construction of sexual identity. Feminist theory uncovers the power relationships that frame different sexual identities and behaviors, as well as linking sexuality to other forms of inequality

Robert Merton (1910-2003)

Has been particularly influential regarding structural functionalism. Manifest and latent functions.

Health effects are significant usually in what types of populations?

Health effects (obesity, diabetes, and heart disease) are significant usually in low income or nonwhite populations.

Sense of Entitlement

Highly unreasonable expectations about what they are entitled to

Shapiro, Thomas M. "Race, Homeownership, and Wealth"

I. Why Wealth Matters -Wealth is the total value of a family's financial resources minus all debts. -The distinction between income and assets; income represents the flow of resources earned in a particular while assets are special monies -Do blacks have access to resources that they can use to plan ahead for their future (i.e., assets) like whites do? II. The Homeownership Foundation -Homeownership and housing accumulation is the foundation of institutional accumulation -For most Americans, home equity represents the largest reservoir of wealth -While federal policies have made homeownership rate and subsequent middle-class wealth accumulation possible, the same policies have traditionally reinforced residential segregation III. The Asset Poverty Line -The Asset Poverty Line is a tool that facilitates an examination of the wealth condition of American families. -Nearly four out of ten households in the world's wealthiest nation do not own enough assets to live even a poverty lifestyle for three months. -Over half of black American families fell below the Asset Poverty Line in 1999 IV. The Racial Wealth Gap -A typical white family's wealth $73,000 greater than the typical black family's $3,000 -Leveling the differences between whites' and blacks' in school achievements, jobs and paychecks will eradicate the racial wealth gap

What does Mantsios examine in "Media Magic: Making Class Invisible"?

In "Media Magic: Making Class Invisible," Mantsios examines the portrayals of social class in American media.

interest in the very rich goes beyond their lavish or their miserly consumption, we must examine their relations to modern forms of corporate property as well as to the state; for such relations now determine the chances of men to secure big property and to receive high income. Great prestige increasingly follows the major institutional units of the social structure. It is obvious that prestige depends, often quite decisively, upon access to the publicity machines that are now a central and normal feature of all the big institutions of modern America. Moreover, one feature of these hierarchies of corporation, state, and military establishment is that their top positions are increasingly interchangeable. One result of this is the accumulative nature of prestige. Claims for prestige, for example, may be initially based on military roles, then expressed in and augmented by an educational institution run by corporate executives, and cashed in, finally, in the political order, where, for General Eisenhower and those he represents, power and prestige finally meet at the very peak. Like wealth and power, prestige tends to be cumulative: the more of it you have, the more you can get. These values also tend to be translatable into one another: the wealthy find it easier than the poor to gain power; those with status find it easier than those without it to control opportunities for wealth.

If we took the one hundred most powerful men in America, the one hundred wealthiest, and the one hundred most celebrated away from the institutional positions they now occupy, away from their resources of men and women and money, away from the media of mass communication that are now focused upon them— then they would be powerless and poor and uncelebrated. For power is not of a man. Wealth does not center in the person of the wealthy. Celebrity is not inherent in any personality. To be celebrated, to be wealthy, to have power requires access to major institutions, for the institutional positions men occupy determine in large part their chances to have and to hold these valued experiences. 3 The people of the higher circles may also be conceived as members of a top social stratum, as a set of groups whose members know one another, see one another socially and at business, and so, in making decisions, take one another into account. The elite, according to this conception, feel themselves to be, and are felt by others to be, the inner circle of 'the upper social classes.'4 They form a more or less compact social and psychological entity; they have become self-conscious members of a social class. People are either accepted into this class or they are not, and there is a qualitative split, rather than merely a numerical scale, separating them from those who are not elite. They are more or less aware of themselves as a social class and they behave toward one another differently from the way they do toward members of other classes. They accept one another, understand one another, marry one another, tend to work and to think if not together at least alike.

Barbara Ehrenreich, (Ch. 26) Nickel-and-Dimed on (Not) Getting by in America

If welfare reforms, (happiness changes) back-to-work programs have the ability to lift poor women out of poverty and provide them a future in the labor market

Where is Stevens' data from in "A School in a Garden"?

In "A School in a Garden," Stevens' data is from 18 months of fieldwork during 2000-2001 when he lived on campus at an elite college and studied the college admissions and financial aid process.

What does Wailoo describe in "A Slow, Toxic Decline: Dialysis Patients, Technological Failure, and the Unfulfilled Promise of Health in America"?

In "A Slow, Toxic Decline: Dialysis Patients, Technological Failure, and the Unfulfilled Promise of Health in America," Wailoo describes the horrific consequences of the social inequities he saw concerning this health crisis after Hurricane Katrina.

Where does LeDuff take us in "At a Slaughterhouse, Some Things Never Die"?

In "At a Slaughterhouse, Some Things Never Die," LeDuff takes us inside one workplace site to examine the everyday reality of racial interactions among one group of employees.

