AMSCO AP US History Chapter 1 - 5

Alexander Hamilton (political party, beliefs, position in government, Bank, financial plan)

(ID, CUL) He was George Washington's secretary of the treasury. A Federalist, he favored a strong central government. He proposed a financial plan to Congress that included: * Pay off the national debts and have the federal government assume the war debts of the states. * Protect new and developing industries of the nation by placing high tariffs on imported goods. * Create a bank for depositing government funds and printing banknotes that could provide the basis for a stable U.S. currency. (AMSCO p. 106, 110)

George Washington's Farewell Address

(ID, CUL) In late 1796, George Washington wrote this address for publication in newspapers. It warned Americans: not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances in foreign affairs, not to from political parties, and not to fall into sectionalism. (AMSCO p. 115)

Rise of anti-immigrant sentiment

(ID, CUL) In the mid-1850s there was growing tension in the North between native-born Protestant Americans and immigrant Germans and Irish Catholics. This gave rise the American party (Know-Nothing party) whose core issue was opposition to Catholics and immigrants who were entering Northern cities in large numbers. (AMSCO p. 254)

Jamestown (cooperation, conflict, identity, leaders, failures, success, reasons for settling)

(PEO) In 1607, the first permanent English colony in America was founded at this location. The Virginia Company, was a a joint-stock company chartered by England's King James I. The settlement was located in a swampy area which resulted in fatal outbreaks of malaria and dysentery. Many of the settlers were not accustomed to farming and hunting. Trade with the American Indians was important to the settlement and conflicts would halt trade and settlers went hungry. By 1624, the Virginia colony was near collapse, so King James I took direct control and turned it into England's first royal colony. (AMSCO p. 25)

Massachusetts Bay Colony (cooperation, conflict, identity, leaders, failures, success, reasons for settling)

(PEO) In 1630, John Winthrop led about a thousand Puritans to America to found Boston and other towns, as the Massachusetts Bay Company, a royal charter colony. They were called Puritans because they were moderated dissenters, that believed the Church of England should be purified. They originally came to America for religious freedom. However, in the 1630s, a civil war in England drove nearly 15,000 settlers to the Massachusetts Bay Colony, in the Great Migration. (AMSCO p. 26)

American Indian Societies 1491

(PEO) Some time between 10,000 and 40,000 years ago, people may have migrated from Asia to the Americas, across a land bridge that connected Siberia and Alaska. Over a long period of time, successive generations migrated southward to the southern tip of South America. They evolved to hundreds of tribes, spoke different languages, and practiced different cultures. In the 1490s it is estimated that the Native American population was from 50 million to 100 million people. (AMSCO p. 2)

African American slavery in the Colonies

(PEO) The first slaves arrived in the colonies in 1619. They were not slaves for life, but worked for a period of time, like an indentured servant. Then discriminatory laws were passed, slaves and their offspring were kept in permanent bondage. (AMSCO p. 28)

Quakers

(PEO) They were Members of the Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as Quakers. They believed in the equality of men and women, nonviolence, and resistance to military service. They believed that religious authority was found within each person's soul and not in the Bible or any outside source. (AMSCO p. 34)

Plymouth Colony (cooperation, conflict, identity)

(PEO) This colony was started by the Pilgrims at Plymouth (Massachusetts). Originally known as Separatists, they wanted to organize a church separate from the Church of England. Several hundred of them left England and moved to Holland. In Holland they experienced economic hardship and cultural differences. In 1620, they sailed aboard the Mayflower to Plymouth. In the first winter nearly half of them perished. They were eventually helped by friendly American Indians and celebrated the first Thanksgiving in 1621. (AMSCO p. 26)

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

(PEO, POL) Created the Northwest Territory (area lying between the Great Lakes and the Ohio River), established conditions for creating new states. Granted limited self-government and prohibited slavery in the region. (AMSCO p. 93)

13th, 14th, 15th Amendment

(POL) 13th Amendment: This constitutional amendment, ratified in December 1865, forbade slavery and involuntary servitude in all states. (AMSCO p. 276) 14th Amendment: Ratified in 1868, this constitutional amendment, declares that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were citizens, and it obligated the states to respect the rights of U.S. citizens and provide them with "equal protection of the laws" and "due process of law". Other parts of the amendment related to Congress' plan for Reconstruction. (AMSCO p. 295) 15th Amendment: Ratified in 1870, this Constitutional amendment, prohibited any state from denying or abridging a citizen's right to vote "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." (AMSCO p. 297)

