American Through Baseball Exam 1

Martin DiHigo

"El Inmortal". 1923-50, played in the Negro, Mexican and Caribbean leagues. Considered to be one of the greatest to ever play the game. (Good one for essay 2 and 6 maybe even first one)

Andy Cohen

"The Great Jewish Hope"/ "Tuscaloosa Terror". Jewish baseball player who was from Texas, went to school at Alabama. Fantastic ball player.

Federal League

(1914-15) Took NL to supreme court and Supreme Court ruled that the national league was not a baseball monopoly (1922)

La Soule

- Founded in Norway, known as baseball's "dopplebanger" - soccer, lacrosse, baseball may have come from this sport - 12th century

Jim Creighton

- considered the superstar of baseball's amateur era - played for the Excelsior of Brooklyn in 1860 and 1862 - this team was considered one of the most dominant teams of this era -underpaid

Alexis de Tocqueville

- french political writer and thinker - wrote "democracy in america" (published after visiting the US) and "the old regime and the revolution". these books analyze the rising living standards and social conditions of individuals and their relationship to the market and state in Western Societies - a valuable explanation of America to Europeans and Americans to themselves. the book focuses on equality and individualism

Grover Cleveland

- had white stockings come to the white house during the tour

Alexander Cartwright

-Founder of the NY Knickerbockers in 1840's - no proof that he met the tourists, but he had a big impact on their game - "Founder of Baseball" but after he died many people questioned this theory

Trust-busting

-Government activities aimed at breaking up monopolies and trusts -progressive regulators

William McKinley

-President during the Spanish-American War -Went to war in the Phillipenes, defeats Spanish fleet and takes over Puerto Rico and Cuba territories and we become the leader of these latin american and caribbean territories -projected us into U.S Imperialism in that we were trying to expand so much to make American a strong force and ally.

National Agreement of 1891

-all leagues agreed to respect each others' player contracts -this allowed for multiple leagues to coexist

Grantland Rice

-an early 20th-century American sportswriter -Rice coached the 1908 Vanderbilt baseball team

Forbes Field

-baseball park in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, from 1909 to June 28, 1970; damaged by 2 fires and torn down -the third home of the Pittsburgh Pirates Major League Baseball team

Brotherhood of Base Ball Players

-first serious effort to organize a labor union consisting of baseball players -launched in 1885 through the efforts of star player John Montgomery Ward(lawyer) -aim of raising player salaries in recognition of the growing popularity of professional baseball and the growth in revenues generated by the game -combat the reserve clause -gained official recognition when National League owners first met with the Brotherhood's representatives on November 17, 1887 -relations between the two soon became difficult as owners were unwilling to make significant concessions.

William Hulbert

-founder of the National League -president of Chicago White stockings -created his own league in concern he'd get kicked out of the National Association for stealing all the good players

Golden Spike

-given annually to the best baseball player -first presented in 1978 by Major League Baseball Players Association -Train tracks laid all over the country, made the whole country smaller. Linked east to west; captains of industry exploded

Mike "King" Kelly

-irish-catholic -always drunk on the field -known for his sliding and speed -played everything but pitcher -invented first base interfering

Pullman strike

-nationwide railroad strike in 1984, major turning point for US labor laws. - "pullman palace sleeping cars" similar to the cars baseball tourists would be on -started by increasingly activist labor unions -prevented people from getting to the games

Mills Commission

1907 A.G. Mills Became the president of the national league of baseball Doubleday was published as the inventor for baseball even though he wasn't Mills commission used this to sell Baseball as America's Founder Significance: Baseball pioneer Abraham Gilbert Mills is remembered for heading the "Mills Commission" which concluded that the game of baseball was invented in America by Civil War General Abner Doubleday

Lipman Pike

1st ever Jewish Major league player in 1858

Shibe Park

A concrete baseball stadium in Philadelphia, Penn. that was funded and constructed by Ben Shibe and Connie Mack. It was built to fit more fans, concrete to prevent stadium fires. Due to the rise in the popularity of baseball and transportation advancements. The ornate structures were intended to symbolize economic, political and cultural power. He wanted all classes of people to attend. Saw it as a form of civic patronage since he funded 100% of the construction. This will be reversed later with the building of the L.A. Colosseum

New Woman

A time where "Ladies Days" were created at baseball games where woman would get in for free to promote the sport to women.