How do the employers use racist strategies in "At a Slaughterhouse, Some Things Never Die"?

In "At a Slaughterhouse, Some Things Never Die," the employers also effectively use racist strategies, such as enforcing a racial hierarchy among workers and exploiting racial tensions among their workers, to maintain an economic advantage and social control over their employees.

What does Crow Dog and Erdoes reveal in "Civilize Them With a Stick"?

In "Civilize Them With a Stick," Crow Dog and Erdoes reveal how the institution of education can be an agent of social control whose purpose is to assimilate racial-ethnic populations, such as Native Americans, into the dominant culture.

What does Lindner examine in "Controlling the Media in Iraq"?

In "Controlling the Media in Iraq," Lindner examines how the institution of the military controls the media reporting of war through a technique called embedded journalism.

What does Lindner study in "Controlling the Media in Iraq"?

In "Controlling the Media in Iraq," Lindner studies the intersection of media, politics, and society.

What does Young and her colleagues demonstrate in "Drinking Like a Guy: Frequent Binge Drinking Among Undergraduate Women"?

In "Drinking Like a Guy: Frequent Binge Drinking Among Undergraduate Women," Young and her colleagues demonstrate that nothing could be further from the truth ("If we just eliminate gender differences in behavior, we will have equal opportunities and respect between the sexes.") in their research on undergraduate drinking among male and female college students.

What does Young and her colleagues use in "Drinking Like a Guy: Frequent Binge Drinking Among Undergraduate Women"?

In "Drinking Like a Guy: Frequent Binge Drinking Among Undergraduate Women," Young and her research colleagues use survey data and focus groups to examine perceptions of gender and alcohol use among female undergraduate students.

What themes emerged from "Drinking Like a Guy: Frequent Binge Drinking Among Undergraduate Women"?

In "Drinking Like a Guy: Frequent Binge Drinking Among Undergraduate Women," many themes emerged from their interviews, including the finding that "drinking like a guy" actually does not challenge gender norms, but instead reinforces traditional views about gender and heterosexual relations.

Distance Learning (Attempt to Fix America's Educational System)

Includes any educational course or program in which the teacher and students do not meet together in the classroom. A situation increasingly available over the Internet.

Emergent Norm Theory (Theories of Collective Behavior)

Individual members of a crowd make their own decisions about behavior. Norms are created through others' acceptance or rejection of these behaviors.

How did behavioral change after the Protestant Reformation link to the bourgeois rational economic life?

Individuals worked hard to prove that they are saved ones, invested what they earned, which led to capital accumulation leading to the bourgeois rational economic life

Jill Quadagno, Institutions, Interest Groups, and Ideology: An Agenda for the Sociology of Health Care Reform (Ch. 47)

Institutions and ideologies in society affect the organization of health care

Contact Theory

Interaction and contact between two groups will reduce prejudice within both groups - but only if three conditions are met: 1) the contact must be between individuals of equal status 2) the contact between equals must be sustained 3) social norms favoring equality must be agreed upon by the participants

The Power Elite

Interlocked and have centralized control of America

What does it mean to be sick?

Like many other seemingly universal or stable concepts, illness is a social construct: what it means to be sick (or healthy) has changed throughout history and differs from one another.

Institutional Marriage

Main requirements Americans had for their marriage revolved around things like food production, shelter, and protection from violence

Patriarchy (Form of Gender Inequality)

Male dominance in society. Few known societies that are not patriarchal: Vanatinai in New Guinea.

What do many believe that America's educational system is in?

Many believe that America's educational system is in crisis, though there is little agreement on how to fix the problem.

Andrew J. Cherlin, The Deinstitutionalization of American Marriage (Ch. 53)

Marriage is becoming deinstitutionalized, which is causing instability within the family until new social norms become established

Social Class: Weberian Theory

Max Weber offered a similar model that also included cultural factors.

Social control

May be formal or informal. Aspects of social life that influence your behavior, often times without you realizing it. Norms are an example of social control. We internalize norms and act on them, often times unconsciously. Rules in an organization is another example. If a rule says you are expected at work by 3:00pm, you arrive at that time. The rule influences you.

Robin Leidner, Over the Counter: McDonald's (Ch. 41)

Routinization of work leads to workers feeling alienated from their products and form their sense of self

Structuralist Theory of gender

Men and women fit into different structural positions (in the workplace; in the family)

Lareau, Annette. "Invisible Inequality: Social Class and Childrearing in Black Families and White Families"

