America in History 3 H Final

Rock n Roll

"Crossover" musical style that rose to dominance in the 1950's, merging black rhythm and blues with white bluegrass and country. Featuring a heavy beat and driving rhythm, rock 'n' roll music became a defining feature of the 1950s youth culture.

Chapter 37: What was the goal of Cesar Chavez during the 1960's-1970?

"to overthrow a farm labor system in this nation which treats farm workers as if they were not important human beings."

Cesar Chavez

(1927-1993) was a Mexican American labor leader who organized the first effective union of farm workers in the history of California agriculture. He also established the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA). Non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers from 1963-1970. Organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers. Unionized Mexican-American farm workers. He helped to improve conditions for migrant farm workers and unionize them.

9/11

(2001) Common shorthand for the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, in which nineteen militant Islamist men hijacked and crashed four commercial aircraft. Two planes hit the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, causing them to collapse. One plane crashed into the Pentagon in Washington, DC, and the fourth, overtaken by passengers, crashed into a field in rural Pennsylvania. Nearly three thousand people were killed in the worst case of domestic terrorism in American history.

Betty Friedan

1960s; wrote "The Feminine Mystique," an account of housewives' lives in which they subordinated their own aspirations to the needs of men; bestseller was an inspiration for many women to join the women's rights movement later co-founded NOW (National Organization for Women). Her book sparked a new consciousness among suburban women and helped launch the second-wave feminist movement.

Chapter 36: Describe Betty Friedan's message in the Feminine Mystique.

1963 - Betty Friedan depicted how difficult a woman's life is because she doesn't think about herself, only her family. It said that middle-class society stifled women and didn't let them use their talents. Attacked the "cult of domesticity." Helped to launch the feminist movement.

Chapter 36: How did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 impact African Americans?

1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it brought jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap.

Chapter 40: What was the cause of Mexican immigration into the United States in the 1990's?

1996: major conservative victory with Welfare Reform Bill: Made deep cuts in welfare grants Required able-bodied welfare recipients to find employment Signed by reluctant Clinton Liberal Democrats howled at president's action Clinton saw it as shrewd strategy of accommodating electorate's conservative mood by moving to right Welfare Reform Bill reflected growing anti-immigrant sentiment as number of immigrants grew Clinton denounced provisions that restricted benefits for both legal and illegal immigrants Increased immigration especially affected Southwest because of big increase in Mexican migrants Mexicans = largest contingent of modern immigrants Republican anti-immigrant policies galvanized many voters, but alienated growing Latino population

Bill Clinton

42nd President; advocated economic and healthcare reform; second president to be impeached due to a scandal with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. This Democrat served as president from 1993 to 2001, during a period of intense partisanship in the US government. His plan to provide universal health care to all Americans was defeated by Republican Newt Gingrich's "Contract with America" movement and a well-organized opposition from the doctors' lobbying organization (the American Medical Association). His few domestic and international successes were overshadowed by the Monica Lewinsky sex scandal that led to his impeachment and eventual acquittal.

Social Security Act (1935)

A flagship accomplishment of the New Deal, this law provided for unemployment and old-age insurance financed by a payroll tax on employers and employees. It had long remained a pillar of the "New Deal Order."

Tea Party

A grassroots conservative political movement mobilized in opposition to Barack Obama's fiscal, economic, and heath care policies. Named after the Boston Tea Party of the Revolutionary Era. Tea Party protesters first demonstrated in early 2009, and they grew steadily in visibility and power as a pressuring force within the Republican Party through the 2010 midterm elections and beyond.

Chapter 39: What was Ronald Reagan's economic philosophy?

Also called trickle-down economics Advocates reducing taxes on businesses and the wealthy in society as a means to stimulate new business investment in the short term and benefit society at large in the long term by boosting productivity, fostering dramatic economic growth, and eventually reducing the federal deficit. It is a form of laissez-faire capitalism Political opponents of the Reagan administration soon seized on this language in an effort to brand the administration as caring only about the wealthy. Ronald Reagan's economic policies, which were dubbed "Reaganomics", included large tax cuts and were characterized as trickle-down economics—in this picture, he is outlining his plan for Tax Reduction Legislation from the Oval Office in a televised address, July 1981.

Ayatollah Khomeini

An Iranian religious leader and politician, and leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution who saw the overthrow of the Shah of Iran. Following the revolution, he became the country's Supreme Leader, a position created in the constitution as the highest ranking political and religious authority of the nation until his death. He was known for his support of the hostage takers during the Iran hostage crisis and has been criticized violations of human rights of Iranians.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

An amendment that declared full constitutional equality for women. Although it passed both houses of Congress in 1972, a concerted grassroots campaign by antifeminists led by Phyllis Schlafly persuaded enough state legislatures to vote against ratification. The amendment failed to become part of the Constitution.

Camp David Accords

An historic peace agreement negotiated between Egypt and Israel at the U.S. Presidential retreat at Camp David, Maryland; under the pact Israel agreed to return captured territory to Egypt and to negotiate Palestinian autonomy in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Between Israel and Egypt, seen as high point of Carter Administration. Egypt and Israel had been warring parties for years, exacerbated by the 1967 war in which Israel claimed portions of Egypt's territory. Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin agreed to meet in each other's countries. Carter then brought both to Camp David where he personally secured an agreement.

United Nations (U.N.)

An international body formed in 1945 to bring nations into dialogue in hopes of preventing further world wars. Much like the former League of Nations in ambition, the UN was more realistic in recognizing the authority of the Big Five Powers in keeping peace in the world. Thus, it guaranteed veto power to all permanent members of its Security Council—Britain, China, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States.

