American Popular Music Final

Layla, Virtuoso

-Layla was a love song written by Eric Clapton for Patti Boyd whom he was obsessed with

What was counterculture a reaction to?

Counterculture was created by reactions to events such as: Vietnam War; anti-war protests increased Growing fascination with Eastern religions and music Civil Rights movement (feminism) The creation of "the pill" giving women more sexual freedom Wide spread use of "mind expanding" drugs such as acid or LSD, and marijuana

Where did counterculture migrate to?

Followers, or "hippies," of counterculture migrated west to San Francisco believing it to be the "New America" also resulting in the creation of Psychedelic Rock or Acid Rock Counterculture was known also for everything being very brightly painted from clothing to VW vans. Hair was also long and stringy. The freakier the better.

Sound Garden

-Hiro Yamamoto (bass), Kim Thayill (guitar) and later Matt Cameron (drums) Though they were the first grunge band to be signed to a major label, they were the last one to receive commercial success. Their third album Badmotorfinger (1991), created hits "Rusty Cage", "Outshined", and "Jesus Christ Pose", which was taken off of MTV for being anti-Christian. The album was largely overshadowed by Nevermind Superunkown (1994) was their breakthrough album that garnered hits like, "Black Hole Sun", "Fell on Black Days" and "My Wave" -"Down on the Upside" made a departure from their grunge roots and results from the tour caused the band to break up -Chris Cornell would later form the supergroup Audioslave

The Sugar Hill Gang

-In 1979, the Sugar Hill Gang released the first Hip-hop single "Rapper's Delight" Sampled from Chic's "Good Times" proved that hip-hop could be put on vinyl Rapper became the star (and term) and the DJ became the backdrop Ex. Paved the way for other hit songs: Kurtis Blow's "The Breaks Afrika Bambaataa's "Planet Rock" Grandmaster Flash's "The Message"

Led Zeppelin

-Line between Heavy Metal and Hard Rock with their heavy guitar ridden sound. Formed in London. -First album was hard rock tinged with blues -Second album reached #1 in the US, songs Whole Lotta Love and Living Loving Maid showed signs of heavy metal -Their third album was mostly acoustic in nature but the song The Immigrant Song featured a metal guitar riff as well as screaming vocals -Led Zeppelin broke up in 1980 after the death of John Bonham

Punk Rock

-Linked the hippies anti-establishment ideals, punk was more of an angry, raw expression that entered into society in 1975. -Punk first started in underground New York at a club called CBGB's -Stripped rock of all its excess (progressive rock) and brought it back to its simplest form

New Wave

-Lyrically more mellow form of punk rock -was promoted by record companies that wanted to capitalize on the punk sound without the added drama. -Tuned down style could also be played on FM radio. -Same style as punk, but used synthesizers, organs, and contained more melody

Malcolm McLaren

-McLaren owned anti-fashion store "Sex" and was influenced when he first went to New York and witnessed the underground punk scene first hand -Helped manage the New York Dolls before they broke up when they went to the UK -Helped form the Sex Pistols, became their manager and signed them to EMI *Because of onstage antics, were released from EMI and A&M and later signed to Virgin *First single was pulled from radio due to vulgarity

The Ramones

-New York based group that was formed in 1974. -Songs were popular at CBGB's because they could get through 10 songs in less than 30 minutes -Most popular song was Blitzkrieg Bop -Fist punk rock band to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

Band Cream

-first power trio with Eric Clapton on guitar, Jack Bruce on bass, and Ginger Baker on drums -Band came to America in 1967 where they performed 9 shows on RKO where Clapton became the first rock guitarist to play long, improvised solos -Studio songs had to be limited to 3 minutes, limiting their effectiveness as a band -Broke up in 1968 due to fighting within the band

Run DMC

-formed in Hollis, Queens, New York, made up of Joseph "Run" Simmons, Darryl "DMC" McDaniels, and Jason "Jam Master J" Mizell. They are arguably one of the most influential in mainstreaming the world of Hip-hop. • From their debut album Raising Hell, Rick Rubin had the idea of sampling Aerosmith's "Walk This Way", and actually had Steven Tyler and Joe Perry rerecord their tracks over a drumbeat. • It was a catalyst to bring Run DMC into the mainstream and helped to bridge the gap between rock and rap (MTV) • Signed a promotional deal with ADIDIAS for $1.5 million