Middle Class White and Black Families Concerted Cultivation -Key Elements --Parents actively foster and assesses child's talents, opinions and skills --Organization of daily life is extremely busy with activities --Informal activities are limited; monitored --Negotiate --Parents also intervene in institutions such as school --Engage in conversation with professionals such as doctors and encourage kids to speak outwardly -Consequences: Kids develop a sense of entitlement Working-Class White and Black Families Accomplishment of Natural Growth -Key Elements --Parents care for child and allows child to grow --Daily life is much less structured --Since living in a bigger and poorer neighborhood, has more connections with extended family and neighborhood kids of different ages; less monitoring --Use directives to tell children what to do --Less likely to intervene in institutions such as school --More distrustful of professionals and are less likely to speak honestly or share personal thoughts -Consequences: Kids have a sense of constraint Why does Social Class Matter? -Economic resources were at easier disposal for middle-class families and therefore allowed their children to have more opportunities -Middle-class parents' are also superior in educational backgrounds and therefore have more knowledge and confidence to intervene -Middle-class parents' worried about their own economic future and that of their children so taught them skills such as how to work on a team and be competitive -Working-class parents' taught their children how to work hard and take directions

A School in a Garden

Mitchell Stevens was the concept of social reproduction theory to explain how admissions in elite colleges contribute to social inequality in the US

What have modern social technologies done?

Modern social technologies have separated body from nature.

Transformation Thesis

Modern societies reward based on individual achievement

Income

Money received from a business from or wages, interest, or royalties.

Social Solidarity Model

Moral and social order in society

More than 20% of Chicago's 3 million residents live in neighborhoods without what?

More than 20% of Chicago's 3 million residents live in neighborhoods without supermarkets.

What do most public health experts believe obesity is caused by?

Most public health experts obesity is caused by: -Sedentary Jobs: Replacing physical jobs. -Children: More likely to watch television or play on the computer than play outside. -Parents: Pressed for time, turn to fast food. -Restaurants: Provide enormous servings.

Elijah Anderson, The Cosmopolitan Canopy (Ch. 57)

Not all interracial interactions are negative. " Cosmopolitan Canopy" where strangers from diverse backgrounds come together and interact

Sex Segregation: Female Jobs

Nurses, waitresses, secretaries, cashiers, etc.

Inductive Approach

Observe something and try to conduct a theory Observation -> pattern -> tentative hypothesis -> theory

Gender Typing

Occurs when women hold occupations of lower status and pay, and men hold jobs of higher status and pay.

Theories to Understand Racial and Ethnic Inequality: Structural Functionalism

Offers how prejudice and discrimination develop. Focus on social solidarity and group cohesion. Have a tendency toward ethnocentrism.

Racial Formation

Omi and Winant coined the term racial formation to signify the process by which groups come to be defined as races. They emphasize that race is a socially constructed concept, even though it has significant and lasting effects.

Institutions

Organizations that deliver care and arrange for financing of care

What other states are catching up?

Other states that are catching up: -Maryland. -Mississippi. -Georgia. -New York. -Arizona.

Marx's Division of Labor

Owing to extensive use of machinery and to division of labor, the work of proletarians has lost all individual character and consequently all charm for the workman

Childrearing

Parenting, or raising, disciplining and educating a child from birth to adulthood

Colorism

Preference for and privileging of lighter skin Discrimination against those with darker skin An American Child is code for white child

What does prejudice involve? (Psychological Interpretations of Prejudice and Discrimination)

Prejudice involves holding preconceived views about an individual or group.

Kimberly Springer, Divas, Evil Black Bitches, and Bitter Black Women

Race -Symbolic category -Socially constructed -Ethnicity and nationality -Interacts with gender, sexuality, and class oppression

What is magic?

Rituals/Confessions

How Race is Naturalized

Racial categories are often portrayed as natural and unchangeable Ex. Whiteness has a history and social bias

Theories to Understand Racial and Ethnic Inequality: Symbolic Interaction

Racial groups are created historically throughout time. A social and historical process. Certain groups have the options to conceal their identity.

Charlie LeDuff, At a Slaughterhouse, Some Things Never Die (Ch. 32)

Racial interaction from a group of employees that involved racial stereotypes, verbal harassment, and threats of violence and death

What is racism?

Racism is a belief system/ideology used to explain, rationalize, or justify a racially organized social order.

Manifest Functions

Recognized intended consequences of any social pattern.

How did the Protestant Reformation (teaching of Calvinists and other Puritans) change people's behavior

Reduced the power of the catholic church,

Social Class

Refers to a system of stratification based on access to resources such as wealth, property, power, and prestige. Often referred as socioeconomic status (SES).

Social Movement

Refers to any social group with the leadership, organization, and an ideological commitment to promote or resist social change.

Globalization

Refers to our increasing interdependence with people around the world.

Positive consequences of standardization, per Leidner

Represents efficiency, order, familiarity, and good value. It is efficient for service management.

Ethnic Groups

Self-conscious groups of people who, on the basis of a common origin or a separate subculture, maintain a distinction between themselves and outsiders based on cultural characteristics (e.g., religion, nationality).

"Civilize Them With A Stick" by Mary Crow Dog and Richard Erdoe

Separation of Native American children from their families and culture and putting them in "schools" where they were forced to act white (mostly 1879-1930) Example from reading: using education as an agent of social control used to assimilate racial-ethnic populations into the dominant culture Institutions created as an alternative to extermination

What are several ways that social change can occur?