Chapter 37: List a few rulings of the Warren Court and if they were conservative or liberal.

Brown v. Board of Education liberal, Gideon v. Wainwright liberal , Miranda v. Arizona liberal , Griswold v. Connecticut liberal , Roe v. Wade liberal

Chapter 38: Describe Jimmy Carter's foreign policy.

Carter blamed inflation on nation's dependence on foreign oil, but Americans ignored conservation efforts he proposed Pro-USA dictator Mohammed Reza Pahlevi had long ruled oil-rich Iran, but was toppled in January 1979 Violent revolution by Muslim fundamentalists who resented shah's campaign to westernize and secularize Iran Denounced U.S.A. as "Great Satan" Displayed overriding concern for "human rights" as guiding principle of foreign policy In Rhodesia and South Africa, he and U.N. ambassador, Andrew Young, championed black majority Most spectacular foreign policy achievement: Sept. 1978: invited President Sadat (Egypt) and Prime Minister Began (Israel) to conference at Camp David Persuaded them to sign accord (September 27, 1978) that held considerable promise of peace: Israel agreed in principle to withdraw from territory conquered in 1967 war And Egypt promised to respect Israel's borders Both parties pledged to sign formal peace treaty within three months Carter resumed full diplomatic relations with China in early 1979 after nearly thirty-year interruption He successfully pushed through two treaties to turn Panama Canal over to Panamanians Despite campaign by conservatives (Reagan) against treaties U.S.A. gave up control of canal on December 31, 1999 Trouble stalked Carter's foreign policy Reheated Cold War with Soviets: Détente fell into disrepute as Cuba deployed thousands of troops, assisted by Soviet advisers To Angola, Ethiopia, and elsewhere in Africa To support revolutionary factions Arms-control negotiations with Moscow stalled because of this Soviet meddling as well as aggressive opposition by domestic hawks

Chapter 40: Describe the role and purpose of NAFTA. Create and pro/con chart for NAFTA.

Clinton signed North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1993: Created free-trade zone of Mexico, Canada, and U.S.A. Bucked his own party's protectionists, especially labor leaders 1994: further supported global free-trade when he promoted creation of World Trade Organization (WTO): Successor to General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Simmering discontent over trade policy boiled over in 1999 when Clinton hosted WTO meeting in Seattle Protesters railed against human and environmental costs of economic globalization Pros: It quadrupled trade between Canada, Mexico and the United States Greater trade increased economic output Stronger growth created jobs Foreign direct investment more than tripled Lowered prices Helped with government spending It opened up new opportunities Cons: Led to the loss of many US jobs Jobs migration suppressed wages Put Mexican farmers out of business Unemployed Mexican farmers went to work in substandard conditions in the maquiladora program US companies degraded the Mexican environment to keep costs low Allowed Mexican trucks access into the United States Environmental and labor standards could have been higher

Chapter 41: What was the Patriot Act?

Congress in Oct. 2001 quickly passed USA Patriot Act Permitted extensive telephone and e-mail surveillance Authorized detention of immigrants suspected of terrorism

Black Power Movement

Doctrine of militancy and separatism that rose in prominence after 1965. Black Power activists rejected Martin Luther King's pacifism and desire for integration. Rather, they promoted pride in African heritage and an often militant position in defense of their rights.

Richard Nixon

Elected President in 1968 and 1972 representing the Republican party. He was responsible for getting the United States out of the Vietnam War by using "Vietnamization", which was the withdrawal of 540,000 troops from South Vietnam for an extended period. He was responsible for the Nixon Doctrine. Was the first President to ever resign, due to the Watergate scandal. 1968 and 1972; Republican; Vietnam: advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos, created a "credibility gap," Paris Peace Accords ended direct US involvement; economy-took US off gold standard (currency valued by strength of economy); created the Environmental Protection Agency, was president during first moon landing; SALT I and new policy of detente between US and Soviet Union; Watergate scandal: became first and only president to resign.

Chapter 40: What was the issue with the 2000 election? Explain.

Election results: Country nearly split evenly between two candidates Florida's electoral votes would determine winner 5-week standoff over how to count votes in Florida Democrats argued some ballots confusing or had been misread by machines; asked for recounts by hand in several counties Republicans claimed recounts would be "changing the rules in the middle of the game" and thus thwart rule of law After weeks of legal bickering, Supreme Court intervened: By five-to-four vote along partisan lines Court reasoned that since neither Florida's legislature nor courts had established uniform standard for evaluating disputed ballots, hand counts amounted to unconstitutional breach of Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause Ruling gave Bush the White House but cast shadow of illegitimacy over his presidency Bush officially won Florida by 537 votes out of 6 million cast Bush's electoral count 271 to Gore's 266 National popular vote went decisively to Gore: Gore: 50,999,897 to 50,456,002 for Bush For first time since 1888 (Harrison v. Clevelend), candidate won White House with fewer popular votes than his opponent Deepening racial polarization of party politics: African Americans voted for Gore over Bush by ratio of 10 to 1 Black Floridians claimed election officials interfered with their votes

Chapter 39: Describe the events of the Persian Gulf War.