Spalding World Tour

Albert Spalding took his Chicago White Stockings on a tour of four continents to play a team of all stars. First effort to push America's power and perception of global involvement. 1888- 6 month tour

World Series

Baseball's World Series is broadcast on radio for the first time (1921); the New York Giants defeat the New York Yankees, five games to three. First one was in 1903

1934 Tour of Japan

Beginning and introduction of japan (see Lefty O'Doul) This stopped when the war started and Japan dropped the bomb of pearl harbor

Sunday blue laws

Blue laws are laws designed to enforce religious standards. Many states prohibit selling alcoholic beverages for on- and off-premises sales in one form or another on Sundays at some restricted time. Can't play Baseball games on Sundays

Cy Young

Cy Young to AL's Boston,1890-1911, 511 career victories, Cy Young award significance -American Major League Baseball pitcher. During his 22-season baseball career, he pitched for five different teams. Young established numerous pitching records, some of which have stood for a century.

Ebbets Field

Ebbets Field was a Major League Baseball stadium in the Flatbush section of Brooklyn, New York City

Yankee Stadium

First "stadium" that was modern and massive, most beautiful stadium and players loved to play there

Players Fraternity

Fraternity's 17 Demands to NL/AL Limit on reserve Clause (10 yr/15 players free to go) Owner pay for uniforms and travel expenses Owners justify fines and suspensions 5 day severance pay Frat wins 11 of 17 demands, modifies 3 Fails on sharing film profits from world series. David Fultz founded it and represented players

Babe Ruth

He was a famous baseball player who played for the Yankees. He helped developed a rising popularity for professional sports.

Lefty O'Doul

Helped in the start up of major league teams in Japan. Yomiuri/Tokyo Giants, 1934.

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Griffith Stadium

In Washington D.C. from 1911 to 1965; that was the nationals home field, a fire burned the wooden stadium down so they rebuilt the structure with steel and concrete. Owner Clark Griffith, then was demolished in 1965 and the Howard University now occupies the site.

Ty Cobb

May 15, 1912; Best hitter; Cobb was heckled by a disabled man at New York's Highlander Park; called Cobb the N word and Cobb climbed into the stand and beat him severely; Cobb was banned indefinitely; his teammates when on strike in protest of the ban; Cobb urged the team to return and Johnson reduced the ban to ten games.

Knickerbockers

NY Knickerbockers (Alexander Cartwright) 1842 Gentleman's Club. Created before national league. Said to be one of the first teams to play in a recorded game and their name was based of their occupation (pants makers?)

Cooperstown

New York baseball hall of fame building. Town really had nothing to do with baseball. It is not owned by the MLB

David Fultz

Players Fraternity (1912-15) what - was an American football and baseball player and coach significance -He played Major League Baseball as a center fielder in the National League with the Philadelphia Phillies and Baltimore Orioles,

1896 Election

Republican William McKinley won and tried to make baseball a monopoly, capitalism and corporations won - half decade before brotherhood lost

Panama Canal

Roosevelt pushed for it during Spanish American War

Mo Berg

Spoke a lot of languages; low rate pitcher; took panoramic photos in his spare time of japan and later those pictures were used in WWII to bomb Tokyo

Charles Cominsky

St. Louis Browns 1st baseman, then manager. The players hated him for being so cheap. Stingy, but knew that the power was with the journalists and fans. His motto was that all he needed was good press. Invented the first press room. Spent a lot of money on recruiting good players. Made players pay to wash their own uniforms.

Brotherhood war

The Brotherhood began in 1885 as a benevolent association concerned with helping players in trouble and improving relations between management and players. When club owners tried, in 1888, to impose a stiff set of salary limits upon the players, the Brotherhood provided a base for player resistance.

National Association of Base Ball Players

The National Association of Base Ball Players(NABBP) was the first organization governing American baseball. The first convention of sixteen New York City area clubs in 1857 practically terminated the Knickerbocker era, when that club privately deliberated on the rules of the game.