The Doors

-formed in LA Underground by Jim Morrison and Ray Manzarek who were UCLA film alums -Focused on the darker side of life or the "bad trips" as pertaining to drugs; lyrics were filled with grotesque images of alienation and repression -Vocal lines were narrow and repetitive, most songs in minor key and bluesy, often emphasized minor third interval in singing -Morrison wrote a song based on Sigmund Freud's Oepidus Complex which is the repressed sexual feeling toward one's mother and the need to kill their father -Success was due to Jim Morrison being a "teen idol," very popular with the younger generation

Led Zeppelin 4th Album

-fourth album was released without their name and is known for the ancient runes on the side (ZOSO) and came as they were growing more disdainful of the press and playing on television *most famous song Stairway to Heaven *starts slow with acoustic guitars and recorders, moves to an electric middle section, finishes with a fast metal guitar solo *Critics suggest there is a satanic message if the song is played backwards

Progressive Rock (Art Rock)

-most artists came from Britain in reaction to a new type of rock. *Goes beyond verse-chorus song structure *Incorporates jazz, classical, or world music *Had a unified theme or concept in their albums *Used other instruments than the standard organ, bass, guitar, and drums *Freer in rhythmic approach *Elaborate stage set up with lights, props, and electronics -Popularity waned in the late 1970's due to songs being too lengthy as well as the growing popularity of new genres such as disco and punk rock.

Psychedelic Rock (Acid Rock)

Characteristics include: -Many drug references as well as an electronic sound with a lot of instrumental improvisation to enhance the listener's drug experience -Music became louder, especially when played in venues -Long, improvised guitar solos were a big part of every song -Brought forth the electronic phenom of electric feedback, "distortion," adding to the "trippiness" that went with the use of drugs -Psychedelic Rock was based on traditional folk music with a bluesy feel

DJ Cool Herc

DJ Kool Herc was one of the first to start manipulating hip-hop sounds from funk and salsa. • Originally from Jamaica he would use a style of MCing called patter-talk, sometimes called toasting or dubbing, in which he would "rap" over a long break • Also used two turn tables (like disco) to go in between break beats to elongate them where B (breaking) boys or B girls would dance • This style became the foundation of Hip-hop making him one of its founders

Pearl Jam

Led by singer Eddie Vedder, the band was more classic rock than Nirvana, and was more commercially viable then them (Kurt bashing them because of it) Ten, their debut album, contains numerous hits, but tows the line of grunge because of their prominent guitar leads. "Even Flow", "Alive" and "Jeremy" (based on a true story) Ex. "Jeremy" -After the popularity of the video for Jeremy they decided not to make videos anymore, and opted for fewer tv appearances and interviews Vs their second album produced hits "Go", "Dissident", "Animal", and "Daughter" Their subsequent tour produced a backlash with Ticketmaster The band has recorded numerous albums, none with the commercial success of Ten, they even recorded and sold every live show on their Binaural tour, choosing to play smaller venues

Cutting

-segue one record to the next through the vari-speed control

Challenges that MTV Faced

-Having enough videos to fill 24 hours of broadcasting -Record companies were not entirely convinced that it would pay off -Cable TV was not yet widely available -Main audience were white Midwestern teenagers

Lynard Skynard

-Band was named after a high school teacher that they hated, Leonard Skinner -Image was that of southern working class with pride and hell-raising ways, showed it through the use of the Confederate flag as a backdrop on stage -Sound was based on a hard rock, three guitar attack as opposed to the blues -Band was discovered in 1972 and released its first album, Pronounced Leh-Nerd Skin-Nerd in 1973 *Became popular after touring with The Who in 1973 -Free Bird is still considered rock anthem today, -Played slide guitar to emulate Duane Allman -Biggest hit came in 1974, Sweet Home Alabama, from the album Second Helping -After album Street Survivors, October 20, 1977, a plane crash killed 3 members of the band and severely injured the rest *The band disbanded soon after and reformed in 1987 with the surviving members as well as Ronnie Van Zant's younger brother Johnny

Blues Revival

-Became popular in the late '60's due to BB King -main area was Chicago, California and parts of the South also became popular with the blues comeback