End of Cold War did not mean end of all wars Dec. 1989: Bush sent troops into Panama to capture dictator and drug lord Manuel Noriega August 2, 1990: Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait Iraq needed Kuwait's oil to pay its huge war bills Saddam wanted control over Persian Gulf Dreamed of dictating terms of oil supplies to industrial nations and perhaps extinguishing Arabs' enemy, Israel U.S. policymakers helped build Saddam's military into formidable force to counter Islamic Iran After Saddam's army roared into Kuwait, U.N. Security Council condemned invasion on August 3 Demanded immediate and unconditional withdrawal By Nov., Security Council sent ultimatum to Saddam Leave Kuwait by Jan. 15, 1991, or U.N. forces would "use all necessary means" to expel his troops U.S.A. spearheaded massive international military deployment on Arabian Peninsula As Jan deadline approached; 539,000 U.S. soldiers, sailors, and pilots swarmed into Persian Gulf region Joined by 270,000 from 28 other countries in coalition opposed to Iraq When diplomatic efforts failed, Congress voted on Jan. 12 to approve use of force Jan. 16: U.S.A. and U.N. allies unleashed air attack that lasted for 37 days Feb. 23: land war began—Operation Desert Storm Lasted only four days—the "hundred-hour war" (see Map 39.5) Allied casualties light, whereas much of Iraq's military destroyed or captured Feb. 27: Saddam accepted cease-fire and Kuwait liberated Saddam survived U.S.A. and allies had agreed to liberate Kuwait, toppling Saddam would have been much more costly Middle East remained troubled and U.S.A. continued to deepen its involvement there

Chapter 35: Explain Truman's response to segregation in the military.

Executive Order 9981 was an executive order issued on July 26, 1948, by President Harry S. Truman. It abolished racial discrimination in the United States Armed Forces and eventually led to the end of segregation in the services.

Détente

From the French word for "reduced tension," the period of Cold War thawing when the United States and the Soviet Union negotiated reduced armament treaties under Presidents Nixon, Ford, and Carter. As a policy prescription, détente marked a departure from the policies of proportional response, mutually assured destruction, and containment that had defined the earlier years of the Cold War.

George W Bush

He was the Republican nominee in the election of 2000. He was the eldest son of George H. W. Bush. Many people found him to be reckless and more of a divider rather than a uniter. He challenged research on global warming, didn't support abortions, limited research on embryonic stem cells, and allowed Vice President Cheney to hammer out his administration's energy policy behind closed doors. Forty-third President. Former Texas governor sworn into office in 2001. Won presidential race after the Democratic nominee and former vice president, Al Gore, conceded following a voting ordeal in Florida. Gore had more popular votes than Bush but fewer electoral votes.Passed initiatives in attempts to improve education( NO Child Left Behind Act).His declaration against terrorism led to the liberation of Afghanistan and the invasion of Iraq. Son of former president, George Bush. Re-elected in 2004. (1946-): Forty-third president of the United States. The son of former president George H. W. Bush and former governor of Texas, he emerged victorious from the contested election of 2000, where he lost the popular vote. As president, he pursued changes in social security, immigration, and education laws, and appointed two conservative justices to the Supreme Court. Launching and leading the "war on terror" in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Bush was the architect of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Joseph McCarthy

In February 1950, Republican Senator Joseph R. McCarthy made a speech accusing Secretary of State Dean Acheson of knowingly employing 205 Communist party members. Even though the accusations later proved to be false, McCarthy gained the support of the public. With the Republican victory in the election of 1952, his rhetoric became bolder as his accusations of communism grew. Though McCarthy was not the first red-hunter, he was the most ruthless, doing the most damage to American traditions of fair play and free speech. In 1954, McCarthy went too far and attacked the U.S. Army. Just a few months later, he was condemned by the Senate for "conduct unbecoming a member."

House of Un-American Activities (HUAC)

Investigatory body established in 1938 to root out "sub-version." Sought to expose communist influence in American government and society, in particular through the trial of Alger Hiss.

Chapter 37: What was Lyndon B. Johnson's policy regarding involvement in Vietnam?

Johnson escalated the Vietnam War.

Roe v Wade (1973)

Landmark Supreme Court decision that forbade states from barring abortion by citing a woman's constitutional right to privacy. Seen as a victory for feminism and civil liberties by some, the decision provoked a strong counterreaction by opponents to abortion, galvanizing the pro-life movement.

Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)

Landmark Supreme Court decision that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and abolished racial segregation in public schools. The Court reasoned that "separate" was inherently "unequal," rejecting the foundation of the Jim Crow system of racial segregation in the South. This decision was the first major step toward the legal end of racial discrimination and a major accomplishment for the civil rights movement.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Legislation pushed through Congress by President Johnson that prohibited ballot-denying tactics, such as literacy tests and intimidation. The Voting Rights Act was a successor to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and sought to make racial disenfranchisement explicitly illegal.

Iran-Contra Affair

Major political scandal of Ronald Reagan's second term that was revealed in 1986. An illicit arrangement of selling "arms for hostages" with Iran and using money to support the contras in Nicaragua, the scandal deeply damaged Reagan's credibility.

Chapter 36: How did Rock n Roll affect American Culture? Where did it originate and who embraced it?

Merging rhythm and blues with white bluegrass and country; featuring a heavy beat and driving rhythm. Teenagers embraced it. Battle between generations. Hippie movement. Appeal to singers like Elvis Presley.

Chapter 36: Who was Martin Luther King Jr? What role did he play in the Civil Rights Movement?

Montgomery Bus Boycott-Rosa Parks, he was a Christian pastor and minister, march on Washington-"I have a Dream" speech.

Occupy Wall Street

Name of the original protest that launched the populist, anti-Wall Street "Occupy" movement in late 2010 and early 2011. Youthful radicals pitched tents and occupied Zuccotti Park in New York's financial district beginning in September 2010 to protest inequality and corporate political power. This demonstration inspired similar occupations in many other cities.