Several ways that social change can occur: -Major Physical Event (hurricanes, earthquakes, or volcanic eruptions). -Demographic Factors (for example, the aging of baby boomers). -Discoveries and Innovations ("Fire" or "The Wheel").

What do slavery and caste systems depend on?

Slavery and caste systems depend on legal or religiously sanctioned inequalities.

Sex

Socially agreed upon biological criteria for classifying persons as male or female -Penis versus vagina

Betsy Lucal, What It Means to Be Gendered Me: Life on the Boundaries of a Dichotomous Gender System (Ch. 28)

Society has a set picture of what gender is supposed to look like

Social Theory

Sociology is rooted in questions about social change, social conflict, and social problems brought on by industrialization and urbanization. Early sociologists continue to influence contemporary sociology.

Status differences and health

The ability to afford health insurance

Standardization of work

Stemming out of the scientific management idea, work that offers the most efficient method to produce a product (or perform a service) at a balanced flow to achieve a desired output rate. It breaks down the work into elements, which are sequenced, organized and repeatedly followed.

Controlling images

Stereotypes of racial groups Ex. Defining white male class as "normal"

Value of a Person's Property

Stocks, bonds, business, land, etc.

Technology

Strongly affected the way societies are designed and how they keep changing. People receive their information more quickly now and can communicate in different ways.

What is structural functionalism?

Structural functionalism is building theory that sees society as a complex system as a whole - parts working together to promote solidarity and stability.

"Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology" by Hunter, Chris and Kent McClelland

Subjects: - Topic of Study: Different Sociological Theories (Functionalism, Symbolic interactionism, conflict theory, feminism) Questions Being Answered: Findings: Main Points: different types of theories and how they are structured Main Concepts:

"Finding Out How the Social World Works" by Michael Schwalbe

Subjects: - Topic of Study: being sociologically mindful and and systematic research Questions Being Answered: how does using systematic research create a better understanding when studying the social world Main Points: - Advantages of systematic research: 1. can control persona biases, 2. look beyond what is obvious to us and where we stand, 3. lets us check up on each other and be sure were doing it right - Mindful Skepticism -never know the complete truth - continuously trying to have a more complete and accurate understanding - Curiosity, care, and hope are needed

Income

The amount of money brought into a household from various sources during a given period

Cherlin, Andrew J. "The Deinstitutionalization of American Marriage" *SHORT ANSWER

The Deinstitutionalization of Marriage -The division of labor in the home has changed and has become more equal between men and women -Marriage is no longer the nearly universal setting for childbearing that it once was (1/3 children are born outside of a marriage) -The Growth of Cohabitation; Cohabitation is becoming accepted as an alternative to marriage -The Emergence of Same-Sex Marriage; Movement to legalize gay marriage Two Transitions in the Meaning of Marriage -The cultural trends; an emphasis on emotional satisfaction and romantic love that intensified early in the century but then it switched to the belief that "each person has a unique core of feeling and intuition that should unfold or be expressed if individuality is to be realized" -The material trends; the decline of agricultural labor and the corresponding increase in wage labor; the decline in child and adult mortality; rising standards of living; and in the last half of the 20th century, the movement of married women into the paid workforce -A transition from an institution to a companionship -A transition form the companionate marriage to the individualized marriage --Marriage has become a choice rather than a necessity The Current Context of Marriage -Individuals now experience a vast latitude for choice in their personal lives -The nature of the rewards that people seek through marriage and other close relationships; personal growth, deeper intimacy, mutually shared disclosures about feelings with their partners Why do People still Marry? -Incentives -Social pressures -Imitation -Trust and Status How Low-Income Individuals See Marriage -They want to be married but only after they can be sure that they will do it successfully: when partner holds a decent job and treats them justly, when they have enough money for a security deposit on a house or apartment, and when they have enough money to afford a nice wedding Alternative Futures -First Alternative; The reinstitutialization of marriage, a return to status akin to its dominant position through the mid-20th century -Second Alternative; A continuation of the current situation, in which marriage remains deinstitutionalized but is common and distinctive. Most people want to be married but on their own individual terms which usually include cohabitation and child bearing before marriage -Third Alternative; The fading away of marriage

From the Achievement Gap to the Education Debt: Understanding Achievement in the US Schools

The article is a speech given in 2006 by the then president of the American Education Research Association, Gloria Ladson-Billings. In her presidential address, she uses the analogy of the national debt and the national deficit to explain what has happened in American education. She argues that instead of focusing so much attention on the achievement gap between minority disadvantaged students and white privileged students, educational research and policy should focus on the education debt. The problem with the American system is that all students are suffering from a poor system. The article calls for action, policy, and research that will help reverse this trend

Mitchell L. Stevens

The author of "A School in a Garden."

Keith Wailoo

The author of "A Slow, Toxic Decline: Dialysis Patients, Technological Failure, and the Unfulfilled Promise of Health in America."

