AM History to 1877 Final Study Guide

How did the abolitionist movement that arose in the 1830s differ from earlier antislavery efforts? a) Actually, the two movements were quite similar in every way; the later one was simply more well-known because more people were literate by the 1830s. b) The later movement drew much more on the religious conviction that slavery was an unparalleled sin and needed to be destroyed immediately. c) Earlier opponents of slavery had called for immediate emancipation, but the later group devised a plan for gradual emancipation that won broader support. d) The later movement banned participation by African-Americans, because they feared that their involvement would cause a backlash. e) The movement of the 1830s introduced the idea of colonizing freed slaves outside the United States, which proved immensely popular with southern whites.

The later movement drew much more on the religious conviction that slavery was an unparalleled sin and needed to be destroyed immediately.

The American Civil War began in April 1861, when: a) Confederate forces fired upon and captured Fort Sumter. b) U.S. naval vessels bombarded the city of Wilmington, North Carolina. c) Confederate and Union cavalry clashed in disputed territory in Texas. d) General William Sherman led Union soldiers on a devastating march through Georgia. e) Confederate infantry attacked Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

a) Confederate forces fired upon and captured Fort Sumter.

The Thirteenth Amendment: a) abolished slavery throughout the United States. b) was strongly supported by Democrats in 1864. c) set up a gradual plan of emancipation. d) defined U.S. citizenship to include African-Americans. e) specifically gave black men the right to vote.

a) abolished slavery throughout the United States.

Captains of industry like steel magnate Andrew Carnegie and oil man John D. Rockefeller: a) began creating or consolidating their fortunes during the Civil War. b) benefited after the war from the respect their military service earned for them. c) became important advisers to President Lincoln. d) voluntarily provided important resources to the war effort. e) made millions bilking southerners who were buying war bonds.

a) began creating or consolidating their fortunes during the Civil War.

The Dred Scott decision of the U.S. Supreme Court: a) declared Congress could not ban slavery from territories. b) endorsed the "free soil" policy of the Republicans. c) backed the idea of "popular sovereignty." d) freed Dred and Harriet Scott. e) extended the Missouri Compromise line to California.

a) declared Congress could not ban slavery from territories.

The Free Soil Party: a) demonstrated that antislavery sentiment had spread far beyond abolitionist ranks. b) cost Henry Clay the presidency by siphoning off votes from him in New York. c) was powerful enough to convince James Polk not to seek reelection. d) strongly opposed the Wilmot Proviso but agreed to let it pass as part of a compromise. e) nominated Zachary Taylor for president.

a) demonstrated that antislavery sentiment had spread far beyond abolitionist ranks.

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787: a) established the policy to admit the area's population as equal members of the political system. b) regulated western land sales through a policy that was amicable to the Indians. c) abolished the Articles of Confederation and called for a second Constitutional Convention. d) was the first step in Alexander Hamilton's plan for economic growth. e) declared all Indian land to be the possession of the U.S. government.

a) established the policy to admit the area's population as equal members of the political system.

Fugitive slaves: a) generally understood that the North Star led to freedom. b) were more likely to be women than men, because they were trying to escape sexual assault. c) succeeded in escaping more frequently from the Deep South because they had access to ships leaving ports like New Orleans and Charleston. d) benefited from the refusal of non-slaveowners to participate in patrols that looked for fugitives. e) who escaped to Canada were routinely returned to slavery by the British authorities.

a) generally understood that the North Star led to freedom.

The internal slave trade in the United States involved the movement of hundreds of thousands of enslaved persons from: a) older states like Virginia to the Lower South. b) Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi to Kentucky, Virginia, and Maryland. c) the West Indies to the Mississippi River Valley. d) the Lower South to the Upper South. e) the lower Mississippi River Valley to the upper Mississippi River Valley.

a) older states like Virginia to the Lower South.

In 1846, Congressman David Wilmot proposed to: a) prohibit slavery from all territory acquired from Mexico. b) allow voters to decide the status of slavery in new territories. c) divide the Oregon Country between Great Britain and the United States. d) annex Cuba in order to avoid southern secession. e) allow slavery to expand into California and New Mexico.

a) prohibit slavery from all territory acquired from Mexico.

In the South, the paternalist ethos: a) reflected the hierarchical society in which the planter took responsibility for the lives of those around him. b) declined after the War of 1812, as southern society became more centered on market relations rather than on personal relations. c) suffered because southern slaveholders lived among their slaves, so that the groups' constant exposure to each other made southern slavery more openly violent than elsewhere. d) brought southern society closer to northern ideals. e) encouraged southern women to become more active and better educated so that they could help their husbands in their paternal roles.

a) reflected the hierarchical society in which the planter took responsibility for the lives of those around him.

Utopian communities were unlikely to attract much support because most Americans: a) saw property ownership as key to economic independence, but nearly all the utopian communities insisted members give up their property. b) feared the Communist Party that endorsed and, in some cases, sponsored these communities. c) were Protestants, but all utopian communities required members to deny religious beliefs. d) supported the industrial revolution, but most utopian communities turned away from industry in favor of an agrarian lifestyle. e) considered the utopian communities to be too materialistic and selfish.

a) saw property ownership as key to economic independence, but nearly all the utopian communities insisted members give up their property.

Thomas Jefferson believed that African-Americans: a) should eventually be able to enjoy their natural rights, but they would have to leave the United States to do so. b) who were held in slavery should be emancipated immediately and that every former slave family should be given a forty-acre farm in a western territory. c) should, if legally free, be allowed to marry white persons. d) like Indians, were naturally as intelligent as whites. e) should all be held in slavery because, like Indians, they were clearly inferior to persons of European descent

a) should eventually be able to enjoy their natural rights, but they would have to leave the United States to do so.

Frederick Douglass argued that: a) slaves were truer to the principles of the Declaration of Independence than were most white Americans. b) the United States should adopt a gradual emancipation plan that would eliminate slavery within forty years. c) free blacks would be better off if they moved to Liberia, where a colony of former American slaves had been founded. d) blacks should not serve in the U.S. army during the Civil War because of the racial discrimination they faced. e) free African Americans should "let down their buckets where they were" and accept inequality, at least for a period of time.

a) slaves were truer to the principles of the Declaration of Independence than were most white Americans.