Madonna

- born Madonna Louise Ciconne. Followed suit with female performers before her and helped evolve the feminist ideal. She was both a singer and dancer, relied a lot on the visual element of her songs -self titled album (1983) started off with two hit songs "Borderline" and "Lucky Star" which gave her moderate Success -"Like a Virgin" (1985) raised many eyebrows because of her sexual promiscuity -Also appeared in a lead role in Desperately Seeking Susan (1985) *"Get Into the Groove", #1 in the UK -True Blue (1986) produced five Top 5 singles and used even deeper, more controversial lyrics "Papa Don't Preach" -In 1987, embarked on Who's That Girl, world tour. Pope John Paul II denounced the tour and told people not to go. -Like a Prayer (1989) caused controversy with the title track of the song. Catholic symbols, burning crosses, and stigmata, and portrayed an African American as a holy figure organ and choral singing to produce the mood, as well as Prince playing guitar Pepsi dropped the song from their commercial -Her greatest hits album Immaculate Collection (1990) included two new songs, one by the title "Justify My Love". The video contained images of sadomasochism, bondage, and same-sex kissing. The video proved to be even to much for MTV's standards In 1990 she embarked on her Blond Ambition tour. Like a Virgin now took on a whole new visual element with two men caressing Madonna in bed In 1991, she produced the 6th highest grossing documentary "Truth or Dare", which gave you a behind the scenes look of the tour. Throughout her career Madonna has explored and sought to blur the boundaries of sex, race, women's roles, and religion 2003 MTV VMA's

Influences of Punk Rock

- influenced by Iggy Pop, performed with the Stooges, rubbed peanut butter all over himself as well as cut himself on stage *MC5, a band based out of Detroit who were known for their high energy performance would also influence punk rock *The New York Dolls, male cross-dressing singers that influenced the visual element and style * Also highly influential to the Sex Pistols and Kiss

Country/Southern Rock

-After its decline in the '60's, country music went back to its birthplace that helped form rock and roll through rockabilly and had its resurgence in the '70's. -Mostly consisted of vocals and guitar. -Used boogie rhythms -Fast guitar licks -Lyrics highlighted southern ideals and living

Who did The Ramones influence?

-After touring in the UK, influenced the Sex Pistols, Billy Idol, Chrissy Hynde, and the Pretenders

Grunge

-Alternative rock" that started in Seattle in the mid 80s. It was inspired by Heavy Metal, Hardcore Punk, and Indie Rock, and took a defiant stance to conformity (dressing down) and commercialism It's characteristics usually include: 1. Heavily distorted guitars (fuzz, feedback) 2. Apathetic, angst filled lyrics 3. Contrasting song dynamics -The musicians were known for their unkempt appearance and their rejection of theatrics

Backspinning

-Backspinning: using your hand to make the record spin backward (to elongate a song break)

Janis Joplin

-Became popular when she came to San Fran *performed with Big Brother and the Holding Company *made impact at the Monterey Pop Festival with the way she dressed, stomping around on stage, and screaming lyrics -Signed to Columbia Records; released Cheap Thrills *Voice came from a background of gospel and blues shouting; though course and screaming, was able to cut through the sound of the band -Went solo in 1969 *Album Pearl but died of heroin overdose before it was released *Me and Bobby McGee from the album was her only Top 40 hit

Jimi Hendrix

-Began career singing back-up for Tina Turner, Little Richard, and Wilson Pickett -Formed his own band, Jimmy James and the Blue Flames in 1965 who played regularly at the Greenwich Village -Moved to London in 1966 and formed rock trio The Jimi Hendrix Experience *Became popular as he experimented with fuzz, feedback, and electronically modified and generated sounds -left handed but played with a right handed guitar upside down to add to create his own style of music and sound -Became a hit in America at the Monterey Pop Festival where Hendrix played the guitar with his teeth, behind his back, and then set it on fire and smashed it -Was asked to tour with the Monkees as a publicity stunt -First LP came out in 1967, "Are You Experienced" reached #2 behind "Sgt Peppers" in the UK -Band broke up in 1969 after growing tension due to Hendrix's need for perfection and almost being crushed to death by stampeding fans running from tear gas -Formed the band Band of Gypsies in 1969 who performed at Woodstock where Hendrix performed his version of The Star Spangled Banner with improvs for bombs and rockets -Opened his own Studio Electric Ladyland in New York in 1969 -Died in September 1970 due to drug overdose at age 27