Charlie LeDuff

The author of "At a Slaughterhouse, Some Things Never Die."

Andrew M. Lindner

The author of "Controlling the Media in Iraq."

C. J. Pascoe

The author of "Dude, You're a Fag: Adolescent Male Homophobia."

Jill Quadagno

The author of "Institutions, Interest Groups, and Ideology: An Agenda for the Sociology of Health Care Reform."

Gregory Mantsios

The author of "Media Magic: Making Class Invisible."

Nancy Lesko

The author of "Our Guys/Good Guys: Playing with High School Privilege and Power."

Thomas M. Shapiro

The author of "Race, Homeownership, and Wealth."

Jonathan Kozol

The author of "Still Separate, Still Unequal: America's Educational Apartheid."

D. Stanley Eitzen

The author of "The Atrophy of Social Life."

C. Wright Mills

The author of "The Power Elite."

Allan G. Johnson

The author of "What Can We Do?: Becoming Part of the Solution."

G. William Domhoff

The author of "Who Rules America?: The Corporate Community and the Upper Class."

Meika Loe

The author of "Working at Bazooms: The Intersection of Power, Gender, and Sexuality."

Mary Crow Dog and Richard Erdoes

The authors of "Civilize Them With a Stick."

Amy M. Young, Michele Morales, Sean Esteban McCabe, Carol J. Boyd, and Hannah D'Arcy

The authors of "Drinking Like a Guy: Frequent Binge Drinking Among Undergraduate Women."

Richard L. Zweigenhaft and G. William Domhoff

The authors of "The Ironies of Diversity."

What is the definition of health?

The definition of health is social; subject to cross-cultural or historically specific differences.

Why is the distinction between race and ethnicity important?

The distinction between race and ethnicity is important, because ethnicity can be displayed or hidden, depending on individual preferences, while racial identities are always on display.

Feminization of Poverty

The economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, due in part to the gendered gap in wage, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing cost of child care.

Now, we do not want by our definition to prejudge whether the elite of the command posts are conscious members of such a socially recognized class, or whether considerable proportions of the elite derive from such a clear and distinct class. These are matters to be investigated. Yet in order to be able to recognize what we intend to investigate, we must note something that all biographies and memoirs of the wealthy and the powerful and the eminent make clear: no matter what else they may be, the people of these higher circles are involved in a set of overlapping 'crowds' and intricately connected 'cliques.' There is a kind of mutual attraction among those who 'sit on the same terrace'—although this often becomes clear to them, as well as to others, only at the point at which they feel the need to draw the line; only when, in their common defense, they come to understand what they have in common, and so close their ranks against outsiders.

The idea of such ruling stratum implies that most of its members have similar social origins, that throughout their lives they maintain a network of informal connections, and that to some degree there is an interchangeability of position between the various hierarchies of money and power and celebrity. We must, of course, note at once that if such an elite stratum does exist, its social visibility and its form, for very solid historical reasons, are quite different from those of the noble cousinhoods that once ruled various European nations. That American society has never passed through a feudal epoch is of decisive importance to the nature of the American elite, as well as to American society as a historic whole. For it means that no nobility or aristocracy, established before the capitalist era, has stood in tense opposition to the higher bourgeoisie. It means that this bourgeoisie has monopolized not only wealth but prestige and power as well. It means that no set of noble families has commanded the top positions and monopolized the values that are generally held in high esteem; and certainly that no set has done so explicitiy by inherited right. It means that no high church dignitaries or court nobilities, no entrenched landlords with honorific accouterments, no monopolists of high army posts have opposed the enriched bourgeoisie and in the name of birth and prerogative successfully resisted its self-making.-

Sexual Orientation

The inclination to be heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual.

The political order, once a decentralized set of several dozen states with a weak spinal cord, has become a centralized, executive establishment which has taken up into itself many powers previously scattered, and now enters into each and every crany of the social structure.

The military order, once a slim establishment in a context of distrust fed by state militia, has become the largest and most expensive feature of government, and, although well versed in smiling public relations, now has all the grim and clumsy efficiency of a sprawling bureaucratic domain.

The most important contributions to social change have been made through what?

The most important contributions to social change have been made through collective action (like the Civil Rights Movement).

Intragenerational Mobility

The movement between social classes that occurs over the course of an individual's lifetime.

Social Mobility

The movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchical system of social classes.

How does education link to social mobility?

The number of years of formal education for individuals has important effects on their ultimate occupation and income. Social class origin affects the extent of educational attainment, as well as occupation and income

the power elite ; they are in positions to make decisions having major consequences. Whether they do or do not make such decisions is less important than the fact that they do occupy such pivotal positions: their failure to act, their failure to make decisions, is itself an act that is often of greater consequence than the decisions they do make. For they are in command of the major hierarchies and organizations of modern society. They rule the big corporations. They run the machinery of the state and claim its prerogatives. They direct the military establishment. They occupy the strategic command posts of the social structure,

The personal awareness of the actors is only one of the several sources one must examine in order to understand the higher circles.