Dwight D Eisenhower

Nicknamed "Ike", was a General of the Army (five star general) in the United States Army and U.S. politician, who served as the thirty-fourth President of the United States (1953-1961).As President, he oversaw the cease-fire of the Korean War, kept up the pressure on the Soviet Union during the Cold War, made nuclear weapons a higher defense priority, launched the Space Race, enlarged the Social Security program, and began the Interstate Highway System. He ran for the Republican ticket in the 1952 and the 1956 elections and won. He was very well liked by the public and he authorized the interstate highway system. American general and 34th president of the United States. He was the principal architect of the successful Allied invasion of Europe during WORLD WAR II and of the subsequent defeat of Nazi Germany. As president, he ended the Korean War, but his two terms (1953-1961) produced few legislative landmarks or dramatic initiatives in foreign policy. His presidency is remembered as a period of relative calm in the United States.

Chapter 38: Describe Stagflation.

Nixon Battles Stagflation... To reduce deficit - raised taxes and cut the budget (Congress opposed) Tried to reduce the inflation by pushing for higher interest rates Took the US off the gold standard Bretton Woords US holds ¾ world's gold reserves 1 oz. of gold = $35 US dollars In 1971 froze wages, rents, fees and prices for 90 days-it helped temporarily but the recession continued Increase of women and teenagers in work force Declining investment in new machinery Heavy costs of compliance with government-imposed safety and heath regulations Shift of economy from manufacturing to services Vietnam War caused economic distortions: Drained tax dollars from improvements in education Deflected scientific skill and manufacturing capacity from civilian sector Contributed to inflation Massive post-WWII economic growth based on big increases in worker productivity: because of productivity increases, workers doubled their standard of living between 1945 and 1970 But productivity increases stalled in 1970s Result: median income of average family stagnated in decades after 1970 (see Figure 38.1) Failed to decline only because many wives entered work force Economists still debate causes of productivity slump Sharply rising oil prices in 1970s Deepest roots lay in deficit spending of 1960s Especially Johnson's insistence on fighting war in Vietnam while funding Great Society programs at home without tax increases to finance these new expenditures Without tax increases, military spending and welfare spending inherently inflationary because: Put money into people's hands without adding to supply of civilian goods that those dollars can buy

Chapter 38: What action did Gerald Ford take when he became President in an attempt to ease the tensions of Americans in regards to the Watergate Scandal?

Odor increased when Ford pardoned Nixon for any crimes he may have committed as president, discovered or undiscovered. Ford gave Nixon a full pardon for Watergate Covered crimes Nixon committed or may have committed as Pres. Ford wanted to spare the country a trial Some Americans were outraged None of Nixon's former employees were pardoned and nearly all served prison terms. Ford sought to enhance détente with Soviet Union that Nixon had crafted 1973: joined 34 world leaders at Helsinki, Finland, to sign several historic accords: One wrote an end to WWII by legitimizing USSR-dictated boundaries of Poland and Eastern Europe In return, Soviets signed "third basket" agreement: Guaranteed more liberal exchanges of people and information between East and West Promoted certain basic "human rights" Reactions to Helsinki accords: Small dissident movements in Eastern Europe and in USSR West Germany cheered conference as milestone of détente American critics charged détente a one-way street American grain and technology flowed to USSR, but little of importance flowed back Moscow's continued human rights violations, including restrictions on Jewish emigration—prompted Congress to add punitive restrictions to U.S.-Soviet trade bill

Freedom Riders

Organized mixed-race groups who rode interstate buses deep into the South to draw attention to and protest racial segregation, beginning in 1961. This effort to challenge racism, which involved the participation of many northern young people as well as southern activists, proved a political and public relations success for the civil rights movement.

Chapter 37: What was the Great Society? List a few achievements. How did conservatives view it? Liberals?

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education. Liberals like it and conservatives don't like it.

Great Society (1964-1968)

President Lyndon Johnson's term for his domestic policy agenda. Billed as a successor to the New Deal, the Great Society aimed to extend the post-war prosperity to all people in American society by promoting civil rights and fighting poverty. Great Society programs included the War on Poverty, which expanded the Social Security system by creating Medicare and Medicaid to provide health care for the aged and the poor. Johnson also signed laws protecting consumers and empowering community organizations to combat poverty at grassroots levels.

Truman Doctrine (1947)

President Truman's universal pledge of support for any people fighting any communist or communist-inspired threat. Truman presented the doctrine to Congress in 1947 in support of his request for $400 million to defend Greece and Turkey against Soviet-backed insurgencies.

Gerald Ford

President of the United States who was appointed vice president when Spiro Agnew resigned in the fall of 1973. He succeeded to the presidency upon Nixon's resignation in August 1974 and focused his brief administration on containing inflation and reviving public faith in the presidency. He was defeated narrowly by Jimmy Carter in 1976. Outraged Democrats by granting Nixon a complete pardon.

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)

Protest by black Alabamians against segregated seating on city buses, sparked by Rosa Parks's defiant refusal to move to the back of the bus. The bus boycott lasted from December 1, 1955, until December 26, 1956, and became one of the foundational moments of the civil rights movement. It led to the rise of Martin Luther King Jr., and ultimately to a Supreme Court decision opposing segregated busing.

Chapter 39: How did Reagan view the role of the federal government?

Reagan's philosophy: Sided with New Right on social issues Denounced activist government and failed "social engineering" of 1960s Championed "common man" against big government Condemned: federal intervention in local affairs, Favoritism for minorities Elitism of arrogant bureaucrats Aimed to win working-class and lower-middle-class white voters from Democratic party

Chapter 35: What was the federal government's response to the Cold War at home?

Red Scare (McCarthy), increase military spending, taking away people's personal rights because they were afraid they were communist.

Chapter 35: How did the Cold War affect domestic and foreign policy? List some key events.

