already reviewed just soldify
what is strong social constructionism?
the whole of reality is dependent on language and social habits. all knowledge is social construct, no such thing as brute fact example: we created the idea of quarks and everything we know to explain it. No facts that just exist
what is a morula?
tight collection of 32 cells, beginning of differentiation
what is secularization?
weakening of social and political power of religions as religious involvement declines religion has been affected by modernization: more info available on public, less emphasis on religion Secularization is the transformation of a society from close identification and inn with religious values and institutions toward nonreligious values and secular (non religion associated) institutions. The secularization thesis refers to the belief that as societies progress, particularly through modernization and rationalization, religion loses its authority in all aspects of social life and governance.
what is macrosociology?
study of large populations and institutions. looking for patterns
Valence electrons for d and f
the s before it and then either the d or f. for 5 and 6 d dont include f before it. For example Ir has 9, 2 in s and 7 in d.
what is the sympathetic nervous system?
"""fight or flight"" pupils dilate, increase HR, Respiration Rate, glucose level, adrenaline (epinephrine) decrease digestion/salivation"
what is the I and me?
"(1) I = jerk, non-conforming, non-socialized version, individual identity (personal response to what society thinks), spontaneous Ex. I = is it best for me to go to college from HS, or work first or travel for a few years (2) me = socialized self, takes society into consideration (conforms to social norms), how you believe the GENERALIZED other PERCEIVES YOU Ex: me thinks about people go from high school to college in US example: ""I"" wants to go to a party, ""me"" stays home Friday night to study for test other explanation: Me = society's view (that's me!), the part of self-formed in interaction with others and social environment, and I = individual identity stepping in and our personal responses to what society thinks. The "I" is the spontaneous and autonomous part of our unified self."
Describe the characteristics of arteries
1. Arteries are Thick walled 2. Arteries are muscular and provide resistance and therefore pressure. 3. Arteries are elastic 4. Arteries do not have valves
What are the 4 ways cells can communicate with chemical signals?
1. Autocrine Signaling 2. Paracrine Signaling 3. Juxtacrine Signaling 4. Endocrine Signaling
What 3 things does Estrogen do in females?
1. Estrogens result in the development of secondary sex characteristics for adult females. 2. In the embryo, estrogen stimulates the development of the female reproductive track. 3. Finally, estrogens also lead to the initial thickening of the endometrium each month in preparation for implantation of a zygote.
What are the 4 stages of menstruation?
1. Follicular Phase 2. Ovulation 3. Luteal Phase 4. Menstruation
What are the 2 functions of the endometrium?
1. In day to day life, the endometrium keeps adjacent walls of the uterus from sticking together, thereby maintainign its patency. 2. During menstruation, the endometrium grows in to a thick blood vessel rich tissue that can optimally support a blastocyst in the case of implantation. If a blastocyst is not implanted, the thickened endometrium will slough off.
What are 7 specific functions of the sympathetic nervous system?
1. Increase heart rate 2. Redistribute blood to muscles of locomotion (movement) (vasodilate to tissues that need blood and vasoconstrict to tissues that dont) 3. Increase blood glucose 4. Relax bronchi 5. Decrease digestion and peristalsis 6. Dilate the eyes to maximize light intake 7. Release epinephrine into the blood MNEMONIC: Fight or Flight
What are the 3 functions of the Macrophage?
1. Macrophages activate when foreign invaders enter the tissue in which they reside. Macrophages kill invaders by phagocytocing them and then digesting them with hydrolytic enzymes. 2. After the Macrophage breaks down the invader, it uses a protein called major histocompatibility complex (MHC) to present that invaders antigen to the cells of the adaptive immune system. 3. Macrophages release cytokines in areas that need them.
Describe the path of electrical conduction in the heart.
1. Sino-atrial Node (SA Node) 2. Atrioventricular Node (AV Node) 3. Bundle of His (AV bundle) 4. Bundle Branches 5. Purkinje Fibers
What are the three stages of cell specialization?
1. Specification 2. Determination 3. Differentiation
How do the number of sodium and potassium ions change in the cell with 1 pump of the Sodium Potassium Pump?
3 sodium are pumped out of the cell while 2 potassium are pumped in.
What wavelength is associated with the color violet?
380ish nm
What is a diol and how is it named?
A diol is a molecule with two alcohols. These molecules keep the -ane parent name and adds the suffix -diol
What is the archetypal form of a double-displacement reaction?