'The power elite is composed of men whose positions enable them to transcend the ordinary environments of ordinary men.

The power elite are not solitary rulers. Advisers and consultants, spokesmen and opinion-makers are often the captains of their higher thought and decision. Immediately below the elite are the professional politicians of the middle levels of power, in the Congress and in the pressure groups, as well as among the new and old upper classes of town and city and region

Thomas M. Shapiro, (Ch. 25) The Hidden Cost of Being African American: How Wealth Perpetuates Inequality

The racial gap in assets and wealth

What happens to the Spirit of Capitalism in a capitalist society?

The spirit of capitalism begins to fade away because capitalism take its place.

What are the three major types of stratification?

The three major types of stratification are: slavery, caste, and class.

Social Inequality

The unequal distribution of valued resources based on ranking of persons and groups on the basis of various social and sometimes physical characteristics; found in every society.

G. William Domhoff, (Ch. 24) Who Rules America?: The Corporate Community and the Upper Class

The upper class has their own lifestyle through participation of social institutions Power through its control over economic and political decision making

Fashion (Examples of Mass Behavior)

The widespread custom or style of behavior and appearance at a particular time or in a particular place.

NGE-How do global elite relate to theri home nation? What is the potential consequences for Americans?

They can relate to their own nation because they have more in common with other global elites than anyone from their own nation. They may not have their own nation in their best interest when making decisions.

This cultural capital does what?

This cultural capital either helps or hinders us as we become adults.

Personal service work

Those jobs in which face-to-face or voice-to-voice interaction with a client is a fundamental element of the work. It often entails emotional labor, has low autonomy, customer has some power over worker, and it is the fastest growing type of work in the US still today (in 2018).

economic changes we are witnessing today are unprecedented

To grasp the difference between today's plutocrats and the hereditary elite, who (to use John Stuart Mill's memorable phrase) "grow rich in their sleep," one need merely glance at the events that now fill high-end social calendars. The debutante balls and hunts and regattas of yesteryear may not be quite obsolete, but they are headed in that direction. The real community life of the 21st-century plutocracy occurs on the international conference circuit.

time bind-Dr. Romeo on Chicana domestics

To justify their job (work), not only did they mention that their jobs are better than others, they also emphasized the benefits brought to their unpaid housework (family)

Common Americans

Trust Elite to run things smoothly, only when things don't go well is there upheviel

Annette Lareau, Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life (Ch. 55)

Types of skills parents transmit to their children

Subordinating Myth: Latino/a Immigration, Crime, and Exclusion

Unauthorized immigration has been a heated national discussion, one that indicates the need for reform in our national immigration policies. In this article, the author discusses how immigrants have been framed by perceptions of them as criminals, misrepresenting their actual experience.

Did the Protestant Reformation consciously or unconsciously contribute to the development of capitalism in the west?

Unconsciously

Inequality of Condition

Uneven distribution of social resources. Produces variations in people's actual living standards or life condition.

Food Deserts

Urban area in which it is difficult to buy affordable or good quality fresh food

Global Strategies for Workers

Utilizing what she calls a class analysis, Katie Quan analyzes how a "we/they" mode of thinking has characterized the connection of American workers to other workers throughout the world. She argues that workers in the global assembly line are not the cause of workers' struggles within the United States.

Max Weber

Viewed religion as "opium of the people" which can be used as a tool for the wealthy, privileged, and powerful to control people.

The Souls of Black Folk

W.E.B. DuBois, the first African American Ph.D. from Harvard University, is a classic sociological analyst. In this well-known essay, he develops the idea that African Americans have a "double consciousness" - one that they must develop as a protective strategy to understand how Whites see them. Originally writing this essay in 1903, DuBois also reflects on the long struggle for African American freedom.

Marriage as Capstone

Waiting to get married after education and stable job

privilege/oppression binary

We all experience different privileges and oppressions in different forms and to different degrees, diff. environments // nobody is identified as the victim or even the bad guy Significance: we each experience some oppression and some privilege, few people have no privileges at all - at least if they are in a space like this class Ex: a low income white women may be oppressed because of her financial situation, but may still be privileged in the sense that she is white, & a black women with this same situation statistically has less opportunities

Barbara Risman, Gender as Structure (Ch. 27)

Why gender stratification exsists Sex-role theory, structuralist, "doing gender, gender as structure Individuals learn gender roles and gender stereotyping through socialization

People who observe the Power Elite

Will maintain secret

Toward a Framework for Understanding Forces That Contribute to or Reinforce Racial Inequality

William Julius Wilson the social structural processes that shape racial inequality. His analysis shows how outcomes, such as poverty and unemployment, are shaped by forces that go beyond individual attitudes and behaviors

governments and armies and corporations shape it; and, as they do so, they turn these lesser institutions into means for their ends. Religious institutions provide chaplains to the armed forces where they are used as a means of increasing the effectiveness of its morale to kill. Schools select and train men for their jobs in corporations and their specialized tasks in the armed forces. The extended family has, of course, long been broken up by the industrial revolution, and now the son and the father are removed from the family, by compulsion if need be, whenever the army of the state sends out the call. And the symbols of all these lesser institutions are used to legitimate the power and the decisions of the big three.