In The Federalist, James Madison argued that: a) the large size of the United States was a source of political stability. b) to be a republic, a country must be geographically small. c) church and state must be linked in order to encourage republican virtue. d) it was essential that slavery be abolished for liberty to flourish. e) presidential power must be stronger than that of Congress and the courts.

a) the large size of the United States was a source of political stability.

The Second Bank of the United States was created: a) by Congress in 1816, with the support of President Madison. b) to counterbalance the power of the First Bank of the United States. c) by President Monroe's executive order in 1820. d) by a group of New York bankers after the First Bank of the United States failed. e) by Congress in 1832, with the support of President Jackson.

a) by Congress in 1816, with the support of President Madison.

The transcendentalist movement: a) emphasized individual judgment, not tradition. b) is also known as the Second Great Awakening. c) stressed teamwork in order to industrialize. d) was largely based in the South. e) celebrated the economic developments of the market revolution.

a) emphasized individual judgment, not tradition.

"Hard money" in the 1830s referred to: a) gold and silver, also called "specie." b) wages paid to manual laborers. c) money backed by government guarantees. d) any money issued by a bank. e) highly inflated currency after the Panic of 1837.

a) gold and silver, also called "specie."

The nullification crisis: a) involved the fears of some slaveholders that the federal government might take action against slavery. b) was based on southern concerns that tariffs were preventing the South from industrializing as fast as the North. c) largely concerned the opposition of Southwestern planters to federally financed internal improvements. d) brought Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun closer together politically. e) attracted support from Whigs like Daniel Webster, who saw it as an opportunity to embarrass and annoy Jackson.

a) involved the fears of some slaveholders that the federal government might take action against slavery.

The U.S. Supreme Court's 1832 Worcester v. Georgia decision: a) supported the right of the Cherokee people to maintain a separate political identity. b) approved Georgia's plans to confiscate Cherokee land and move the people to reservations. c) struck down Georgia's anti-tariff Nullification Ordinance. d) was fully supported by President Andrew Jackson. e) was strongly opposed by Whigs.

a) supported the right of the Cherokee people to maintain a separate political identity.

The first industry to be shaped by the large factory system was: a) textiles. b) guns. c) ironworks. d) pottery. e) shoemaking.

a) textiles.

In the 1830s, Andrew Jackson believed all of the following about the Second Bank of the United States EXCEPT that: a) the Bank did not allow for the issuance of enough paper money to meet national demand. b) bankers in general were "nonproducers" who merely profited from the labor of others. c) the Bank received exclusive privileges that widened the gap between the wealthy and the humble. d) the Bank was a "monster" that illegitimately combined political and economic power. e) the Bank was engaging in a form of political blackmail against Jackson.

a) the Bank did not allow for the issuance of enough paper money to meet national demand.

Under the Missouri Compromise of 1820: a) the remaining Louisiana Purchase territory was divided into slave and free zones. b) Congress banned slavery in any new territory that might ever be added to the United States. c) Missouri agreed to gradual emancipation of slavery in exchange for admission to the Union. d) Ohio became a free state to balance the admission of Missouri as a slave state. e) slave states gained a two-seat advantage in the U.S. Senate.

a) the remaining Louisiana Purchase territory was divided into slave and free zones.

The War Hawks in Congress included: a. Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. b. John Randolph and Rufus King. c. Oliver Perry and Francis Scott Key. d. Andrew Jackson and William H. Harrison. e. Carter Glass and Ernest Hollings.

a. Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.

Which of the following is NOT true about the expedition of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark? a. They never reached the Pacific coast. b. They found that the regions west of the Mississippi were already engaging in global trade. c. It took them two years to complete their journey. d. They brought back numerous plant and animal specimens. e. They were seeking a water route to the Pacific Ocean.

a. They never reached the Pacific coast.

Judith Sargent Murray argued that women's apparent mental inferiority to men simply reflected the fact that women had been denied: a. educational opportunities. b. the right to vote. c. the right to own private property. d. enough leisure time. e. the ability to earn a living wage.

a. educational opportunities.

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa were brothers who: a. preached a militant message to Native Americans early in the nineteenth century. b. were chiefs of adjacent tribes, the Shawnee and the Seneca. c. fought beside Andrew Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans. d. both died at the Battle of Tippecanoe. e. differed on whether Indians or whites were more at fault for Native American problems.

a. preached a militant message to Native Americans early in the nineteenth century.

Which of the following was a characteristic of the federal government under the Articles of Confederation? a) Congress was a two-chambered body, with a House of Delegates and a Council. b) Congress could not levy taxes or regulate commerce. c) Congress could amend the Articles by a two-thirds vote. d) There were two branches of government—judicial and legislative—but no executive. e) The more populous a state, the more votes it cast in Congress.

b) Congress could not levy taxes or regulate commerce.

Why did slavery become more central to American politics in the 1840s? a) The Methodist Church, the nation's largest denomination, called on all its members to free their slaves. b) Territorial expansion raised the question of whether new lands should be free or slave. c) Members of the abolitionist Republican Party, formed in 1844, insisted on debating slavery. d) President John Tyler's antislavery policies caused a major proslavery backlash led by John C. Calhoun. e) As the 1848 constitutional deadline for ending the African slave trade drew near, Americans became obsessed with slavery.

b) Territorial expansion raised the question of whether new lands should be free or slave.

Which of the following is NOT true of the South and its economy in the period from 1800 to 1860? a) Southern cities, like New Orleans and Baltimore, lay mainly on the periphery of the South. b) The South produced nearly two-fifths of the nation's manufactured goods, especially cotton textiles. c) Slavery helped to discourage the immigration of white workers to the South, with such notable exceptions as New Orleans. d) Slavery proved very profitable for most slave owners. e) Southern banks existed mainly to finance plantations

b) The South produced nearly two-fifths of the nation's manufactured goods, especially cotton textiles.

Which of the following statements about religious life among African-Americans in southern cities is true? a) Blacks usually worshipped in churches where they sat side-by-side with whites. b) Urban free blacks sometimes formed their own churches. c) African-Americans, free and slave, were banned from religious services. d) Free blacks could worship publicly, but slaves were not permitted to do so. e) The formation of the Afro-Catholic Church in 1844 was a major development in black Christianity.

b) Urban free blacks sometimes formed their own churches.