National Association of Professional Base Ball Players

The National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, or known simply as the National Association, was founded in 1871 and continued through the 1875 season. Founded: March 17, 1871 No of teams: 25 (total); 8 (1874); 12 (1875)

American League

The second professional baseball league, begun in 1901

Assimilation

This was a time where many Jews, especially in the lower east side of NY, were living in the city. They didn't believe in sports and many of their parents and family were strictly in favor of getting an education and creating a good work ethic. There were very few Jews playing the sport and during this time were still people who were anti-semitic. Many people who wanted to play had similar or the same last names (Cohen), so they had their names changed to basic non-jewish common last names in order to not receive criticism and ridicule.

William H Taft

Threw the first pitch by a president to Walter Johnson "The Big Train"; signed the ball

Elysian Fields

WHAT: believed to be the cite of the first organized baseball game WHERE: Hobokon, New Jersey WHEN: opened in 1845 SIGNIFICANCE: strong claim that Hobokon is the birthplace of baseball

Christy Mathewson

WHO: "Christian Gentleman", college educated WHAT: One of the greatest pitchers ever WHERE: NY Giants (1901-1918) SIGNIFICANCE: Had success during baseball's deadball era: 373 wins as a team and pitched for 22 wins. He enlisted in military at a young age and died from a gas mask accident

Cap Anson

WHO: (1871-97), played for the Chicago White Stockings, was a leader and an innovator in outfielder positions, the concept of spring training, base coaches and pitcher rotations. WHAT: Had 3000 hits and .334 batting average. Was very racist but was respected by other members of the team, especially during the world baseball tour (orchestrated by Spalding) WHERE: SIGNIFICANCE: manager of white stockings

Cincinnati Red Stockings

WHO: Albert Spalding was star player, George wright played (cricket player) WHAT: 1870's the forest city, banned from national league in 1880 for violating not playing on sundays SIGNIFICANCE: baseball's first all-salaried league; Showed that baseball is not just a game, but can be a business and occupation

Brooklyn Excelsiors

WHO: Amateur baseball team WHAT: WHERE: Brooklyn SIGNIFICANCE: Spalding played for this league but could not be paid. Jim Creighton also played; known for originating the "Brooklyn-style" baseball cap, precursor to the modern cap; Jim Creighton= 1st professional star (pitcher); knickerbockers vs. excelsiors (1859) eve of Civil War

John Montogomery Ward

WHO: American Major league pitcher, shortstop, and second basemen, lawyer and the manager of the National League team. Also led the Brotherhood's union which advocated for players' rights and fought against the reserve clause that A.G Spalding established. WHAT:published an article in The Cosmopolitan discussing the sport's appeal but also noting the labor struggles as baseball marketed itself a worthy pastime. He also joined the world tour due to Spalding recruiting him, likely wishing to move the union's (Brotherhood union) "ringmaster" out of the country to prevent him from organizing a protest or strike.

John D. Rockefeller

WHO: American Oil Industry Magnate, industrialist, and philanthropic WHAT: He is widely considered the wealthiest American of all time, and the richest person in modern history. Monopolist for Oil industry SIGNIFICANCE: Helped to shape the progressive era prior to the Great Depression, one of the main reasons American Gov. intervened with corporate America.

Pullman Strike

WHO: George Pullman worked in the elegant sleeping trains business WHAT: increasingly activist labor union WHEN: 1894 SIGNIFICANCE: Pullman was good to his employees but during the depression he laid off most of them and cut the pay of the rest by 30-40%; they went on strike and gathered other railroad workers to strike and shut down all the railroads; stopped mail because mail went by train and stopping mail is a federal offense so the government stepped in and broke the strike and there was a huge riot and people died; railroads were a monopoly and this is an example of how monopolies can be bad?

Henry Chadwich

WHO: Journalist WHAT: wrote about the game starting in 1970's WHERE: SIGNIFICANCE: covered international matches and urged the ruled committee to make adjustments to increase the number of fans at the game. reported about doubleday's dementia. wrote about the tour and about the power of imperial imagination

Reserve Clause

WHO: This clause was for managers and team owners to keep players at low salaries WHAT: Committed players to teams and reserved the rights for them to stay with the team until their contract was over. WHERE: everywhere? (applied to all teams and all managers utilized it) WHEN: was created in 1879, before progressive era SIGNIFICANCE: This lead to the brotherhood or the Players League in 1890.