Within each of the big three, the typical institutional unit has become enlarged, has become administrative, and, in the power of its decisions, has become centralized

time bind-Assumption behind "The Time Bend"

Work and family are separate

The Time Bind

Work has become a form of home and home has become work

protestant ethic-professor def or religion

a unified system of beliefs and practices, relative to sacred things which unite into a moral community all those who adhere to them- durkheim

dude time-internet usage

access issues, religious reasons, censorship, legal rules (can or cant do), material dimension-facebook- US 50%, europe-16%, its an american website caters to USA.

physical appearance, how we act can tell people what class you are

admission to elite schoold is highly correclated with parents socioeconmic standing because they transfer their affluence to their children.

stigma

attention which is usually negative that devalues a certain identity and prevents them from being accepted

it's not the media

an examination of media violence and its effects on children; four fallacies of media influence on children

racial profiling

an example of institutional racism in the criminal justice system

totalitarian

an extreme form of authoritarianism where the state has total control over all aspects of public and, to the extent possible, private life

mcdonalds-goods

ant tangible objects - physical- food, water, clothing, appliances, furniture, buildings---separated into necessary (inelastic)- required for society to survive (food, water, clothes) or desired (elaistic)- goods that are wanted but not neccasry (entertainment, xbox, fasion)

interest group

any constituency in society organized to promote its own agenda, including large, nationally based groups such as the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) and the National Riffle Association (NRA)

what did max weber say about transformation thesis

as a society modernized, inequalities of family caste, and tribe gradually give way to hierarchies predicated on individual achievement

progress narrative

as time progresses Racism, sexism, etc. decreases, we are always getting more diverse, inclusive, socially just, assumes linear progression Significance: The idea of progress narrative absolves us of responsibility of making things better as the idea is that things just automatically get better over time. Ex: sweatshops still prevalent -- H&M

race & masculinity

asian men-- feminized black men-- hyper masculine/ aggressive white men-- preserved as the norm significance: Racialized constructions of masculinity (or the lack thereof) often serve to justify patterns of exploitation ex: asian men working in laundry industry, target for TV shows, black men today incarcerated at higher rates

unequal childhoods

author: annette lareau main point: people of different classes (working, middle, and upper) have children who lead very different lives that are beneficial and detrimental in different ways; under a condition of equality, we should see a random distribution of economic resources and opportunity; concerted cultivation can sometimes go wrong, especially with very hands-on parents; in contrast, educators get frustrated when parents are reluctant to engage in concerted cultivation; school can be viewed as a threat without good relationships with educators; kids ended up about where they were expected to and quantitative data matches up; economic importance of social class to buy cultural capital (embodied and objectified cultural capital); both legitimate and rewarded by schools and other institutions; class supercedes race research method: ethnography, in-depth interviews broader implications: between social classes, constructed expectations and environments are different, and are not inherently better or worse than one another

americans love seeing swedish dads out with their kids (canvas)

author: caitlyn collins main point: in sweden, raising a child isn't a private issue but a collective one; earner-carer model in policy; doesn't solve all gender issues research method: in depth interviews broader implications: making private issues public can change the way society interacts with them through policy implementation

on being sane in insane places (canvas)

author: david l. rosenhan main point: the study showed that the powers that be in medical institutions can't actually tell whether or not people are mentally ill, regardless of whether or not they are warned there will be imposters in advance research method: audit (with ethical issues), personal observation/ethnography broader implications: labeling bias is extremely intense and nearly impossible to get rid of

who rules america (ferguson #24)

author: g. william domhoff main point: upper class families have very very specific traditions that serve as signifiers for and gateways into the class; this includes everything from exclusive clubs to debutante balls; many of these traditions have stayed essentially the same over time research method: interviews broader implications: class is a social construct and this is a good symbolic interactionist perspective on how they go about establishing what being 'upper class' means

from unassimilable to exceptional (canvas)

author: jennifer lee main point: asian americans self selected high achievers and have gained the stereotype of being that, which has positive and negative impacts research method: content analysis broader implications: positive labels have negative consequences for all members of society, including the ones being labeled

daddy & papa

author: johnny symons main point: queer adoption goes against current family/racial norms but is becoming more normalized, though adopters/children still have some difficulties research method: ethnography, in-depth interviews broader implications: family norms are slowly shifting; queer couples don't ascribe to the same racial prejudices that straight couples do, apparently?