During the Civil War, northern white women: a) staged "bread riots" in major cities to protest food shortages. b) began obtaining jobs as government clerks. c) were recruited to sell war bonds door-to-door. d) were allowed to accompany their husbands into battle if they did not have children. e) demonstrated outside the White House in favor of the Emancipation Proclamation.

b) began obtaining jobs as government clerks.

Angelina and Sarah Grimké: a) supported Catharine Beecher's efforts to expand political and social rights for women. b) critiqued the prevailing notion of separate spheres for men and women. c) were Pennsylvania-born Quakers whose religion compelled them to oppose slavery. d) publicly defended the virtues of southern paternalism in lectures to southern women. e) delivered many public lectures in which they detailed their escape from slavery.

b) critiqued the prevailing notion of separate spheres for men and women.

The Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863: a) was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court later that year. b) did not apply to the border slave states that had not seceded. c) freed slaves throughout the United States. d) was very popular with voters associated with the Democratic Party. e) was cited by Tennessee as the reason it rejoined the Union in 1864.

b) did not apply to the border slave states that had not seceded.

Gender roles under slavery: a) were the same as those that existed in white society. b) differed from those of white society because men and women alike suffered a sense of powerlessness. c) greatly differed from those of whites when slaves were able to work on their own; the men took on more women's work and vice versa. d) meant that slave husbands refused to let their wives work in the fields. e) were unaffected by the ability of masters to take advantage of female slaves sexually.

b) differed from those of white society because men and women alike suffered a sense of powerlessness.

The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850: a) won the grudging support of Ralph Waldo Emerson as a necessary compromise. b) gave new powers to federal officers to override local law enforcement. c) was declared unconstitutional in the Dred Scott case. d) angered southerners by weakening an earlier law on fugitive slaves. e) convinced Abraham Lincoln to retire briefly from political life.

b) gave new powers to federal officers to override local law enforcement.

The three-fifths clause in the U.S. Constitution: a) requires that all revenue bills receive a three-fifths affirmative vote in the U.S. House. b) gave the white South greater power in national affairs than the size of its free population warranted. c) explicitly declared that slaves were not fully human and were therefore undeserving of legal rights. d) made it easier to amend the Constitution than it had been to amend the Articles of Confederation. e) expired in the year 1808 because of a key sectional compromise at the Constitutional Convention.

b) gave the white South greater power in national affairs than the size of its free population warranted.

Although it only lasted a few years, the New Harmony community: a) demonstrated that workers could function without discipline. b) influenced education reformers and women's rights advocates. c) popularized the abolitionist movement. d) allowed Josiah Warren to prove his point about absolute individual freedom. e) inspired the formation of more than a dozen off-shoot communities by 1850.

b) influenced education reformers and women's rights advocates.

The Lecompton Constitution was the: a) antislavery constitution adopted in Nebraska. b) proslavery constitution proposed for Kansas. c) pro-secession constitution of North Carolina. d) Missouri constitution preferred by Abraham Lincoln. e) compromise offered in 1861 to end the secession crisis.

b) proslavery constitution proposed for Kansas.

The Union's manpower advantage over the Confederacy: a) was short-lived once the Confederacy began using slaves as soldiers. b) proved essential for the success of Grant's attrition strategy. c) was rather slight. d) although substantial, did not matter in determining the war's outcome. e) existed only because the Union had lower draft requirements than the Confederacy.

b) proved essential for the success of Grant's attrition strategy.

The 1860 Republican platform stated all of the following EXCEPT that: a) the Dred Scott decision was invalid. b) slavery should be abolished in the nation's capital. c) slavery should not be allowed to expand. d) the government should help build a transcontinental railroad. e) the government should grant free homesteads in the West.

b) slavery should be abolished in the nation's capital.

With regard to civil liberties during the Civil War, President Lincoln: a) always let courts and judges have the final say. b) suspended the writ of habeas corpus. c) ordered most Democratic newspapers shut down. d) urged the impeachment of federal judges who opposed him. e) strictly followed the Ex parte Milligan decision rendered in 1866.

b) suspended the writ of habeas corpus.

Economically, the Civil War led to: a) a decline in prosperity for North and South alike. b) the emergence of a nation-state committed to national economic development. c) a tariff reduction to attract foreign goods to make up for the decline in domestic production. d) the creation of the Third Bank of the United States, despite opposition from old Jacksonian Democrats. e) the building of a transcontinental railroad, completely through private financing.

b) the emergence of a nation-state committed to national economic development.

Lincoln's vision during the Civil War: a) was to build a nation-state similar to what Otto von Bismarck was building in Germany and to what Guiseppe Mazzini was building in Italy. b) was that the American nation embodied a set of universal ideals rooted in political democracy and human freedom. c) was essentially that of the Democratic Party: an activist federal government building up American industry. d) allowed for African-Americans to achieve freedom because they already lived in the United States, but did not extend to immigrants. e) was best expressed in his words, "As He died to make men holy, let us die to make men free."

b) was that the American nation embodied a set of universal ideals rooted in political democracy and human freedom.

How did the market revolution change the way Americans conceived of time? Question options: a) It led Congress to create time zones in 1823. b) Clocks increasingly regulated the separation of work and leisure time. c) Artisans began spending their lunch hours in political discussions, rather than just taking breaks as they worked throughout the day. d) It lengthened life expectancy because Americans no longer had to work from sunrise to sunset as they had on farms. e) It enhanced the individual American's sense of independence to be able to walk away from work at a certain time

b) Clocks increasingly regulated the separation of work and leisure time.

The majority of the nearly 4 million immigrants that entered the United States between 1840 and 1860 were from: a) England and Germany. b) Germany and Ireland. c) China and Ireland. d) Mexico and England. e) Germany and China.

b) Germany and Ireland.

What was the significance of Robert Fulton? a) He was responsible for the construction of the Erie Canal. b) His work in designing steamboats made upstream commerce possible. c) His innovations led to the revolution in turnpike construction in the early nineteenth century. d) As mayor of New York City, he worked to make that city a commercial center. e) He sponsored congressional legislation that authorized building of the National Road.

b) His work in designing steamboats made upstream commerce possible.