Red Scare, increase military spending, Marshall Plan- prevent Europe from being communist. US, France, Great Britain (NATO). The Korean War, Vietnam War. Cuban Missile Crisis (Soviets put missiles to defend Cuba) Bay of Pigs. (US invaded Cuba to end communism).

Chapter 35: Explain how the United States prepared for the Cold War at home.

Red Scare, increase military spending, air raid drill.

Chapter 35: What was the US policy in regards to communism in the United States following World War II?

Red Scare.

Chapter 40: Describe the impeachment of President Clinton.

Scandal dogged Clinton from start of presidency Critics charged him with everything from philandering to illegal financial transactions: Allegations of corrupt real estate deal (Whitewater) while he was governor of Arkansas triggered investigation by special prosecutor No indictment ever materialized Mobilized conservative movement; media amplified each accusation Lewinsky affair: Jan. 1998: revelation that Clinton engaged in sexual affair with young White House intern, Monica Lewinsky Lied under oath about affair in another woman's civil suit accusing him sexual harassment Sept. 1998: Whitewater special prosecutor submitted to House report outlining eleven possible grounds for impeachment, all related to lying about Lewinsky Dec. 1998: Republican-controlled House passed two articles of impeachment: Perjury before grand jury Obstruction of justice Democratic minority charged that: However deplorable Clinton's personal misconduct, Sexual transgressions did not rise to level of "high crimes and misdemeanors" prescribed in Constitution (see Art. II, Sec. IV in the Appendix) House Republicans replied that perjury and obstruction were grave issues and that "rule of law" at stake Most Americans leaned toward view of Clinton's actions as low follies, not high crimes 1998 midterm elections, voters reduced Republican majority in House: Gingrich then resigned Regarding Clinton, most Americans: Disapproved of his personal morals Liked most of his political and economic polices Wanted him to stay in office In early 1999 for first time in 130 years, impeachment proceeding in U.S. Senate Facts widely known Political positions of two parties locked in Results of trial: Obstruction of justice—5 northeastern Republicans joined all 45 Democratic senators in voting not guilty 50 votes for conviction fell far short of constitutionally required two-third majority Vote on perjury charge was 45 guilty, 55 not guilty

Kent State University

Scene of massacre of four college students by National Guardsmen on May 4, 1970, in Ohio. In response to Nixon's announcement that he had expanded the Vietnam War into Cambodia, college campuses across the country exploded in violence. On May 14 and 15, students at historically black Jackson State College in Mississippi were protesting the war as well as the Kent State shooting when highway patrolmen fired into a student dormitory, killing two students.

Chapter 41: Explain the events of 9/11.

September 11, 2001, long era of America's impregnable national security violently ended Suicidal terrorists slammed two hijacked airliners, loaded with passengers and jet fuel, into twin towers of New York City's World Trade Center Flew third plane into Pentagon, killing 189 Heroic passengers forced fourth hijacked aircraft to crash in rural Pennsylvania, killing all 44 aboard As two skyscrapers collapsed, some 3,000 perished Catastrophic terrorism of 9/11

Watergate

Series of scandals that resulted in President Richard Nixon's resignation in August 1974 amid calls for his impeachment. The episode sprang from a failed burglary attempt at Democratic party headquarters in Washington's Watergate Hotel during the 1972 election.

Chapter 36: What was the culture of postwar America?

TV became more popular, traditional roles, uniformity (how people dress, look, act), rock 'n' roll.

Stagflation

Term referring to the simultaneous occurrence of low employment growth and high inflation in the national economy. The phenomenon characterized the economic troubles of the 1970s and posed both an intellectual challenge to economists and a policymaking challenge to government officials.

Harry S Truman

The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery. He led the U.S. through the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War.

Chapter 40: List three accomplishments of the Clinton administration.

The Clinton Administration forged a bipartisan coalition to pass NAFTA, after concluding tough negotiations on side agreements covering workers' rights, the environment, and import surges. Exports to Mexico rose 23 percent in the first 11 months of 1994. President Clinton signed the Family and Medical Leave Act. The law, which covers over 42 million Americans, offers workers up to 12 weeks of unpaid, job-guaranteed leave for child birth, adoption, or personal or family illness. To enhance European security and stability, the Clinton Administration proposed the Partnership for Peace program, offering former Soviet republics and Central/East European states closer ties with NATO. Already, 22 nations have signed on, since NATO's adoption of the program in January, 1994.

Chapter 35: How did the United States government help Europe recover after WWII?

The Marshall Plan which was massive transfer of aid money to help rebuild postwar Western Europe, intended to bolster capitalist and democratic governments and prevent domestic communist groups from riding poverty and misery to power; was first announced by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947.

Chapter 37: Describe the Tet Offensive.

The Tet Offensive was an attacked launched by the Vietcong towards the South Vietnamese.There was a prior agreement to cease fire during the Lunar New Year celebrations, however the VietCong broke the agreement hoping to use the surprise attack to their advantage.Saigon the South Vietnam capital was the focal point of the offensive. They did have success in taking over the US Embassy in Saigon, and the National Radio Station. It was a major shock to the Americans because they head previously been under the conception that the United States was winning the war. It caused an intense crisis within the Johnson administration, which was unable to convince the American people that it was possible to win the war.

Sunbelt

The fifteen-state crescent through the American South and Southwest that experienced terrific population and productivity expansion during World War II and particularly in the decades after the war, eclipsing the old Industrial Northeast (the "Frostbelt").

Communism

The final state of social evolution according to Marx, in which the state has withered away and economic goods are distributed according to need. A political and economic system where factors of production are collectively owned and directed by the state.

Cold War (1946-1991)

The forty-five-year-long diplomatic tension between the United States and the Soviet Union that divided much of the world into polarized camps, capitalist against communist. Most of the international conflicts during that period, particularly in the developing world, can be traced to the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union.