The Eagles

-Came out of southern Cali, came up with their name as a nod to the group The Byrds -Towed the line between soft rock and southern rock, *their main style was the use of layered guitars as well as layered vocals -Hotel California was released in 1976, the title track was said to have different meanings but was actually quoted as "a song about the dark underbelly of the American Dream, about excess in America" -Their Greatest Hits album became, and is still, the best selling album of all time with 27 million copies sold

Counterculture

-Counterculture was the music created by people who rejected the traditional "competitive and conservative" American way of life and instead promoted "free-living, free-loving lifestyles that included the use of drugs and the freedom of sexuality -Timothy Leary "turn on, tune in, and drop out" -Use of drugs such as LSD for therapeutic use under controlled environments -Product of Alan Ginsberg and the Beat culture (1950's) Opposed economic materialism, militarism, and sexual repression

Allman Brothers

-Created by Duane Allman, who played with Eric Clapton, in 1969 with his brother Greg Allman -Style included deep blues roots, harmonic riffs, two guitars, as well as the use of two drumsets -Named America's Best Rock and Roll Band -The band released their best known hits on their album Brothers and Sisters(1973) after Dicky Betts took over as band leader after Duane's death in 1971, their best known hit being Ramblin' Man

Funk

-Distinctive style that originated with James Brown *Polyrhythmic, syncopated bass lines, call and response, minimal chord changes

1970s

-Early '70's the sound of rock was still being experimented *Led to the inventions of soft rock, progressive rock, punk rock, art rock, jazz fusion, disco, country rock, hip hop, and funk •Festivals turned into mass rock n roll concert audiences -Late '70's experimentation declined due to power control

Grandmaster Flash

-Early DJ whose innovations and perfections on turntables moved to the realm of a musical instrument -Scratching (did not invent) -Backspinning -Cutting

Heavy Metal

-Essential sonic element is power, expressed as shear volume and distortion as well as the use of the "power cord." -Origins include blues-based rock and psychedelic music but also classical music *Guitar solos (virtuoso) *The use of modal scales (type of scale, coupled with a set of characteristic melodic behaviours) *Blaring guitar as well as pounding bass and drums and screeching vocals acted out their anger and frustration to society *Stressing rebellious attitudes using symbols of death and destruction to appeal to their own aggression *Reliance on riffs, little or no harmonic movement

The Grateful Dead Fans

-Fans were known as "Deadheads" who followed the band to every show; band considered them an extension of family and allowed them to bootleg every one of their songs since no song was ever played the same at any of their shows.

Jefferson Airplane

-First Acid Rock band signed to major label due to new FM radio format, influenced other bands -Became popular because of the lead singer Grace Slick's looks and onstage personality -White Rabbit fit Acid Rock genre, talks about drugs and Alice following the white rabbit down the hole and all of her strange experiences -One of the only Psychedelic bands to play all three major music festivals -Broke up and later regrouped as Jefferson Starship and became more mainstream and had more commercial success

Eric Clapton

-First became popular as a blues guitarist in bands such as The Yardbirds and The Bluesbreakers -Formed Cream in 1966; first power trio with him on guitar, Jack Bruce on bass, and Ginger Baker on drums -Battled with heroin in the 1970's --Broke up in 1968 due to fighting within the band (formed the band Derek and the Dominos) soon after

George Clinton

-Formed Parliament originally as a vocal group styled after Motown's Temptations -Also formed the group Funkadelic -Had members from James Brown's band

Sly and the Family Stone

-Formed by brothers Sylvester and Freddie Stewart -Wrote about bigotry -Played at Woodstock

Pink Floyd

-Formed in the mid-1960's as a psychedelic blues band Known for light shows, electronic effects, and long improvisations -Increased mental issues caused lead composer, Syd Barrett, to leave the group and other band members to step up which would later cause them to break up -Dark Side of the Moon would be the album that caused them to reach their peak in popularity. It contained female back up vocals, sound effects, saxophone, long instrumental stretches, and brooding songs *Spent 14.5 years on Billboards album chart *Album talked about greed, aging, and mental illness (inspired by Barrett) *Contained the song Wizard of Oz which had to do with brain damage *Was the first concept album