In his Cherokee Nation v. Georgia opinion, Chief Justice John Marshall stated that: a) Georgia had to respect Indian title to their lands. b) Indians were wards of the federal government. c) the Cherokee had to move to the Indian Territory. d) President Jackson had full authority over Indian affairs. e) Indians were U.S. citizens, with all attendant rights and responsibilities.

b) Indians were wards of the federal government.

Which statement about corporations is FALSE? a) A corporation could fail without ruining its directors and stockholders. b) The corporation was not a vital component in the new market economy. c) A corporation enjoyed special privileges and powers granted in a charter from the government. d) Corporations were able to raise far more capital than the traditional forms of enterprise. e) Many Americans distrusted corporate charters as a form of government granted special privilege.

b) The corporation was not a vital component in the new market economy.

According to John O'Sullivan, the "manifest destiny" of the United States to occupy North America could be traced to: a) the Treaty of Paris of 1783. b) a divine mission. c) the Adams-Onis Treaty. d) the Bible. e) federal treaties with Indian nations.

b) a divine mission.

Which improvement most dramatically increased the speed and lowered the expense of commerce in the first half of the nineteenth century? a) the transcontinental railroad b) canals and steamboats c) the factory system d) a system of federally financed roads e) the establishment of an efficient postal system

b) canals and steamboats

Democrats in the 1830s generally believed that: a) the federal government should be more powerful than state governments. b) new corporate enterprises were suspicious. c) only government could protect against social inequality. d) government should exercise its power to try to improve private morality. e) restraining individual competition was a good thing.

b) new corporate enterprises were suspicious.

The American railroad industry in the first half of the nineteenth century: a) was exclusively in the North. b) stimulated the coal mining industry. c) was smaller in terms of total miles of track than the European rail system. d) mainly connected one waterway to another waterway. e) encouraged entrepreneurs to begin building extensive canal systems for the first time.

b) stimulated the coal mining industry.

Which of the following was responsible for the first large-scale American factory, which was built in Massachusetts? a) Henry Clay, whose sponsorship of a protective tariff made the factory economically viable b) the cutoff of British imports because of the Embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812 c) Cyrus McCormick, who built it to produce his reaper d) the American victory in the War of 1812, which made the United States economically dominant in the Atlantic world e) Samuel F. B. Morse, who became better known for inventing the telegraph

b) the cutoff of British imports because of the Embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812

The practice of giving a political office to someone based on party loyalty is called: a) a meritocracy. b) the spoils system. c) paternalism. d) the party system. e) nepotism.

b) the spoils system.

The term "Era of Good Feelings" refers to the period of American history when: a) the Federalist Party was at its strongest. b) there seemed to be political harmony during the Monroe administration. c) Americans united across party lines to declare war on Great Britain in the War of 1812. d) slavery was gradually abolished in all the states. e) Democrats and Whigs cooperated to solve the nation's financial crisis.

b) there seemed to be political harmony during the Monroe administration.

Gabriel's Rebellion: a. was doomed to fail because the African-American population of Richmond was so small. b. demonstrated that the slaves were as aware of the idea of liberty as anyone else. c. inspired Virginia to adopt a gradual emancipation law in 1803. d. failed partly because its leaders were plantation slaves, who had less contact with the outside world and were unaware of how little support they enjoyed. e. prompted several states to pass laws requiring slaves to be educated about the Constitution and the importance of obeying the law.

b. demonstrated that the slaves were as aware of the idea of liberty as anyone else.

Pierre Charles L'Enfant is well known for: a. leading a slave rebellion in Saint Domingue. b. designing Washington, D.C. c. masterminding the XYZ affair. d. negotiating the Louisiana Purchase. e. writing Letters from an American Farmer.

b. designing Washington, D.C.

The relationship between the national government and the states is called: a) the separation of powers. b) the New Jersey Plan. c) Federalism. d) the Virginia Plan. e) the Constitution.

c) Federalism.

Which of the following was NOT true of the South and slavery in nineteenth-century America? a) The Old South had developed into the largest and most powerful slave society the modern world has known. b) The rate of natural increase in the slave population had more than made up for the ban on the international slave trade that was enacted in 1808. c) In the South as a whole, slaves made up only 10 percent of the population. d) The amount of money invested in or represented by slavery in the United States exceeded that of the nation's factories, banks, and railroads combined. e) The Industrial Revolution promoted slavery because it required intensive production of cotton.

c) In the South as a whole, slaves made up only 10 percent of the population.

Which of the following is true of the Virginia Plan? a) James Madison opposed it, but the other delegates from Virginia supported it. b) It proposed a one-house legislature, with population determining representation. c) It proposed a two-house legislature, with population determining representation in each house. d) It called for each state to have one vote in Congress. e) It was strongly opposed by the larger, more populated states.

c) It proposed a two-house legislature, with population determining representation in each house.

Which of the following is NOT a check against presidential power in the Constitution? a) Congress can override a president's veto with a two-thirds vote. b) The House can impeach the president for "high crimes and misdemeanors." c) The House can remove the president from office after impeaching him. d) Congress has the authority to accept or reject some presidential appointments. e) Although the president appoints judges, they serve for life to ensure their independence.

c) The House can remove the president from office after impeaching him.

Which of the following was NOT a provision of the Compromise of 1850? a) California would enter the Union as a free state. b) The slave trade would be abolished in Washington, D.C. c) The Oregon Territory would be created. d) A tougher fugitive slave law would be enacted. e) Territories created from the Mexican Cession would vote on whether to allow slavery.

c) The Oregon Territory would be created.

Which of the following is an example of the political impact of the Kansas-Nebraska Act? a) A strong, united Whig Party won the White House in the next presidential election. b) Nearly half of northern Democrats joined the patriotic American Party. c) The Whig Party collapsed, and many disgruntled northerners joined the new Republican Party. d) Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln decided to become running mates for the presidential election of 1856. e) The new Free Soil Party strongly endorsed the Act and won new congressional seats in several Upper South districts.

c) The Whig Party collapsed, and many disgruntled northerners joined the new Republican Party.