A double-displacement reaction is when elements from two different compounds swap places with each other to form new compounds.
What is a Hydrolase?
A hydrolase catalyzes the breaking of a compound into two molecules by using water to perform a hydrolysis reaction. examples: phosphatase peptidase, nuclease, lipase
What is a normal?
A normal is a line that is perpendicular to a surface.
What is a nucleoprotein?
A nucleoprotein is a protein with a nucleotide based prosthetic group.
What is a primary spermatocyte?
A primary spermatocyte is a spermatogonium that has undergone the S stage and replicated its genetic information.
What is a provirus or prophage?
A provirus or prophage is a latent piece of viral genome that has been integrated into the host's genome.
What is a resistor?
A resistor is an electrical element that resists the flow of electrons through itself.
What is a spermatid?
A spermatid is a secondary spermatocyte that has undergone the second round of Meiosis to result in a cell with one copy of each chromosome.
What is a zymogen?
A zymogen is an inactive form of an enzyme that must be modified to activate it. The creations of zymogens is a way to further regulate and control the activity of dangerous enzymes in the body (digestive enzymes). Most zymogens have the suffix -ogen.
Absorption of simple sugars and amino acids in small intestine
Absorbed by secondary active transport or fascillitated diffusion into the epithelial cells lining the intestine. Then they move through the cell and naturally reach the capillaries on the other side. Since the blood is constantly moving away there is always a concentration gradient such that blood is less concentrated with sugars and AAs. Thus these molecules naturally diffuse into the blood where they then go to liver via hepatic portal circulation
What happens in the Luteal Phase of Menstruation?
After ovulation, LH will cause the burst follicle to form into the corpeus luteum, which secretes progesterone and some estrogen. These progesterone levels rise as the estrogen stays high. Progesterone negatively inhibits the hypothalamus even at high concentrations, so as the levels rise, eventually the hypothalamus is negatively inhibited and the levels of GnRH, FSH, and LH fall. This prevents the ovulation of multiple eggs.
Aldosterone acts on the [DCT or PCT or collecting duct?]
Aldosterone acts on the DCT and collecting duct Mnemonic: Damnit Aldosterone
What is an androgen?
An androgen is any male sex hormone, such as testosterone.
What are the two divisions of the pituitary?
Anterior and posterior
As frequency increases, pitch [...]
As frequency increases, pitch increases
If it doesn't say whether the potential given is oxidation or reduction, how can you tell?
Assume that it is whatever the equation is showing. If the equation is showing oxidation we have an oxidation potential
Where are blood cells made?
Blood cells are made from hematopoeitic stem cells in the bone marrow.
Calorie vs calorie
Calorie is nutritional calorie, amount of heat needed to raise 1kg of water 1 degree celsius. 1000 cal in a Cal, so a 1 cal is the amount of heat required to raise 1g of water 1 degree celsius. 1Cal=4184J, 1cal=4.184 J
Class 2 MHC's can be found in [professional antigen binding cells or any nucleated cell?]
Class 2 MHC's can be found in professional antigen binding cells
What is disjunction?
Disjunction is the term used to refer to the separation of homologous chromosomes in Meiosis.
What is the function of Ependymal cells?
Ependymal cells line the ventricles (cavities) of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid, which physically supports the brain and serves as a shock absorber.
In what way does FSH affect the testes?
FSH causes the Sertoli Cells to trigger sperm maturation. MNEMONIC: Follicle Stimulating hormone Stimulates the Synthesis of Sperm by the Sertoli Cells
What is genetic mapping?
Genetic mapping is the process by which we theorize the general order of genes on a chromosome based on their relative recombination frequencies. Farther away would mean higher recomb. Genes in a row should add. So in ABC, the recombination frequency of A and C should equal A and B plus B and C.
What is the only thing that changes equilibrium constant
temperature (increasing temp with exothermic means smaller keq, increasing temp with endothermic means larger keq) concentration, volume, and pressure don't change Keq **confirm this is correct
what is the definition of symbolic interactionism and associated psychologist?
George herbert Mead social theory that's a microperspective takes small scale view of society, society is built of everyday social interactions focuses on the individual and significance they give to objects, events, symbols in their lives
How does the presence of GnRH change as we mature?
GnRH is tightly regulated by the hypothalamus until puberty, at which point GnRH is released in pulses which lead to the development of secondary sex-characteristics.
What is Hess's law?