Chapter 35: What was the migration pattern of Americans following World War II in the United States? Where did the move to and why?

They moved to California, Virginia, Texas, Arizona, Florida, (Sunbelt area). And they moved to the suburbs. Economy (jobs).

Chapter 36: Explain the Supreme Court decision in Brown v Board of Education.

Topeka board of education denied Linda Brown admittance to an all white school close to her house. Thurgood Marshall argued that a separate but equal violated equal protection clause of the 14th amendment. Warren decided separate educational facilities were inherently unequal. land mark Supreme Court decision that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and abolished racial segregation in public schools. This decision was the first major step toward the legal end of racial discrimination and a major accomplishment for the Civil Rights Movement.

Chapter 39: What was the Iran-Contra Affair?

Two problems seemed insoluble to Reagan: Continuing captivity of American hostages, seized by Muslim extremists, in Lebanon Continuing grip on power of Sandinista government in Nicaragua Reagan repeatedly requested military aid for contra rebels fighting against Sandinista regime Congress repeatedly refused Administration obsessed with finding means to help contras Some officials saw linkage between two problems: Middle Eastern hostages and Central American Sandinistas 1985: U.S. diplomats secretly arranged arms sales to Iran In return, Iranians helped obtain release of at least one American hostage held by Middle Eastern terrorists Money Iran paid then diverted to Nicaraguan rebels Actions violated congressional ban on military aid to Nicaraguan rebels As well as Reagan's repeated vow he would never negotiate with terrorists U.S.A. continued to support Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein by selling weapons for use against Iran Nov. 1986: news broke of these secret dealings Iran-Contra affair: Reagan claimed innocence and ignorance Investigation condemned administration's "secrecy, deception, and disdain for the law" Cast dark shadow over Reagan's foreign policy record Obscured his achievement in establishing new relationship with Soviet Union Yet he has remained among most popular presidents in modern American history

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913). NAACP member who initiated the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 when she was arrested for violating Jim Crow rules on a bus; her action and the long boycott that followed became an icon of the quest for civil rights and focused national attention on boycott leader Martin Luther King, Jr. NAACP leader in Montgomery, Alabama, who inaugurate the city's famous bus boycott in 1955 by refusing to give up her seat on a public bus to a white passenger. She became a leading symbol of the spirit of the Civil Rights Movement and the cause of racial equality throughout her long life.

Chapter 41: Explain the impact of the "Tea party"

Vehement attacks on health care reform accused Obama of Promoting "socialism" and "unconstitutional" control over individuals "Tea Party" arose to challenge Obama's policies, mid-2009 Backed by wealthy donors, Tea Party galvanized hyper-conservative grassroots constituency that pushed Republican party sharply to right Congressional Republicans fought Obama tooth and nail

2000 Presidential Election

Vice President Al Gore was the Democratic candidate; Governor George W. Bush of Texas ran for the Republicans -Gore won the popular vote, but the results in Florida were disputed and a recount was ordered by the Florida courts -In a 5 to 4 decision, the Supreme Court ordered a halt to the recount, giving Bush the victory.

Chapter 38: Explain Watergate and President Nixon's involvement.

Watergate scandal: (June 17, 1972) 5 men arrested in Watergate apartment-office complex in Washington: Planned to plant electronic "bugs" in Democratic party's headquarters Soon revealed they worked for Republican Committee to Re-Elect the President, "CREEP" Nixon administration's "dirty tricks" Watergate break-in one of them Forged documents to discredit Democrats Used Internal Revenue Service to harass innocent citizens named on White House "enemies list" Burglarized office of psychiatrist who treated leaker of Pentagon Papers Perverted FBI and CIA to cover tricksters' tracks Agnew forced to resign (Oct. 1973) for taking bribes from contractors while governor and while VP As investigations began, Nixon denied Any prior knowledge of break-in Any involvement in legal proceedings against burglars Former White House aide revealed secret taping system had recorded most of Nixon's conversations Nixon agreed to release "relevant" portions of tapes (July 24, 1974) Supreme Court unanimously ruled "executive privilege" gave Nixon no right to withhold evidence Nixon reluctantly complied Three subpoenaed tapes of Nixon's conversations with chief aide on June 23, 1972 proved fatal "Smoking gun" tape revealed Nixon giving orders, six days after Watergate break-in, to use CIA to hold back an inquiry by FBI Nixon's own words on tape convicted him of being involved House Judiciary Committee drew up articles of impeachment based on: Obstruction of justice Abuse of presidential power Contempt of Congress Public wrath proved to be overwhelming: Republican leaders in Congress concluded he was guilty Informed Nixon his impeachment by full House and removal by Senate were foregone conclusions He would do best to resign Nixon announced resignation in dramatic television appearance on August 8, 1974 Nation survived wrenching constitutional crisis Confirmed impeachment machinery forged by Founding Fathers could serve its purpose when public demanded Principles, that no person above the law and that presidents must be held accountable for actions, strengthened U.S.A. cleaned its own sullied house Impressive demonstration of self-discipline and self-government to rest of world Watergate weakened public's faith in government Economic problems further deepened disillusionment

Chapter 41: Describe the US foreign & domestic policy after 9/11.