How did reformers reconcile their desire to create moral order with their quest to enhance personal freedom? a) They did not even try, because they had no intention of enhancing personal freedom. b) They claimed that genuine liberty meant allowing others to eliminate those problems that might threaten that liberty. c) They argued that too many people were "slaves" to various sins and that freeing them from this enslavement would enable them to compete economically. d) They contended that self-discipline was so rare, someone had to step in and make sure that Americans could enjoy the fruits of their labor. e) They felt that eliminating temptations would lead to the natural liberty that Protestants had long considered crucial to maintaining a good society.

c) They argued that too many people were "slaves" to various sins and that freeing them from this enslavement would enable them to compete economically.

General Sherman marched from Atlanta to the sea in order to: a) link up with Grant's army. b) engage Lee in battle. c) demoralize the South's civilian population. d) secure Richmond for the Union. e) free Union prisoners at Andersonville.

c) demoralize the South's civilian population.

Lincoln was hesitant to support abolition early in the war because he: a) did not believe slaves could be productive American citizens. b) owned slaves himself. c) feared losing the support of the slaveholding border states within the Union. d) did not want to support the policies of the Radical Republicans. e) promised during his 1860 campaign that he was against abolition.

c) feared losing the support of the slaveholding border states within the Union.

As designed by the Constitution: a) the president was elected by popular vote. b) senators were to serve two-year terms. c) federal judges were appointed by the president, not elected by the people. d) the congressional representatives were to be appointed by state legislatures. e) the Supreme Court justices were to serve ten-year terms.

c) federal judges were appointed by the president, not elected by the people.

American settlement in Texas in the 1820s and 1830s: a) took place without approval from the Mexican government. b) did not exceed the Mexican population there until the United States annexed Texas in 1845. c) led Stephen Austin to demand more autonomy from Mexican officials. d) included no slaves, because Mexico had banned slavery in its territory. e) was in communities whose American-born residents were called Tejanos by their Mexican neighbors.

c) led Stephen Austin to demand more autonomy from Mexican officials.

Which of the following did NOT cause divisions within the Confederacy? a) the draft, which allowed southerners to be exempt if they owned a certain number of slaves b) food shortages, especially as the Union tightened its blockade c) the heavy taxes on planters, who resented paying the majority of the war's costs d) the decision of the Confederate Congress to issue paper money e) the impressment, or seizure, of farm produce to feed soldiers

c) the heavy taxes on planters, who resented paying the majority of the war's costs

Slave Families: a) were rare because there were too few female slaves. b) were more common in the West Indies, where living conditions favored their formation and survival. c) were headed by women more frequently than were white families. d) usually were able to stay together because most slaveowners were paternalistic. e) avoided naming children for family members because children so often were sold, and it was better not to build strong kinship ties.

c) were headed by women more frequently than were white families.

How did the market revolution affect the lives of artisans? a) Their lives changed little, because the economy allowed for plenty of room for specialized craftsmen. b) New competition created opportunities for the specialized skills of artisans, so their numbers expanded. c) Gathered in factories, they faced constant supervision and the breakdown of craftsmanship into specialized tasks. d) They began working in factories, which they preferred to enduring years of apprenticeship under the old system. e) Most artisans became factory owners and prospered as never before.

c) Gathered in factories, they faced constant supervision and the breakdown of craftsmanship into specialized tasks.

In Gibbons v. Ogden, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that: a) the Louisiana Purchase was unconstitutional. b) Congress had the authority to create the Bank of the United States. c) New York could not grant a monopoly on steamboat navigation between New York and New Jersey. d) corporations were illegal because their potential to become monopolistic posed a threat to individual free enterprise. e) railroad workers had no right to strike since it interfered with national commerce.

c) New York could not grant a monopoly on steamboat navigation between New York and New Jersey.

Which of the following statements related to the Second Great Awakening is FALSE? a) The Second Great Awakening added a religious underpinning to the celebration of personal self-improvement, self-reliance, and self-determination. b) Charles Grandison Finney became a national celebrity for his preaching in upstate New York. c) The Second Great Awakening popularized Deism. d) The Second Great Awakening made American Christianity a mass enterprise. e) Revivalist ministers seized the opportunities offered by the market revolution to spread their message.

c) The Second Great Awakening popularized Deism.

The Monroe Doctrine: a) was the idea that all white men should have voting rights. b) secured Florida from Spain. c) declared the Americas off-limits for further European colonization. d) stated that the United States would be neutral in all international conflicts. e) settled the nullification crisis favorably for South Carolina.

c) declared the Americas off-limits for further European colonization.

A primary reason that both women and blacks were largely excluded from the expansion of democracy was: a) the argument that, since they did not have the vote in England, they ought not to have the vote in America. b) that they were not citizens, so they could not vote. c) that both groups were viewed as being naturally incapable and thus unfit for suffrage. d) that members of neither group had asked to be included in politics. e) that both groups were largely illiterate, and literacy was a necessary skill for political participation.

c) that both groups were viewed as being naturally incapable and thus unfit for suffrage.

1. What came to be redefined as a personal moral quality associated more and more closely with women? a) freedom b) liberty c) virtue d) family e) temperance

c) Virtue

Which of the following is true of women and political life in the new republic of the 1790s? a. The use of the word "male" in various provisions of the Constitution of 1787 excluded women from any role in politics. b. Women, unlike white men and male African-American slaves, were specifically not counted in determining congressional representation. c. Some women contributed to a growing democratization of political life by arguing for increased rights for their sex. d. By 1799, women actually gained the right to vote, but not the right to hold office, in four New England states and in Pennsylvania.

c. Some women contributed to a growing democratization of political life by arguing for increased rights for their sex.

Sacajawea was: a. an elderly Indian woman whom Lewis and Clark enslaved during their journey. b. born to a French-Canadian fur trapper and his native wife during Lewis and Clark's journey. c. a guide and interpreter for the Lewis and Clark expedition. d. the only member of the Lewis and Clark expedition to return safely to St. Louis. e. the young Shoshone woman whom William Clark married during his winter in North Dakota.

c. a guide and interpreter for the Lewis and Clark expedition.