Hess's law is just a consequence of the fact that enthalpy is a state function. It states that enthalpies of a series of step by step reactions will just add up, and the overall enthalpy of the series of step by step reactions will be equal to the sum of each individual step. Can split up reactions into steps Ex. C(s)+2H2(g)->CH4(g) = 1. C(s)->C(g) Delta H1 2. 2 (H2->2H) two times Delta H2 3. C(g)+4H->CH4(g) Delta H3 Add them all together to get overall delta H. Remember formation of bonds relases energy so delta H3 is negative https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-standard-enthalpy-of-formation-of-methane-given-that-the-average-c-h
In what direction will the reaction proceed if Q < Keq? What is ΔG?
If Q < Keq then the ratio of products to reactants is lower then it would be at equilibrium. Therefore, we'd expect the reaction to go in the forward direction to reach the equilibrium ratio. ΔG is negative
Describe intramolecular anhydride formation.
In molecules with aromatic rings and carboxylic acids, the carboxylic acids can attack one another to form anhydrides.
In what way does LH affect the testes?
LH causes the interstitial cells aka Leydig cells of the testes to produce testosterone. MNEMONIC: LH -> Low Hair -> Side effect of too much testosterone.
What is a resident population of macrophages
Live in the tissue permanently aka microglia in CNS
How is fetal circulation different than adult circulation?
Lungs and liver don't play significant roles prior to birth, thus gas exchange occurs at placenta and detox and metabolism are controlled by moms liver. Because these organs are nonfunctional and structurally weak, the fetus develops shunts to redirect blood away from these fragile organs.
What is Mendel's Second Law of classical genetics?
Mendel's Second Law, the law of independent assortment, says that the inheritance of one allele of one gene has no affect on the inheritance of another allele of a different gene. For example, the second law states that, if there are two alleles for different genes, let's say blue for eyes and blonde for hair, these two alleles will independently assort. So, if you get the allele for blue eyes, it has no affect on whether or not you get the allele for blond hair.
What is Mendel's second law (of independent assortment)?
Mendel's second law states that the inheritance of one gene does not affect the inheritance of another gene. This is possible because of the crossing over that mixes up alleles on chromosomes during prophase 1 of Meiosis. NOTE: Mendel did great work, but he didn't get the rules 100% correctly. For example, we know now that there are linked genes that actually do get inherited together.
Are coenzyme Q and cytochrome C part of the complexes or do they move freely?
Move freely and interact with next complex
What is negative selection? (immune system)
Negative selection is one of the ways T-cells are selected for maturation. In negative selection, T-cells that erroneously target the body's own healthy cells are apoptosed. This happens because T-cells need to kill dangerous foreign cells, not the body's own cells!
Is glycogen made and broken down in pancreas?
No
Do microfilament lengths change during muscle contraction?
No, polymerization is capped on both ends
What is pitch?
Pitch is our perception of the frequency of a sound. Each frequency will have its own pitch.
What is the difference between positive and negative control?
Positive control- The regulator of the operon acts as an activator and is required in its active form for transcription. Negative control- The regulator of the operon acts as a repressor that prevents transcription when it is active.
What is the Tidal Volume? (TV)
TV is the amount of air you inhale or exhale in a normal breath.
What neural structure controls the rhythmic contraction of our breathing muscles?
The Medulla Oblongata
What are the adrenal glands?
The adrenal glands are glands located on top of the kidney that control the levels of a wide variety of hormones in the blood.
What is the Collision Theory of Chemical Kinetics and equation?
The collision theory states that, for a reaction to occur, the molecules must collide with eachother in appropriate configurations. Therefore, the rate of a reaction is proportional to the number of collisions per second between the reacting molecules. rate=Z*f Z= number of collisions, f= fraction of collisions that are effective
What is the structure and function of the corona radiata?
The corona radiata is a layer of cells that adhere to the oocyte during ovulation. These cells are the first to be penetrated by the sperm and are responsible for communicating to the secondary oocyte that it is time for it to finish Meiosis II. This results in the production of a mature ovum and a polar body.
What is the equivalence point?
The equivalence point is the point at which the reaction between the titrand and the titrant is completed. (all of the species has been deprotonated)
The external anal sphincter is under [somatic or autonomic?] control
The external anal sphincter is under somatic control
What is a follicle?
The follicle are multilayered sacs that contain, nourish, and protect immature ova (eggs).
what is role strain?
tension WITHIN one status ex. a student has to write two papers, five reading assignments, give a speech, two lab reports in one week
What occurs in the Follicular Phase of Menstruation?