The Who

-Formerly a jazz band -Released their first hit, My Generation, in the UK in December of 1965, had tradition rock sound but influenced a punk rock sound -First attempt at rock opera with album Happy Jack in 1966 which included the song A Quick One While He's Away -Their attempt at the rock opera genre continued with the release of their album titled Tommy *A story of a blind kid becoming a pinball wizard Influence future rock operas/rock musicals (Jesus Christ Superstar) *Movie released based on the album in 1974 -Next major album was released in 1971, Who's Next, *Featured the pioneering of the use of the synthesizer in rock music, it was used predominantly in two of the songs, the most popular being Baba O'Riley

NWA

-Ni**az with Attitude -group that formed in 1986 with members Ice Cube (Oshea Jackson) Dr. Dre (Andre Young), DJ Yella, MC Ren, and Eazy-E (Eric Wright) who was a drug dealer that used the profits to start a record label Ruthless Records • Break through album Straight Out of Compton helped define the redirection of hip-hop to gangsta rap • Glorified the gangsta lifestyle with images of sex and violent lyrics • Dre took over much of the production of the album, but each rapper had a solo on the album • Became known as "the world's most dangerous group" with the release of "F**k the Police" • "Express Yourself" was song a about being censored in the mainstream media • Eventually both Ice Cube and Dr. Dre would depart on bad terms, bashing Eazy-E in several later solo albums • Eazy-E would later die of AIDS -Dr. Dre would then form Death Row records and produce the likes of both Snoop Dogg (The Chronic) and Eminem, also rekindled the relationship with Ice Cube in the song "Natural Born Killaz" G-Funk era paid homage to P-Funk and George Clinton -Eventually the East and West Coast rap styles would come to head between Suge Knight and Sean "Puffy" Combs, leading to the death of two rappers on both sides, Notorious B.I.G. and Tupac Shakur

Black Sabbath

-Original Heavy Metal band, dealt with occult and religious imagery, called it "doom music." -Originally a blues band from Birmingham, England -Most popular songs were Iron Man and War Pigs (a song protesting the Vietnam war) -Black Sabbath continued to record but had less success without Ozzy Osbourne

The Grateful Dead

-Originally called the Warlocks -Promoted a sense of community and collective good -Never had a top ten hit *sound formed from playing block parties, psychedelic parties, and open air park events where they would jam for hours and meld sounds from every genre -After signing with Warner Bros., released their first LP; commercially failed -Led to their first Live album release included a 23 min. song Dark Star -biggest pioneer or Jam Band music and helped the band define their sound -Moved to a more country-rock sound in the 1970's -Released a Jazz influenced album in 1975 -Broke up after death of Jerry Garcia -regrouped as The Others and then later as The Dead

Ozzy Ozbourne

-Ozzy was said to be fired due to increased onstage antics as well as problems with drugs and alcohol, formed band Wizard of Oz *"Godfather of Heavy Metal" and "Prince of Darkness" *Released the song Suicidal Solution which led to him being sued more than once by parents who blame him for their childrens' death, won all cases due to freedom of speech right *Bitten the heads off of a dove and a bat on stage for attention

Prince

-Prince Rogers Nelson in Minneapolis, MN. Combined Michael Jackson's cross-over appeal with Madonna's sexual imagery and multiple alter-egos, always appearing as an androgynous figure. In 1992-3 he would drop his name and become "the Symbol" or "the Artist formerly known as Prince" -Role of Producer and musician • played all the instruments on his first five albums (with no formal music training), giving him total control over his music -1982 brought major success with the release of "1999", and his first top ten hit "Little Red Corvette". "1999" and "Delirious" soon followed, making him another African-American on MTV 1999, technique used different voices for each line -In 1984, semi-autobiographical "Purple Rain" was released with critical acclaim and accompanied with a soundtrack. • "When Doves Cry, was composed in one night (the last to be written), no bass line, and a classical piano part at the end, as well as showing his incredible vocal range *Simultaneously held #1 Film, #1 Album, and #1 single -The song Darling Nikki prompted Tipper Gore to start the Parent Music Resource Center, which advocated warning labels on all albums with explicit lyrics -"Sign O' the Times"(1987) was Prince's most critically acclaimed album -In 1989, produced the 9 track soundtrack to Batman, which hit #1 status with the song "Batdance" It is an amalgam of 6 different songs going on Musical output of about 30 albums and numerous self-produced movies. -During the 1980's, released an average of one album a year *Musicology (won two grammys) *Prince has mastered every genre and combined them in a way like no other *A huge activist on copyright laws for musicians *One of the first artists to sell music on the internet *Pioneered the Minneapolis Sound *One of the most talented musicians to reach commercial success