Marbury v. Madison

(POL) A Supreme Court case in 1803 where Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that a law passed by Congress was unconstitutional. This established the doctrine of judicial review, where the Supreme Court could overrule actions taken by the legislative and executive branches of the government. (AMSCO p. 134)

Sojourner Truth

(POL) A United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate for the abolition of slavery and the rights of women. (AMSCO p. 215)

Fort Sumter

(POL) A federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. It was cut off from vital supplies because the South controlled the harbor. President Lincoln announced that he was sending provisions to the Union fort. On April 12, 1861, Carolina guns opened on the Union, and the Civil War began. (AMSCO p. 269)

Mexican American War

(POL) A war between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. President James Polk attempted to purchase California and the New Mexico territories and resolve the disputed Mexico-Texas border. Fighting broke out before the negotiations were complete and the war lasted about two years, ending when the United States troops invaded Mexico City. (p. 233-235)

Emancipation Proclamation

(POL) After the Battle of Antietam, on September 22, 1862, President Lincoln warned that enslaved people in all states still in rebellion on January 1, 1863 would be freed. He also urged the border states to draft plans for emancipation of slaves in their states. On January 1, 1863, Lincoln as promised issued this famous proclamation. This led to slaves joining the Union army and increased Union support from Europe. (AMSCO p. 276)

African Americans and obstacles to voting

(POL) After the Civil War Southern states used various strategies to keep black people for voting such as literacy tests, poll taxes, and political party primaries for whites only. Many states also passed grandfather clauses which allowed a man to vote only if his grandfather had voted before the war. (AMSCO p. 349)

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

(POL) An 1819 Supreme Court case, in which New Hampshire attempted to change Dartmouth College from a private college into a public institution. The court struck down the state law as unconstitutional, arguing that a contract for a private corporation could not be altered by the state. (AMSCO p. 154)

Missouri Compromise

(POL) An 1820 compromise, that allowed Missouri to join the Union as a slave state, and Maine to join as a free state. It also established a line across the southern border of Missouri (36°,30') stating that except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be states without slavery. (AMSCO p. 155 -157)

Dred Scott v. Sandford

(POL) An 1857 Supreme Court case, in which Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that African Americans (free or slave), were not citizens of the United States, that Congress could not exclude slavery from any federal territory, and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. The ruling delighted Southern Democrats and infuriated Northern Republicans. (AMSCO p. 255)

William Tecumseh Sherman (role in the Civil War)

(POL) Union General William Tecumseh Sherman led a force of 100,000 troops on a destructive march through Georgia. Destroying everything in their path, they captured Atlanta, Georgia in September 1864, then marched into Savannah by that December, then they captured and burned Columbia, South Carolina in February 1865. (AMSCO p. 277)

abolition movement

(POL, CUL) Abolitionist were opponents of slavery. They ranged from moderated who proposed gradual abolition to radicals who demanded immediate abolition without compensating the owners. American Colonization Society was founded in 1817 to transport free black people to an African colony. This appealed to moderates, racists, and politicians. However, only 12,000 people were actually settled in Africa. American Antislavery Society was founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and others. They advocated the immediate abolition of all slavery in every state. In 1840, the Liberty party was formed in reaction to the radical abolitionists. They pledged to bring an end to slavery by political and legal means. (p. 215) Black abolitionist included free African Americans and escaped slaves. In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison started the radical abolitionist movement with the "The Liberator" newspaper. He advocated the immediate abolition of all slavery in every state. In 1847, Frederick Douglass, a former slave, started the antislavery journal, "The North Star". Famous abolitionist Harriet Tubman, was born a slave, she assisted fugitive slaves to escape to free territory. Sojourner Truth was an abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate for the abolition of slavery and the rights of women. Violent abolitionist argued that slave should take action themselves and rise up in revolt. David Walker and Henry Highland Garnet both believed in violent abolition of slavery. In 1831, Nat Turner led the largest slave rebellion in which 55 whites were killed. (AMSCO p. 214, 215)

Reconstruction

(POL, CUL) Constitutional concepts of limited government and states' rights discouraged national leaders from taking bold action t rebuild the South after the Civil War. Little economic help was given to whites or blacks in the South. The physical rebuilding was largely left up to the states and individuals, while the federal government concentrated on political issues. (AMSCO p. 291)

James Madison

(POL, WOR) The fourth President of the United States from 1809 to 1817. A Democrat-Republican and a close friend of Thomas Jefferson. He was a member of the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention. He is known as the Father of the Constitution, and he strongly supported its ratification. He was a contributor to The Federalist Papers. His presidency was marked by the War of 1812. (AMSCO p. 137)