The follicular phase begins when the uterine lining of the previous cycle begins to shed. 1. As Estrogen and Progesterone fall in response to the death of the corpus luteum, GnRH is secreted in response. 2. GnRH secretion leads to the rise of FSH and LH. 3. FSH and LH work together to cause the follicles in the ovary to grow (Mostly FSH though) 4. As the follicles grow, they release estrogen, which negatively inhibits the hypothalamus and causes a drop in GnRH, which slows the increase of FSH and LH. 5. The estrogen that has been released gets to work on re-thickening the endometrium (decidua). uterine shed --> low level of progrestrone and estrogen --> high level of GnRH --> high levels of LH and FSH --> follicular growing --> estrongen released --> inhibiton of GnRH --> decrease release of LH and FSH.
Which side of the heart drives the force in the systemic circuit?
The left side
What is the menstrual cycle?
The menstrual cycle is the monthly process where a primary oocyte is allowed to complete Meiosis I, become a secondary oocyte, and potentially be fertilized by a sperm.
What is unique about the phase diagram for water?
The phase diagram for water has a negative slope for the solid<>liquid equilibrium line. This is out of the ordinary. Almost every phase diagram will only have positive slopes on its equilibrium lines. This is due to the hydrogen bonds in water and how they space out the crystalline structure of ice.
What is hematopoiesis
The production of blood cells and platelets
What is the relative refractory period?
The relative refractory period is when it is possible to trigger another action potential, but you will need more stimuli than usual.
The second ionization energy will always be [...] than the first ionization energy, and so on.
The second ionization energy will always be larger than the first ionization energy, and so on.
What is the intermembrane space?
The space between the outer and inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
How does one calculate the equivalent resistance of resistors in parallel?
The sum of the inverses of the resistances will be equal to the inverse of the total resistance.
What are the two components of the autonomic nervous system?
The sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems.
What is the structure and function of the zona pellucida?
The zona pellucida is an acellular mixture of glycoproteins that protect the oocyte and allow sperm to bind to the oocyte.
How does the concentration of sodium differ between the interior of the neuron and the outside of the neuron?
There is significantly more sodium outside of the neuron than inside of the neuron, and as such, there is a concentration gradient pushing sodium into the neuron.
Describe the Hill Criterion of Coherence?
This criterion states that the general body of scientific knowledge is pretty accurate, and if a causal relationship is claimed that is consistent with and fits well in the modern understanding, it is more likely to be a true causal relationship.
What is Calcitonin's function?
To decrease calcium levels in the blood. MNEMONIC: Calcitonin tones down the calcium levels in the blood.
prevalence of a disease
Total number of cases divided by the total population during a period of time
Epinephrine is also known as
adrenaline
Vigilance attention and other name
aka Sustained attention-refers to the state in which attention must be maintained over time. Often this is to be found in some form of "watchkeeping" activity when an observer, or listener, must continuously monitor a situation in which significant, but usually infrequent and unpredictable, events may occur. (driving a car)
what is the actual self?
balance between I and me
what is social proof?
basically equivalent to INFORMATIONAL social influence
what is the situational approach to behavior?
behavior is determined by the situations we are placed in
what is dependency theory?
disagrees with modernization theory. states that peripheral countries export their core goods to core countries and therefore will never get out of poverty they are 3rd world because they have been integrated into the world economy as an undeveloped country. they dont have means to become a developed nation.
what is strain theory?
if a person is blocked from attaining a goal that society says is commendable, they will turn to deviance to achieve that goal
what is normatiave social influence?
if we do something to gain respect/support of peers, we're complying with social norms because of this we might go with group outwardly, but internally believe something differently
what is socialization?
learning the attitudes, behaviors, and values expected by their culture/community
what is horizontal mobility?
movement within same class Ex: accountant gets new job as accountant
what are the bipolar and related disorders?
periods of negative mood WITH periods of abnormally positive mood called Mania Ex: bipolar disorder
bomb calorimeter equation
qsystem=-qsurroundings msteelcsteelΔt + moxygencoxygenΔt=-mwatercwaterΔt
What part of the brain deals with processing and displaying negative emotions? positive emotions?
right prefrontal cortex for negative left prefrontal for positive
what is the hyperglobalist perspective?
sees globalization as legitimate as new age in human history, countries become more interdependent. Countries become one global society
what is a meritocracy?
social position achieved solely based on personal ability and achievement (not election) extreme social ability, equal opportunity Volatile