Warren Harding

WHO: U.S. president aka "President of the fans" WHAT: Prohibition bribery & financer WHERE: Teapot Dome (Wyoming) scandal 1922 SIGNIFICANCE: died in office, big scandal; huge fan, "president of the fans"; met Babe Ruth; MLB postponed games after his death and wore black bands after to commemorate him

Abner Doubleday

WHO: US Army officer and Union 2-star general in the American Civil War, many considered him the father of baseball WHAT: later turned out to be demented and died in an asylum WHERE: SIGNIFICANCE: He fired the first shot in defense of Fort Sumter, the opening battle of the war, and had a pivotal role in the early fighting at the Battle of Gettysburg; Doubleday field in Cooperstown; never actually mentioned the game of baseball himself or in his obituary

Ned Hanlon

WHO: all-american outfielder WHAT: went to Pittsburg to play, played in the Players league in 1890 before leaving to managethe Orioles WHERE: from canada SIGNIFICANCE: manager for the Baltimore Oriole championship teams of the 1890s

Cornelious Vanderbilt

WHO: an American Business magnate and philanthropist who built his wealth in railroads and whipping WHAT: helped generate US interest in visiting foreign attractions Significance: Major contributor to the uneven distribution of power in progressive era America.

Baltimore Orioles

WHO: manager was "Fox" Ned Hanlon WHAT: championship team of 1890 WHERE: Baltimore SIGNIFICANCE: Part of the American Association, perfected "scientific" or "inside" baseball. Focused on advancing runs through singles, sacrificing and bunting. Won games by home runs every once and a while, opposite of what Babe Ruth did

Andrew Freedman

WHO: monopolist WHERE: Chicago WHEN: 1895-1902 SIGNIFICANCE: Bought the NY Giants and moved the baseball "capital" from Chicago to New York (1895-1902). Was Jewish and caused fights with everyone. Willingly let his star pitcher ( Amos Rusie) sit out because he wouldn't pay him more.

National League

WHO: organization of clubs WHAT: $100 entry fee WHERE: in cities with population of more than 75,000 SIGNIFICANCE: all player contracts were written and adhered to by players. Morals- no Sunday games, no alcohol, no gambling (British bookmaking 1877), no players fraternization with fans, unruly fans ejected

Albert (A.G.) Spalding

WHO: pitcher, manager, and executive in the early years of professional Baseball and co-founder of AG Spalding Sporting Goods. Played in the Major Leagues from 1871 - 1878 WHAT: N/A WHERE: ? SIGNIFICANCE: Realized he could profit off baseball and it could be turned into a major industry; turned to people to find the origin of baseball; made an argument the baseball was American born and bred

Fleet Walker

WHO: played for american association's mud hens SIGNIFICANCE: first known black player in major leagues

James Madison Toy

WHO: played in the American Association in 1887-1890 WHAT: Cleveland Blues of the American Association and the Brooklyn Gladiators of the Players' League WHERE: Cleveland and Brooklyn Significance: suffered many indignities because he was native american

Ban Johnson

WHO: president of Western Association WHAT: WHERE: SIGNIFICANCE: He wanted the WA to the the second league in organized baseball alongside the NL. He wanted it ran like a business with rigid leadership. WA was re-named to American League. Worked with Charles Comiskey to create new teams in the East, often in the same cities as NL teams (This is how the Chicago White Sox were created). The NL hated this league and fought against it. Johnson ended up organizing teams with rich businessmen who can help with the costs. They ended up signing over 100 + NL players.

Spanish-American War

War between the U.S and Spain over the control of Cuba, Puerto Rico and other Latin American territories. U.S sinks Spain's fleet and gains control over those countries. The war was fought in the Phillipenes. Launched us into american imperialism, foreign affairs and expansionism. Under William McKinley's presidency

Wee Willie Keller

Was a great bunter, 5'4 140 lbs, fast Baltimore Orioles

Mergers

When similar companies or organizations combine to form a larger organization with the same goal or product; National agreement merges some of the American Association with the national league (1891); wanted American Association gone

Polo Grounds

Where the NY Giants played, another big ballpark

WASP

White Anglo-Saxon Protestants - unsure and uncomfortable of new people coming into the country (TRUMP)

Jane Austen

Wrote about baseball 40 years before it's official invention in her book Northanger Abbey, 1817; base ball was most likely being played in Britain in the late 18th century; Spalding erased from history baseball's origins in Britian

Business Monopolies or trust

a business or organization that is the main provider of a product or event (?) There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies.