War of 1812: Causes and Consequences

(WOR) A war between the United States and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. American troops attempted an invasion of Canada, but it was repulsed by British defenders. Numerous naval battles occurred and at one point the British marched through Washington, D.C. and burned the White House. In December 1814 the Treaty of Ghent was reached and territory was returned to the pre-war status. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. (AMSCO p. 138)

Monroe Doctrine

(WOR) An 1823 doctrine by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets. (AMSCO p. 158)

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)

(WOR) Colonist name for the Coercive Acts of 1774, a series of acts created by Britain to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party. They included: Port Act: This act closed the port of Boston, prohibiting trade in and out of the harbor until the destroyed tea was paid for. Massachusetts Government Act: This act reduced the power of the Massachusetts legislature while increasing the power of the royal governor. Administration of Justice Act: This act allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in England instead of the colonies. Expansion of the Quartering Act: This act enabled British troops to be housed in private homes. (AMSCO p. 75)

Boston Tea Party

(WOR) In December 1773, a group of Bostonians disguised as American Indians boarded British ships in Boston Harbor and dumped 342 chests of tea into the harbor. The colonists did this act because British taxes were providing an unfair advantage for British tea. (AMSCO p. 75)

European incentives for exploring and settling of America

(WOR) In the 15th century (1400s) there were three primary motives for Europeans to explore and settle America were political, economic, and religious. Political: In the 15th century Europe was changing politically. Nation states were forming, where the majority of people shared a common culture and a common loyalty toward a central government. The monarchs of these countries such as Spain, Portugal, France, England, and the Netherlands depended on trade to bring in needed revenue and they wanted to expand trade. Economic: In the past merchants had traveled a long, slow, and expensive land route to Asia. In 1453, this route was blocked when the Ottoman Turks seized control of Constantinople. In order to find a route to the rich Asian market, European nations funded exploration by sea. In 1492, Spain financed Christopher Columbus who sailed across the Atlantic in search of a route to Asia. He landed on an island in the Bahamas. Religious: In the early 1500s, many Christians in northern European countries had revolted against the Roman Catholic church, in the Protestant Reformation. The conflict between the Catholics and the Protestants caused them to want to spread their version of Christianity to other parts of the world. (AMSCO p. 6)

mercantilism

(WOR) In the 17th century (1600s) most European kingdoms adopted the economic policy of mercantilism. Under mercantilism, colonies were to provide raw materials to the parent country for the growth and profit of the parent countries industries. Colonies existed only to enrich the parent country. Spain and France had applied mercantilistic policies with their colonies from the beginning, but England began to apply mercantilistic policies in the mid 17th century. (AMSCO p. 35)

Columbian Exchange

(WOR) The Europeans and the original inhabitants of the Americas had developed vastly different cultures over thousands of years. This term refers to the transfer of plants, animals and germs from one side of the Atlantic to the other for the first time. Europe received beans, corn, potatoes tomatoes, and tobacco. America received sugar cane, bluegrasses, pigs, horses, the wheel, iron implements, guns, and most importantly diseases.(AMSCO p. 7)

Stamp Act (Declaratory Act)

(WOR) This 1765 act required that revenue stamps be placed on almost all printed paper, such as legal documents, newspapers, and pamphlets. This was the first tax paid directly by the colonists, rather than merchants. Boycotts were effective in repealing this act. (AMSCO p. 72)

salutary neglect

(WXT) Great Britain had exercised little direct control over the colonies and did not enforce its navigation laws. This changed after the French and Indian War, as the British adopted more forceful policies for taking control of the colonies. (AMSCO p. 71)

triangular trade

(WXT) In the 17th century New England merchant ships would follow a triangle route. Starting from a New England port they would carry rum across the Atlantic to West African. There the rum would be traded for hundreds of African slaves. Next, the ship would sale to the West Indies (Caribbean), trade the slaves, and take on a cargo of sugar cane. The last part of the journey, they would return to a New England port and sell the sugarcane, which was used to make rum. (AMSCO p. 37)

Radical Republicans

(POL) In the 1860s, this was the smaller portion of the Republican party than the moderates. They were led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens. They supported various programs that were most beneficial to the newly freed African Americans in the South. (AMSCO p. 295)