out of sorts (ferguson #33)

author: katherine m. flower kim main point: white people looking to adopt automatically discount american POC children; only interviewed adopters of Asian kids; race trumps health status research method: in-depth interviews broader implications: racism is so pervasive that it even influences adoption/fears over adoption, and people STILL won't talk about it openly

unmarried with children (ferguson #54)

author: kathryn edin and maria kefalas main point: there are positive and negative aspects to having children at a young age; to get married means to have stable finances; marriage and divorce have greater consequences in poor communities; children as identity research method: in depth interviews, surveys broader implications: poverty traps people in all aspects of life; different standards exist for different people at different times in different places

the perils of parenting style (canvas)

author: kevin hartnett main point: laureau's study is flawed but there really wasn't any way to make it less flawed; ethnography will always have ethical and moral and emotional issues research method: N/A broader implications: the best experiments are a combination of quantitative and qualitative

america's white-collar congress (canvas)

author: matthew wolfson main point: most people making policy are white collar; getting blue collar workers into the system, policies are likely to change research method: N/A broader implications: there are ways out of self-reinforcing systems; power is self-perpetuating

the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism (ferguson #44)

author: max weber main point: early protestant views of Calvinism and Puritanism are primary factors in capitalism; time wasting was considered a sin and work is moral; individual work for divine glory; shifted over time from religion to 'American Dream' research method: content analysis broader implications: religion can do some wild shit and also our society isn't necessarily the best possible way of functioning considering the moral intersection with economics

how class works (canvas)

author: michael hout main point: class is an absolute mess because there are so many different ways to measure it, and to measure lines between it; nonetheless, people are very aware of what class divisions are and where they are perceived to fall amongst them research method: surveys broader implications: class is a social construct that is more complex than most surveys give it credit for; society generally views class as functionalist (or at least it did when the article was written) *I had trouble concentrating on this because it was so quantitative and a bit repetitive, so if I missed things, that's why

the growing backlash against overparenting (canvas)

author: nancy gibbs main point: parenting became product development; doing fewer extracurriculars is better for your kids; our assessment of what is risky and what is not is way off research method: N/A broader implications: different fears create different societal structures at different times; space to be free and creative is incredibly important; helicopter/intense concerted cultivation parents need to Calm Down

why french parents are superior (canvas)

author: pamela druckerman main point: french parents are okay with leaving their kids alone, and it genuinely helps; replace discipline with education; calm authority works better research method: N/A broader implications: forcing people do do things doesn't work; mindsets are important; let kids have free time

According to Weber, Catholicism an ethical significance to work in a calling, that it lacked in Calvinism. a) true b) false

b) false

key element of social institutions

basic needs- every society needs to exist, or last over time

sociologically mindful

be aware the sources of knowledge and be aware of the limitations of knowledge the truth is always illusive or partial

peers as socialization agent

begin socializing others- you are in charge of teaching your friends- play games, does not always work out well. music, fashion, language, pass along socialization distinct separate groups- jocks, popular, burn out, geeks, goths, "clicks"-- kids at school vs church vs school

culture; a sociological view

culture is shared ways of a social group. it reflects social patterns of thoughts, emotions and practices. culture is created continuously- cultural understanding socializes us. Makes it possible for people to plan their lives. It is learned and changes on a regular basis

Mcdonalds-industrial society need to do or know

do one things well- people get paid for the one skill they have then use that money to buy the things they need.

Muslims in US- one question religion

do you read the bible everyday, every other day, once a month, only on holidays, never? attendance? times of prayer? is praying a necessity?

what are the choices to make

drill instructors are really mean- its intentional, stress at boot camp brings people together. marching in formation- why? work as a group.

protestant ethic-sacred

entities that are set apart and given special meaning that transcends immediate human experiences, baptism without the religious connotation would be just a shower- but it holy water, very important...bible- sacred item threw on floor- blasphemy

universal design

environments , buildings, products that are accessible to both people with disabilities & those without Significance: calling in-- creates more equal society Ex: mall that has only ramps

culture of fear

in american culture we are always worried about something and as thing improve we become more pessimistic. We are a gun crazed nation and the mass media scares us. Fear provides power and money

government

includes those institutions that represent the population, making rules that govern the society

Socio-economic Status

income, educational attainment, and occupational status

5 Fallacies about Racism

individual, legalistic, tokenistic, ahistorical, fixed

Color-blind racism

individuals affected by this type of racism prefer to ignore legitimate racial-ethnic, cultural, and other differences and insist that the race problems in the US will go away if only race is ignored altogether

invisible inequality; social class and child rearing in black and white families

institution of family produces and reproduces other forms of inequality in family life. interviewed and observed families in the middle and working class. conserted cultivaiton- produces an emerging sense of entitlement

time bind-monopoly or oligopoly

utilities-1- duke energy, water- i choice, natural gas- 1 choice. technology- iphone, sports-NCAA, NFL, oligopoly- smart phone carriers, breakfast cereal- 3 companies,

reproduction thesis

variation in educational attainment essentially is a coating for pre-existing class inequalities.

post industrial

we live in a post industrial society- focus center on information and there is a shift away form factories. research grows

NGE-rise of the new global elite-about

what is like to be wealthy in society

how culture can be changed

what is this about