Which of the following contributed to the United States going to war in 1812? a. Madison's refusal to support Macon's Bill no. 2 b. Great Britain's announcement that it would end the impressment of American sailors c. congressional War Hawks who pressed for territorial expansion into Florida and Canada d. Tecumseh's victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe e. the Republican insistence on high tariffs

c. congressional War Hawks who pressed for territorial expansion into Florida and Canada

The Virginia and Kentucky resolutions were a response to: a. the election of 1800. b. Hamilton's economic plan. c. the Alien and Sedition Acts. d. Fries's Rebellion. e. impressments of American sailors.

c. the Alien and Sedition Acts.

The death of Elijah Lovejoy in 1837: a) convinced many northerners that slavery was incompatible with white Americans' liberties. b) resulted from his leading an anti-abolitionist mob that attacked William Lloyd Garrison. c) demonstrated that fugitive slaves like Lovejoy faced great dangers while escaping from "slave catchers." d) was played up by temperance pamphleteers to show the hazards of alcoholism. e) led Congress to adopt the gag rule in order to prevent the sort of heated arguments that caused his death.

convinced many northerners that slavery was incompatible with white Americans' liberties.

Which of the following was NOT an effect of the Civil War? a) It shifted national power from southern slaveholders to northern capitalists. b) It dramatically increased the power of the federal government. c) It placed the challenge of protecting and defending African-American freedom on the national agenda. d) It greatly expanded the powers of the presidency and reduced the influence of Congress. e) It hastened the destruction of Lincoln's America—of the small farmer and independent producer—in favor of the industrial giant.

d) It greatly expanded the powers of the presidency and reduced the influence of Congress.

Which statement about Nat Turner's Rebellion is true? Question options: a) Turner and his followers assaulted mostly men. b) Fewer than twenty whites were killed during the rebellion. c) Turner escaped capture. d) Many southern whites were in a panic after the rebellion. e) It occurred in Georgia.

d) Many southern whites were in a panic after the rebellion.

What economic effect did southern slavery have on the North? a) It was minimal, which explains why northerners opposed slavery. b) Many northerners profited from investing in real-estate partnerships that controlled southern plantations. c) A few New York shipping companies benefited from slavery, but the institution had little effect otherwise. d) Southern slavery helped finance industrialization and internal improvements in the North. e) Southern slavery drained resources from the North and helped keep the whole nation in a depression during the 1850s.

d) Southern slavery helped finance industrialization and internal improvements in the North.

Which of the following is true of how the U.S. government in the 1790s dealt with Native Americans? a) Because the Constitution counted all Indians toward representation in Congress, Indians received all rights and privileges that other Americans did. b) Because the Constitution stated Indian tribes were "domestic dependent nations," the government treated them just as it treated nations like Great Britain and France. c) Henry Knox, the first secretary of war, pursued policies designed to exterminate Native Americans. d) The U.S. government made treaties with them mainly to transfer land to itself or to the states. e) No American leaders believed that Native Americans could assimilate into American society, so the government largely ignored Indians.

d) The U.S. government made treaties with them mainly to transfer land to itself or to the states.

Why did the founding fathers create the electoral college? a) They did not; it was added to the Constitution after the disputed election of 1796. b) Small states insisted that they have a chance to play a role in choosing the president, and that wouldn't have been possible with direct elections. c) Alexander Hamilton wanted a king, James Madison wanted no president, and the result was this compromise so that there could be a president. d) They did not trust ordinary voters to choose the president and vice president directly. e) They knew the Constitution would make them unpopular, so they wanted to create a way to avoid letting voters choose the president, thereby giving themselves a chance to be elected.

d) They did not trust ordinary voters to choose the president and vice president directly.

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848 provided for all of the following EXCEPT: a) the transfer of California to the United States. b) guaranteeing to male citizens in the Mexican Cession "their liberty and property." c) payment of $15 million to Mexico by the United States. d) U.S. control of all of the Oregon Country. e) confirmation of the U.S. annexation of Texas.

d) U.S. control of all of the Oregon Country.

By the late 1830s, the South's proslavery argument: a) rested on the premise that slavery was a necessary evil. b) was based entirely on secular evidence. c) had not yet been accepted by major southern political figures. d) claimed that slavery was essential to human economic and cultural progress. e) was roundly criticized by southern newspaper editors, ministers, and academics.

d) claimed that slavery was essential to human economic and cultural progress.

Slave religion: a) was based entirely on what slaves learned and heard from white ministers. b) existed without approval from masters, who thought that letting slaves learn about religion might weaken their control. c) benefited from masters assigning a member of each slave quarters to serve as a slave chaplain. d) combined African traditions and Christian beliefs. e) died out by the early 1820s because of strong opposition from whites.

d) combined African traditions and Christian beliefs.

The Seneca Falls Convention's Declaration of Sentiments: a) did not demand voting rights for women because the participants were so divided on that issue. b) was modeled on the Bill of Rights in the U.S. Constitution. c) was written primarily by the Grimké sisters. d) condemned the entire structure of inequality between men and women. e) inspired Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to become abolitionists.

d) condemned the entire structure of inequality between men and women.

Dorothea Dix devoted much time to the crusade for the: a) immediate abolition of slavery. b) establishment of common schools in the South. c) better treatment for convicted criminals in jail. d) construction of humane mental hospitals for the insane. e) right for women to vote in local school elections.

d) construction of humane mental hospitals for the insane.

In the nineteenth century, which product was the world's major crop produced by slave labor? a) tobacco b) indigo c) sorghum d) cotton e) rice

d) cotton

During the Civil War, black soldiers: a) did nothing to dispel racial prejudice with their performance. b) were mostly northern-born free blacks. c) performed the same duties as white soldiers from the outset, but at lower pay. d) helped inspire Republicans to believe that emancipation also demanded equal rights before the law. e) were allowed into the Union army only in the last year of the war.

d) helped inspire Republicans to believe that emancipation also demanded equal rights before the law.

William Lloyd Garrison: a) secretly financed Nat Turner's Rebellion. b) began publishing his newspaper in Richmond, Virginia, in 1831, but moved it to friendlier territory two years later. c) attracted little support from fellow abolitionists, but historians have discovered his importance. d) suggested that the North dissolve the Union to free itself of any connection to slavery. e) published American Slavery As It Is, an influential pamphlet.

d) suggested that the North dissolve the Union to free itself of any connection to slavery.