Constitutional Convention

(POL) In the summer of 1787, 55 delegates from the thirteen states, excluding Rhode Island, met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The purpose was to create the Constitution, which would replace the Articles of Confederation. (AMSCO p. 104)

Whig Party

(POL) In the 1820s, this party was led by Henry Clay. It was similar to the old Federalist party of Alexander Hamilton. They supported a national bank, federal funds for internal improvements, and a protective tariff. They were concerned about crime associated with immigrants. Their support came from the New England and Mid-Atlantic states, Protestants of English heritage, and urban professionals. (AMSCO p. 197-199)

educational reform

(POL) In the 1840s, this movement to provide free education for all children spread rapidly throughout the nation. (AMSCO p. 213)

prison reform

(POL) Pennsylvania took the lead in prison reform, building new prisons called penitentiaries to take the place of crude jails. Reformers believe that structure and discipline would bring about prisoner moral reform. (AMSCO p. 213)

Declaration of Independence (events leading up to it and how it changed the U.S.)

(ID) This declaration, drafted by Thomas Jefferson, listed specific grievances against King George III's government and also expressed the basic principles that justified revolution. It was ratified on July 4, 1776. (AMSCO p. 88)

Freedmen's Bureau

(POL) In March 1865, an organization created at end of Civil War, which provided aid to the both black and whites in the South. It provided food, shelter, and medical aid for those made destitute by the Civil War. (AMSCO p. 292)

Second Great Awakening

(CUL) A religious movement that occurred during the antebellum period. It was a reaction against rationalism (belief in human reason). It offered the opportunity of salvation to all. (AMSCO p. 207)

Roger Williams

(CUL) In 1636, he founded the settlement of Providence. He was a respected Puritan minister who believed that the individual's conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority. He was banished from the Bay colony for his beliefs. (AMSCO p. 29)

William Lloyd Garrison

(CUL) In 1831, he started the radical abolitionist movement with the "The Liberator" newspaper. He advocated the immediate abolition of all slavery in every state. (AMSCO p. 215)

Seneca Falls Convention

(CUL) In 1848, this was the first women's rights convention in U.S. history. They wrote a "Declaration of Sentiments", modeled after the Declaration of Independence, which declared all men and women equal and listed grievances. (p. 214)

William Penn

(CUL) In 1861, the royal family paid a large debt by granting his family a large parcel of American land. This Quaker, formed a colony that he named Pennsylvania. (AMSCO p. 34)

Thomas Paine; Common Sense

(CUL) In January 1776, Thomas Paine wrote this pamphlet that argued in clear and forceful language that the colonies should break with Britain. (AMSCO p. 88)

temperance

(CUL) In the 1820s, high rates of alcohol consumption prompted reformers to target alcohol as the cause of social ills. Organizations such as the American Temperance Society and the Washingtonians fought against alcohol consumption. (AMSCO p. 212)

Anne Hutchinson

(CUL) This Puritan believed in antinomianism, the idea that faith alone, not deeds is necessary for salvation. She was banished from the Bay colony because of her beliefs. In 1638, she founded the colony of Portsmouth. (AMSCO p. 29)

Great Awakening: George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards

(CUL) This religious movement was at its peak in the 1730s and 1740s. It was characterized by fervent expressions of religious feeling among masses of people. The movement had a democratizing effect by changing the way people viewed authority. Common people were encouraged to make their own religious decisions without relying on higher authority. A few decades in the future the colonists would why the king and royal governors should hold all political authority. George Whitefield spread the Great Awakening throughout the colonies, sometimes attracting crowds of 10,000 people. His sermons stressed that God was all powerful and would save only those who openly professed belief in Jesus Christ. Jonathan Edwards argued that God was rightfully angry with human sinfulness. Those who repented could be saved by God's grace, but those who did not would suffer eternal damnation. (AMSCO p. 49-50)

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

(ID) In 1799, Virginia and Kentucky passed state resolutions which claimed that states had the right to enact legislation which would nullify laws at the federal level. This set forth the argument and rationale that would be used in the nullification controversy of the 1830s. (AMSCO p. 117)

Sectionalism before the Civil War

(ID) In the early 19th century the nation could be considered as three regions: North, South, and West. NORTH: The North was bound together by transportation route and rapid economic growth based on commercial farming and industrial innovation. The North had expanding manufacturing but most people were still involved with farming. This was the most populous region of the country. SOUTH: The South was primarily an agriculture economy. Cotton was the most important crop, and tobacco, rice, and sugarcane were grown. WEST: The West was the frontier of the nation. Mountain men trapped furs and settlers obtained a meager existence by farming. (AMSCO p. 173-183)