Progressivism

a philosophy of political reform based on the goodness and wisdom of the individual citizen as opposed to special interests and political institutions

Inside Baseball

advancing runs through singles, sacrifices, and bunting, otherwise winning games by scoring runs here and there rather than relying on the sensational power game of the home run (opposite of what babe ruth did)

Gospel of Wealth

article written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich; called on the rich to give back their money to society

Horace Wilson

brought baseball to Japan

One Hole Cat

early version of baseball/battenball game

Napoleon Lajoie

greatest all-around players of the Deadball Era, and one of the best second basemen of all time

Mordecai "Three Fingers" Brown

had 3 fingers due to a farming accident; great pitcher and inducted in the hall of fame

Fenway Park

home field for the boston red soxs; oldest ballpark in the MLB

Vertical Mobility

movement, either up or down, from one social status to another

Magnate

owners of the teams/ monopolists in general American society

Connie Mack

part-owner of the Philadelphia Athletics. He was Ban Johnson's idea of the perfect manager for the American League-he was sober, well dressed, and never argued with the umpires. His teams would embody the first dynasty of the American League.

Honus Wagner

played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1897 to 1917, almost entirely for the Pittsburgh Pirates. Wagner won eight batting titles, tied for the most in National League history with Tony Gwynn. He also led the league in slugging six times, and in stolen bases five times. Wagner was nicknamed "The Flying Dutchman" due to his superb speed and German heritage

Barnstorming

private/volunteer teams that toured the world; all star teams; Spalding's world tour was barnstorming; a lot of women were on men barnstorming teams and would put up there hair and pretend to be men

Erie Canal

transport and Land: Erie Canal (1825), Roads, Railroads, expansion of America just before baseball was played

Walter Johnson

who - "Big Train" what - where - DC Senators (1907-27) significance - Significant player in the dead ball era; received first pitch by Taft

Harry Pulliman

who - Harry Pulliam and NL-AL merger 1903: National commission (of league presidents, not owners) Commission recognizes: AL territory in NYC, Reserve clause and player contracts, Dispersal of money, significance - Expansion of Leagues World Series Is cancelled Harry Clay Pullian (February 9, 1869 - July 29, 1909) was an American baseball executive who served as the sixth President of the National League.

Isoo Abe

who - Japanese baseball player where - Waseda College significance - Created the foundation of baseball, also known as the "father of baseball" in Japan.

John McGraw

who - Player / manager for the New York Giants. significance -His grudge against Johnson in the American League made him skip the Championship against Boston in 1904. He agreed to play Philly the next year so his players could get the bonus. They won 4 games to 1. Drank a lot, talked trash.

Woodrow Wilson

who - President what - where - When - 1913-1921 significance - also an imperialist who was apart of trust busting; loved baseball; endorsed by Ty Cobb; first president to attend a world series game in 1915

Theodore Roosevelt

who - President during the Progressive Era and baseball's Silver Age what - Imperialist who was a "trust buster" and wanted to clean up dirty politics to globalize America where - significance - Thought baseball was not a good thing for Americans, but believed that individual outdoorsy activities were most beneficial to the people

Billie Sunday

who - baseball player for the National League significance -Became an influential evangelist in the 20th century and was a huge supporter of prohibition his sermons and preaching played a sig. role in the passing of the 18th

John Bush

who- successful retail magnate who owned the New York Giants from 1903 until his death in 1912. significance -Though the Giants became the most valuable franchise in professional sports during his tenure, & the most influential magnate in the National League's executive sessions, Brush was not well-liked by players or the press.

Jack Northworth

wrote "Take Me Out To the Ballgame"

National Commission

• Commission recognizes, AL territory in NYC • Reserve clause and player contracts • Dispersal of money • Appointing of umpires • Expansion of Leagues • World Series Is cancelled