According to the mid-nineteenth-century physicians and racial theorists Josiah Nott and George Gliddon: a) there were no separate species of races. b) blacks and chimpanzees were the same. c) skull sizes were the same for all races, but intelligence differed. d) there was a hierarchy of races, with blacks forming a separate species between whites and chimpanzees. e) there was not yet enough scientific data to prove either the southern or the abolitionist points of view.

d) there was a hierarchy of races, with blacks forming a separate species between whites and chimpanzees.

Brook Farm: a) kept manual and intellectual labor strictly separate. b) was modeled on the ideas of British reformer Robert Dale Owen. c) showed that the Shaker philosophy worked as well in America as in Britain. d) was founded by New England transcendentalists. e) received favorable publicity from a Nathaniel Hawthorne novel.

d) was founded by New England transcendentalists.

The cult of domesticity: a) received very little support, which is why people referred to it as a cult, or a small fringe group. b) represented a significant break with the idea of republican motherhood. c) was based on the idea that women should be less dependent upon men. d) led to a decline in birthrates. e) meant that women would concede their household duties to domestic servants.

d) led to a decline in birthrates.

By the time of Jackson's presidency, politics: a) remained very much the province of the elite. b) was centered on the congressional elections held every other year. c) focused on organization, with the public refusing to tolerate showmanship or flowery oratory. d) often emphasized individual politicians with mass followings and popular nicknames. e) was completely under the control of Martin Van Buren.

d) often emphasized individual politicians with mass followings and popular nicknames.

The Panic of 1819: a) resulted partly from an upsurge in European demand for American farm products that the United States was unprepared to meet. b) led to impossibly high prices for western lands. c) enhanced trust in banks because they did such a good job of weathering the economic storm. d) prompted some states to suspend debt collections, which helped debtors but hurt creditors. e) inspired John Marshall's decision against the banking power in Gibbons v. Ogden.

d) prompted some states to suspend debt collections, which helped debtors but hurt creditors.

At the Lowell textile mills: a) southern-born women dominated the workforce, because of their superior knowledge of cotton. b) the lack of supervision showed that the female workers were capable of managing their own lives, which inspired the women's rights movement. c) most women worked once their children were old enough to take care of themselves. d) the owners established lecture halls and churches. e) immigrant women dominated the workforce in the 1820s.

d) the owners established lecture halls and churches.

The Panic of 1837: a) inspired a more vigorous labor movement in the decade that followed. b) led to a relatively mild economic downturn that resolved itself by 1839. c) can only be blamed on Andrew Jackson's veto of the bill to recharter the Second Bank of the United States. d) was caused, in part, by a decline in British demand for American cotton. e) helped farmers, because the cost of transporting goods to markets fell.

d) was caused, in part, by a decline in British demand for American cotton.

Which of the following is true of the Louisiana Purchase? a. The slave rebellion in Haiti almost persuaded Napoleon to keep Louisiana as a base from which to attack the island if necessary. b. France had guaranteed the United States commercial access to New Orleans, but Jefferson feared that a British victory over France would deprive the United States of that access. c. Jefferson believed that the Constitution explicitly and fully authorized this land deal. d. Jefferson expected the land acquisition to make possible the spread of agrarian republicanism. e. Ironically, a majority of Republican congressmen opposed the Purchase, so Federalist votes ultimately made its approval possible.

d. Jefferson expected the land acquisition to make possible the spread of agrarian republicanism.

The Sedition Act of 1798: a. targeted recent arrivals to the United States. b. led to the jailing of Federalist editors. c. was more stringent and oppressive than similar laws in Europe. d. led Jefferson to argue that states, not the federal government, could punish seditious speech. e. was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court two years later.

d. led Jefferson to argue that states, not the federal government, could punish seditious speech.

The treaty that ended the War of 1812: a. gave the United States large tracts of land in the West. b. gave Canada the option of joining the United States. c. was a humiliating treaty for Britain. d. restored the prewar status quo. e. resulted in the United States losing land to Canada.

d. restored the prewar status quo.

Which of the following is true regarding Congress and the African slave trade in the United States under the Constitution? a) Congress never prohibited this slave trade. b) The First Congress under the Constitution prohibited the importation of slaves into the United States. c) Congress always let individual states make their own decisions with regard to importing slaves. d) Congress prohibited the African slave trade ten years after ratification of the Constitution. e) Congress prohibited the African slave trade twenty years after ratification of the Constitution.

e) Congress prohibited the African slave trade twenty years after ratification of the Constitution.

Lincoln spoke of "a new birth of freedom" for the nation in his: a) first inaugural address. b) second inaugural address. c) preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. d) Sanitary Commission speech. e) Gettysburg Address.

e) Gettysburg Address.

In 1821, the opening of the Santa Fe Trail between Santa Fe and __________ led to a reorientation of New Mexico's commerce from the rest of Mexico to the United States. a) Houston, Texas, b) San Diego, California, c) New Orleans, Louisiana, d) Omaha, Nebraska, e) Independence, Missouri,

e) Independence, Missouri,

Who was responsible for the 1856 Pottawatomie Creek Massacre in Kansas and led the raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in 1859? a) Frederick Douglass b) Joseph Lane c) Robert E. Lee d) Henry Ward Beecher e) John Brown

e) John Brown

Which of the following is NOT true of the New York City riots of 1863? a) They were mostly the doing of Irish immigrants. b) The introduction of the draft sparked them. c) Union troops ultimately ended them. d) Rioters targeted the wealthy and African-Americans. e) They convinced Lincoln to delay issuing the Emancipation Proclamation.

e) They convinced Lincoln to delay issuing the Emancipation Proclamation.

Which of the following people would have been the most likely supporter of the Articles of Confederation? a) a merchant desiring access to British markets b) a Continental army officer from the Revolutionary War c) an urban artisan d) a person who owned a bond issued by the Congress e) an indebted farmer in western Massachusetts

e) an indebted farmer in western Massachusetts

The relationship between rich southern planters and poor southern farmers: a) led to numerous violent uprisings in the southern hill country. b) was complicated by the strong antislavery movement among poor farmers in the 1850s. c) was strained by planters' insistence that farmers participate in the slave patrols. d) showed itself in politics, as most poor farmers became Whigs and most wealthy planters became Democrats. e) benefited in part from a sense of unity bred by criticism from outsiders.

e) benefited in part from a sense of unity bred by criticism from outsiders.