When Taliban refused to turn over bin Laden, Bush ordered military campaign against Afghanistan Within three months, U.S. and Afghan rebel forces had overthrown Taliban, but failed to capture bin Laden Confronted without unconventional "asymmetrical warfare" Congress in Oct. 2001 quickly passed USA Patriot Act Permitted extensive telephone and e-mail surveillance Authorized detention of immigrants suspected of terrorism 2002: Congress created Department of Homeland Security: To protect nation's borders Ferret out potential attackers Bush's Justice Department: Rounded up hundreds of immigrants and held them without habeas corpus (formal charges in open court) Bush called for trying suspected terrorists in Military tribunals, where usual rules of evidence and procedure did not apply Guantanamo Detention Camp: Located on U.S. military base in Cuba Where hundreds of Taliban fighters from Afghanistan languished in legal limbo and demoralizing isolation On second day in office, Bush warned he would not tolerate Iraq's continued defiance of UN weapons inspections Saddam Hussein expelled inspectors from Iraq in 1998 Clinton and Congress then declared Saddam's removal ("regime change") an official goal of U.S. policy After 9/11, Bush administration focused on Iraq with a vengeance Jan. 2002, Bush claimed Iraq, Iran, and North Korea were an "axis of evil" that gravely menaced U.S. security Iran and North Korea had nuclear weapons programs Iran supported terrorist groups in Middle East Saddam Hussein became main object of Bush's wrath Bush willing to wage preemptive war on Iraq Began planning for war, unilateral if necessary Accused Iraqi regime of all manner of wrongdoing: Oppressed its own people Frustrated weapons inspectors Developed nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons of mass destruction (WMD) Supported terrorist organizations like Al Qaeda Suggested a liberated, democratized Iraq might Provide beacon of hope to Islamic world Rebalance political situation in Middle East Secretary of State Colin Powell urged caution Congress passed resolution authorizing president to employ armed force to defend against Iraqi threats to U.S. security and enforce UN resolutions on Iraq UN Security Council gave Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" (Nov. 2002) UN later declined to authorize use of force On March 19, 2003, Bush, with only Britain, launched long-anticipated invasion of Iraq Within a month, Baghdad had fallen Saddam driven from power and hounded into hiding Saddam found and arrested nine months later Executed in 2006 On May 1, 2003, Bush on a U.S. aircraft carrier spoke under banner declaring "Mission Accomplished" Announced "major combat operations in Iraq have ended

Chapter 38: What was the Equal Rights Amendment? Explain.

While other protest movements splintered, Feminists, although they had their differences, showed vitality and momentum: Won legislative and judicial victories Provoked rethinking of gender roles (see Makers of America) Thousands marched in Women's Stride for Equality on fiftieth anniversary of woman suffrage in 1970 In 1972 Congress passed Title IX of the Education Amendments Prohibited sex discrimination in any federally assisted educational program or activity Created opportunities for girls' and women's athletics at schools and colleges Gave birth to "Title IX generation" that would mature by century's end Helped professionalize women's sports Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to Constitution won congressional approval in 1972: 28 of necessary 38 states quickly ratified amendment, first proposed by suffragists in 1923 Presidents Nixon and Ford endorsed ERA Hope rose that ERA might soon become law of land Even Supreme Court seemed to be on movement's side: In Reed v. Reed (1971) and Frontiero v. Richardson (1973), Court challenged sex discrimination in legislation and employment Landmark case of Roe v. Wade (1973) Court struck down laws prohibiting abortion, arguing a woman's decision to terminate a pregnancy was protected by constitutional right of privacy Feminist movement faced formidable backlash 1972: Nixon vetoed proposal to set up nationwide public day care Nixon claimed it would weaken American family Antifeminists blamed women's movement for rising divorce rate, which tripled between 1960 and 1976 Catholic Church and evangelicals organized powerful grassroots movement to oppose legalized abortions For many feminists, most bitter defeat was death of ERA: Antifeminists, led by conservative Phyllis Schlafly: Argued ERA would remove protections women enjoyed by forcing law to see them as men's equals Believed amendment would threaten family structure Her STOP ERA campaign successful: Antifeminist activists organized grassroots state-level efforts to block ratification ERA died in 1982, three states short of success Politics not whole story of second-wave feminism: Women's labor force participation rate accelerated Major professions opened doors to women Feminist enterprises proliferated Ongoing transformations in size and structure of families ensured women's centrality to debates over life-style choices and "family values"

Persian Gulf War (1991)

after Iraq invaded Kuwait, the US invaded Iraq to liberate Kuwait; Iraq set Kuwait's oil fields on fire so the Americans couldn't gain the oil; this conflict caused the US to set military bases in Saudi Arabia; also called Operation: Desert Storm. Saddam Hussain of Iraq invaded Kuwait and threatened Saudi Arabia. By taking over these regions, Hussain would have been able to control much of the world's oil. He was stopped by intervention of America in Operation Desert Storm. In 1991, Bush issued an ultimatum for Hussain to pull out of Kuwait or face invasion. Saddam failed to comply and America declared war. Iraq was defeated within 100 hours.Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait which they had invaded in hopes of controlling their oil supply. A very one sided war with the United States' coalition emerging victorious. -sedan Hussain invades kuwait and wants to expand my empire. wants to become a "caliph" -we get involved because neighboring countries supply our oil -Iraqi dictator Saddam invaded kuwait (aug 1990) -"Dessert Sheild"- Us sends 250,000 troops to saudi Arabia *OIL -UN coalition pressured hussein to withdrawal -majority of people back this war -Dessert storm: (jan 1991) -we overwhelm iraq -massive war campaign to disable iraq's fighting ability -US bombs more than vietnam 100 hours fighting. Liberate Kuwai, iraq surrenders -BUSH gets criticism because he chooses not to invade iraq and overthrow Hussien *RESTORES AMERICAN CONFIDENCE IN THEIR MILITARY -we later on think he sold weapons after 9/11 to al qaeda

Medicare

available to all elderly americans regardless of need -form of federal welfare assistance -assisted medical community because the fed payed all fees. A program added to the Social Security system in 1965 that provides hospitalization insurance for the elderly and permits older Americans to purchase inexpensive coverage for doctor fees and other health expenses. Created by LBJ.