How did Punk Rock from in the UK?

-Punk Rock in the UK came from recession that left a lot of adults and teens without jobs, which eventually led to anger.

Kiss

-Pure heavy metal but more of a feel good style, first rock band to use the element of "glam" including make-up as well as elaborate performances. Formed by Gene Simmons. -Concerts included acts such as spitting blood, breathing fire, explosions, and firing rockets from the end of their guitars -Signiture song is -Only Top 10 hit his Beth which is a slow ballad -Kiss was more popular for their performances than with their music -Make-up, costumes, and live acts got them into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

Scratching

-Scratching: the record is rotated in the reverse direction and then forward - fast and repeatedly

Hip-Hop/Rap

-Starting in the mid70s in New York with the advent of Break Dancing, which provided competition and some relief from the rough gangster lifestyle. DJs would play tunes from stereo systems plugged into street lamps, and soon were mixing disco and funk hits Was a musical form that were the foundations of African-American musical and verbal traditions: Emphasis on rhythm Complex tone colors and dense textures Appreciation for improvisation A means of emotional release

Jim Morrison

-The Doors Success was due to Jim Morrison being a "teen idol," very popular with the younger generation -March 1969, Jim Morrison exposed himself onstage due to his growing disdain of stardom which led to a warrant for his arrest and public backlash *Grew a beard and stopped wearing his signature leather pants -Growing issues with Morrisons's onstage antics caused him to moved to Paris to live alone where he drank himself to death

Woodstock

-Took place near Bethel, New York Aug. 15-18, 1969 on Max Yasgur's dairy farm *Organized by wealthy music pioneers; designed after other festivals -Had enough supplies for 150,000 but over 400,000 showed up, rained the whole time -No violence, cooperation infused entire event; two deaths were counteracted by two births -32 of the best known musicians at the time, including Jimi Hendrix, headlined the last evening *The Doors, Led Zeppelin, Bob Dylan, and Jethro Tull were among no shows -Other counterculture events turned into tragedy such as Altamont and Kent State University in Ohio

Michael Jackson

-originally part of the musical family the Jackson 5 (Motown), which were popularized in the 1970s with hits like "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)", "Rockin' Robin", and "ABC" -1978 starred in the movie The Wiz, where he first met Quincy Jones and agreed to produce Michael's first solo album Off the Wall (1979) -Produced 4 top 10 hits -Thriller (1982), contained 7 top ten singles and won a record 8 Grammys -"The Girl is Mine" duet with Paul McCartney, helped break him into the white pop audience -"Billie Jean", his next release, was the first singe to hit #1. Disliked by Jones and was almost pulled from the album. -Sang the song at Motown's 25 anniversary party where he did the "moonwalk" -"Beat It", album's third release, was an ambitious Rock and Roll song about defeat and courage, and played to the "metal-head" crowd • Eddie Van Halen was asked to play the guitar solo • Video depicted Michael breaking up a racially charged gang fight -"Thriller", 4th release, contains many produced sound effects (creaking door, footsteps, howling wolf) spoken word part by Vincent Price (House of Wax, The Fly, House on Haunted Hill) *Considered to be a short film it, plus other videos off this record, helped boost the prestige of MTV and broke down racial barriers, when Jackson became the "King of Pop" *became the best selling album worldwide (about 100 million units sold). Jackson made $2 off of every album *Michael Jackson personal life became public with charges of child molestation, and his spending habits have almost made him broke.