The Oneida community: a) allowed each member an equal vote in governing the community. b) permitted all of its members to own private property. c) banished any member who divulged any information about the community's sexual practices. d) invented the concept of birth control in America. e) controlled which of its members would be allowed to reproduce.

e) controlled which of its members would be allowed to reproduce.

By 1840, the temperance movement in the United States had: a) united Americans of all classes and religions in a "war" against alcohol. b) virtually disappeared. c) convinced Congress to pass a national prohibition law. d) made no measurable impact on Americans' drinking habits. e) encouraged a substantial decrease in the consumption of alcohol.

e) encouraged a substantial decrease in the consumption of alcohol.

Horace Mann believed that public schools would do all of the following EXCEPT: a) "equalize the conditions of men." b) provide an avenue for social advancement. c) restore a fractured society. d) reinforce social stability. e) help eliminate racial discrimination.

e) help eliminate racial discrimination.

Burned-over districts were: a) areas in New York City where slaves had set fires. b) in Louisiana, where slaves had burned cotton fields as a form of resistance. c) regions where few evangelical Protestants lived (as though they had been burned out). d) in Kansas and Nebraska, where fighting broke out over issues of slavery. e) in New York and Ohio, where intense revivals occurred.

e) in New York and Ohio, where intense revivals occurred.

The Republican free labor ideology: a) convinced northerners that Catholic immigrants posed a more significant threat than the southern slave power. b) won Republicans significant support from non-slaveholders in the South in 1856. c) owed its origins to Abraham Lincoln's reemergence in the wake of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. d) accepted southerners' point that slavery protected their liberty, but explained that the economic benefits of free labor would outweigh the damage abolition would do to southern liberty. e) led to the argument by Abraham Lincoln and William Seward that free labor and slave labor were essentially incompatible.

e) led to the argument by Abraham Lincoln and William Seward that free labor and slave labor were essentially incompatible.

On matters related to citizenship, the U.S. Supreme Court declared in Dred Scott that: a) free African-Americans could vote. b) anyone that a state considered to be a citizen was a U.S. citizen. c) free-born blacks were U.S. citizens, but those born into slavery and later freed could not be citizens. d) citizenship was limited to males. e) only white persons could be U.S. citizens.

e) only white persons could be U.S. citizens.

The reform communities established in the years before the Civil War: a) followed all of the laws but simply banned ownership of private property. b) usually followed standard gender and marital relations. c) made no effort to combat the growing disparity between rich and poor. d) called themselves utopian because they knew that their efforts were likely to fail. e) set out to reorganize society on a cooperative basis.

e) set out to reorganize society on a cooperative basis.

All of the following statements are true of the work done by southern slaves EXCEPT: a) by 1860, some 200,000 worked in factories. b) slaves sometimes were allowed to supervise other laborers, including white workers. c) masters rented out slaves to do a variety of jobs. d) the federal government used slaves to build forts and other public buildings in the South. e) slaves worked exclusively as agricultural field hands and house servants.

e) slaves worked exclusively as agricultural field hands and house servants.

Harriet Tubman: a) was a mythical character about whom runaway slaves told many stories. b) led a slave rebellion in Maryland in 1849 that resulted in two dozen deaths. c) although born free in New York, was kidnapped and made a slave in Louisiana. d) cleverly escaped from slavery by pretending to be a sickly male slaveowner. e) was a fugitive slave who risked her life many times to bring others out of slavery.

e) was a fugitive slave who risked her life many times to bring others out of slavery.

Which of the following is NOT an example of the significance of Eli Whitney's cotton gin? a) Cotton production increased dramatically in about a quarter of a century. b) The Atlantic slave trade to the United States expanded in its last few years of existence. c) The federal government moved to consolidate American control of the Deep South by driving out Native Americans and acquiring Florida. d) The domestic slave trade grew. e) The completion of the Erie Canal allowed the transportation of thousands of pounds of cotton per day.

e) The completion of the Erie Canal allowed the transportation of thousands of pounds of cotton per day.

Which is NOT true about the Whigs? a) They argued that the role of government was to promote the welfare of the people. b) They supported government promotion of the economy. c) The Whigs believed that a strong federal government was necessary to promote liberty. d) The Whigs united behind the American System. e) Their strongest support came from the lower Northwest and the southern backcountry.

e) Their strongest support came from the lower Northwest and the southern backcountry.

The catalyst for the market revolution was a series of innovations in: a) manufacturing. b) agriculture. c) banking and financing. d) labor contracts. e) transportation and communication.

e) transportation and communication.

Which of the following led directly to the formation of an organized political party opposed to the Federalist Party? a. Hamilton-Burr duel b. election of 1800 c. Shays's Rebellion d. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions e. Jay's Treaty

e. Jay's Treaty

Which of the following is true of the American response to Toussaint L'Ouverture's slave uprising, which led to the establishment of Haiti as an independent nation in 1804? a. John Adams opposed it because it was a threat to the established order. b. Thomas Jefferson welcomed Haitian independence as another example of what he had advocated in the Declaration of Independence. c. Most white Americans were glad to see France, which had turned politically radical, suffer the loss of Haiti. d. Most enslaved Americans opposed L'Ouverture's success because they believed it might inspire a white crackdown on their behavior. e. Many white Americans considered L'Ouverture's uprising to be evidence of blacks' unfitness for republican freedom.

e. Many white Americans considered L'Ouverture's uprising to be evidence of blacks' unfitness for republican freedom.

Which of the following was NOT part of Alexander Hamilton's financial program? a. creating a new national debt, thereby giving bondholders a stake in the nation's future b. the Bank of the United States, modeled on the Bank of England c. a tax on whiskey producers as a means of raising revenue d. taxes and subsidies to promote American manufacturing e. a national capital city with experimental manufacturing

e. a national capital city with experimental manufacturing