Martin Luther King Jr.

civil rights leader and Baptist preacher who rose to prominence with the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 and founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957. He was an outspoken advocate for black rights throughout the 1960s, most famously during the 1963 March on Washington where he delivered the "I Have a Dream Speech." He was assasinated in Memphis in 1968 while supporting a sanitation workers' strike. U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964).

Earl Warren

controversial Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1953-1969); he led the Court in far-reaching racial, social, and political rulings, including school desegregation and protecting rights of persons accused of crimes. Chief Justice and former governor of California; brought originally taboo social issues, such as civil rights to African Americans, to the attention of Congress and the country. Known for the "Brown v. Board of Education" case of 1954. He used a loose interpretation of the Constitution to expand rights for both African-Americans and those accused of crimes.

Bill Gates

created Microsoft; one of the wealthiest Americans; company produced operating software for most personal computers.

Religious Right

denounced abortion, pornography, homosexuality, feminism, and especially affermative action., a response to the liberalism of the 1960's. United States political faction that advocates social and political conservativism, school prayer, and federal aid for religious groups and schools. Politically active religious conservatives, especially Catholics and evangelical Christians, who became particularly vocal in the 1980s against feminism, abortion, and homosexuality and who promoted "family values." Together, the Old and New Right added up to a powerful political combination, devoted to changing the very character of American society.

Chapter 36: What was the Black Power Movement? Explain.

emphasized racial pride and the creation of black political and cultural institutions to nurture and promote black collective interests, advance black values, and secure black autonomy. a range of political goals, from defense against racial oppression, to the establishment of separate social institutions and a self-sufficient economy (separatism help usher in black radical thought, and action against white supremacy. Black Power adherents believe in Black autonomy, with a variety of tendencies such as black nationalism, and black separatism. Often Black Power advocates are open to use violence as a means of achieving their aims, but this openness to violence was nearly always coupled with community organizing work. CONFLICTED with civil rights.

North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA (1994)

established free trade zone between Canada, United States and Mexico, net gain in jobs due to opening of Mexican markets. It was a symbol of the increased reality of a globalized market place. Signed in 1993. Established by President Clinton. It opened free trade with Canada and Mexico and allowed the flow of increased goods, services, and jobs across the international borders by lessening and eliminating tariffs. It was strongly criticized by organized labor and conservative groups who viewed it as selling American jobs to cheap labor across the border and that it compromised America's sovereignty.

Ronald Reagan

first elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns. Believed in tax cuts and less government spending.

Chapter 35: What was the role of the United Nations?

international body formed to bring nations into dialogue in hopes of preventing further world wars; much like the former League of Nations in ambition, it was more realistic in recognizing the authority of the Big Five Powers in keeping peace in the world, thus guaranting veto power to all permant members of its Security Council (Britian, China, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States).

Marshall Plan (1948)

massive transfer of aid money to help rebuild postwar Western Europe, intended to bolster capitalist and democratic governments and prevent domestic communist groups from riding poverty and misery to power; the plan was first announced by Secretary of State George Marshall at Harvard's commencement in June 1947.

Chapter 36: What was the goal of the Freedom Riders?

organized mixed-race groups who rode interstate buses deep into the South to draw attention to and protest racial segregation, beginning in 1961. This effort by northern young people to challenge racism proved a political and public relations success for the Civil Rights Movement.

Lyndon B Johnson

signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid. Became president after Kennedy's assassination and reelected in 1964; Democrat; signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, promoted his "Great Society" plan, part of which included the "war on poverty", Medicare and Medicaid established; Vietnam: Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, Tet Offensive.

Obamacare

t is a US federal statute signed into law by Obama on March 23, 2010. Together with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act amendment, it represents the most significant regulatory overhaul of the U.S. healthcare system since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. It was enacted to increase the quality and affordability of health insurance, lower the uninsured rate by expanding public and private insurance coverage, and reduce the costs of healthcare for individuals and the government. Requires all US citizens to have healthcare and requires those who do not to pay a penalty.

George H.W. Bush

was the 41st president of the United States, previously being Ronald Reagan's vice-president. His policies and ideals derived heavily from his predecessor and were built on them. He was a well-to-do oil tycoon before devoting himself to the public. He served as a congressman, emissary to China, ambassador to the UN, director of the CIA, and vice president before becoming president. Prior to becoming president, he served as a congressman, director of the CIA, UN Ambassador, and vice president to Ronald Reagan. Sent troops to overthrow Manual Noriega in Panama. Led the US to success in the Gulf War, forcing Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait. A former congressman, diplomat, businessman, Republican party chairman, and director the CIA, Bush served for eight years as Reagan's vice president before being elected President in 1988. As president, he oversaw the end of the Cold War and the revitalization of the American military in the Persian Gulf War. He faced a severe economic recession late in his term that severely damaged his popularity, and he lost his bid for reelection in 1992.

Counterculture

white middle-class youths, called hippies. New Left, against Vietnam War, turned back on America becasue they believed in a society based on peace and love. rock'n'roll, colorful clothes, and the use of drugs, lived in large groups. lived in San Francisco's Haight-Ashbuy district becasue of the avalibility of drugs. a culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture; "hippies" who accepted drugs and sexuality and lived unconnected to the past. a subculture deliberately and consciously opposed to certain central beliefs or attitudes of the dominant culture, the culture of the young people who rejected mainstream American society in the 1960s, seeking to create an alternative society based on peace, love, and individual freedom.