Sex Pistols

-vulgarity got them banned from many places -Malcolm McLaren became manager -First single was pulled from radio due to vulgarity -Originally signed for EMI then A&M and finally signed to Virgin

New Pop Sound

1) Wiped out discrimination by sex, sexual preference, and race. None of its big stars were heterosexual white males 2) It exploited new media resources. Helped raised the music video to an art form 3) It was a musical melting pot. Punk, disco, reggae, funk, pop, and black romantic music fed into it 4) Synthesizers played an increasingly important role in the sound of the music. Some replaced guitars, basses, and conventional keyboards; synthesized percussion sounds enhanced or replaced drumkits 5) It was incredibly popular. Sales surpassed the sales of previous best-selling albums Because artists drew from so many different styles, their was no easily definable sound, and there was a lot of room to operate.

MTV

Introduced in 1981, MTV gave rock video fans a chance to watch music 24 hours a day. Their first video was "Video Killed the Radio Star" by the Buggles • Slogan became "I want my MTV!" • VJs took to the air to show music videos 24-7 • Has been blamed for devaluing the importance of music by providing a visual aspect • Music videos have evolved over time and pop artists have taken full advantage of the genre, giving back the notion of a complete entertainer • Shows appealed to different genres like Headbangers Ball, 120 Minutes, and Yo! MTV Raps. They could also get their music news, as well as music game shows. • Popular non-music shows were Beavis and Butthead, Aeon Flux, and even started The Jon Stewart Show

Ice-T

born Tracy Marrow and after his stint in the Army, he learned the ropes by being a DJ and rapping at parties. Took the NY rap style and infused his own lyrics about the gangsta lifestyle Ex. "Six in the Morning" (1986) Came under heavy fire when he released the album "Body Count" in 1992, though it wasn't really a rap album Song Cop Killer was pulled from the album by Time Warner and also removed some of the artwork on the album

What was the end of the 1960s marked with?

end of the '60's was marked by the deaths of Jimi Hendrix, Jim Morrison, and Janis Joplin as well as the Beatle's break up and the events of Kent State and Altamont

Nirvana

formed in 1987 (Kurt Cobain, Krist Novoselic) and hailed from Aberdeen, Washington (100 miles from Seattle). • First album "Bleach" (1989) was with the Sub Pop record label (Soundgarden) and cost about $600 to record, but sold 35,000 copies • "Nevermind" was released in 1991 (Geffen), eventually becoming #1 and was responsible for bringing Grunge to the mainstream audience (and replacing Michael Jackson's Dangerous) *Ex. Smells Like Teen Spirit • Kurt Cobain, though much to his disliking, became the voice of new rock movement. Though his band's popularity was at its peak, Kurt struggled with popularity and the fear that their message of antiestablishment was being overshadowed. • Cobain, and his wife Courtney Love (of the band Hole) had a series of drug overdoses. Other problems were, taking heroin while pregnant with their child and even came close to losing their daughter. • "In Utero" (1993) with hits Heart-shaped Box, Rape Me and All Apologies was not as commercially successful as "Nevermind", though it debuted at #1 • After a successful taping on MTV Unplugged the band would go on tour, resulting in several cancellations and Kurt checking into a rehab facility, for which he escaped by climbing over a wall. He was found dead a week later on Friday, April 8, 1994 with a self-inflicted gun-shot wound. The band dissolved but Dave Grohl would find success with the band The Foo Fighters

Public Enemy

members were Chuck D, Flavor Flav, Terminator X, Professor Griff, DJ Lord, S1W, met in college Supporters of the Nation of Islam, often started raps from speeches of Malcolm X and Louis Farrakhan "Dancers" dressed in paramilitary uniforms Professor Griff was fired from the group after he gave anti-Semitic remarks to the "Washington Post" It Takes A Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back Provided the political analysis of Chuck D with the streetwise commentary of Flavor Flav Fear of a Black Planet (1990) was their first crossover hit album with politically themed songs as "911 is a Joke" and "Fight the Power", which was the theme song to Spike Lee's movie Do the Right Thing. Ex. "Fight the Power" Became one of hip-hop's most influential songs Public Enemy scored continued success with Apocalypse '91...The Enemy Strikes Black and hits like "Can't Truss It" It also confronted the issue that Arizona didn't recognize Martin Luther King Day as a holiday