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

(ID) Secret society organized to intimidated tax agents. Sometimes they destroyed revenue stamps and tarred and feathered tax collectors. (AMSCO p. 73)

Era of Good Feelings and Nationalism

(ID) Term to describe James Monroe's period as president (1817-1825). The Democratic-Republican party dominated politics. On the surface everything looked fine, however there were conflicts over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements, and public land sales. (AMSCO p. 150-153)

manifest destiny

(ID) The belief that the United States had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across the breadth of North America. (AMSCO p. 230)

Federalists and Democratic-Republicans

(POL) By 1796, two major parties were forming, the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. LEADERS: Federalists: John Adams, Alexander Hamilton Democratic-Republicans: Thomas Jefferson, James Madison VIEW OF THE CONSTITUTION: Federalists: Interpret the Constitution loosely and create a strong central government Democratic-Republicans: Interpret the Constitution strictly and create a weak central government FOREIGN POLICY: Federalists: Pro-British Democratic-Republicans: Pro-French MILITARY POLICY: Federalists: Develop large peacetime army and navy Democratic-Republicans: Develop small peacetime army and navy ECONOMIC POLICY: Federalists: Aid business, create a national bank, and support high tariffs Democratic-Republicans: Favor agriculture, oppose a national bank, and oppose tariffs CHIEF SUPPORTS: Federalists: Northern business owners and large landholders Democratic-Republicans: Skilled workers, small farmers, and plantation owners (AMSCO p. 115-116)

Robert E. Lee

(POL) Confederate general who defeated the Union at the Second Battle of Bull Run. At the Battle of Antietam (in Maryland) he was unable to break through the Union line and had to retreat back to Virginia. At Fredericksburg, Virginia his army suffered 5,000 casualties compared to 12,000 casualties for the Union army. His army was finally defeated and he surrendered to Union General Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. (AMSCO p. 272 273, 277, 278)

Constitutional compromises

(POL) Delegates to the Constitutional Convention disagreed on the fundamental purpose and many compromises were required. The Connecticut Plan or Great Compromise was created by Roger Sherman of Connecticut, it provided for a two house Congress. In the Senate, states would have two senators each, but in the House of Representatives, each state would be represented according to the size of its population. Three Fifths Compromise agreed that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of determining a state's level of taxation and representation. Commercial Compromise agreed that Congress was allowed to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, including placing tariffs on foreign imports but prohibited for placing taxes on exports. For the Presidency it was agreed that the presidential term would be four years with no limits on the number of terms and the electoral college was created to choose the president. (AMSCO p. 105)

King Philip's War

(POL) From 1675 to 1676, the American Indian chief Metacom (King Philip), waged a vicious war against the English settlers in southern New England. (AMSCO p. 31)

John Brown

(POL) He led his four sons and some former slaves, in an attack on the federal arsenal, called the Harpers Ferry raid. (AMSCO p. 257)

Compromise of 1850

(POL) Henry Clay proposed and it was signed into law by President Millard Fillmore. It proposed: * Admit California to the Union as a free state * Divide the remainder of the Mexican Cession into New Mexico and Utah (popular sovereignty) * Give land in dispute between Texas and New Mexico to federal government in return for paying Texas' public debt of 10 million * Ban slave trade in D. C., but permit slaveholding * New Fugitive Slave Law to be enforced (AMSCO p. 249)

Bacon's Rebellion

(POL) In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon led a group of army volunteers that raided Native American villages, fought the Virginia governor's forces, and set fire to Jamestown. The rebellion lost momentum when Bacon died of dysentery. The rebellion occurred because the royal governor of Virginia (Sir William Berkeley) failed to protect the small farmers on Virginia's western frontier from Native American attacks. (AMSCO p. 29)

Articles of Confederation

(POL) In 1777, Congress adopted this document and submitted it to the states for ratification. It established a central government that consisted of just one body, a Congress. Each state was given one vote and at least 9 out of 13 votes were required to pass important laws. Congress had the power to wage war, make treaties, send diplomatic representatives, and borrow money. However, there was no federal power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. In 1788, it was was replaced by the Constitution. (AMSCO p. 91)

John Marshall

(POL) In 1801, he was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, a position he held for 34 years. A Federalist whose decisions in landmark cases generally strengthened the federal government, often at the expense of states rights. (AMSCO p. 134)

Henry Clay

(POL) In 1810, he was a Kentucky member of the House of Representatives. He was a war hawk who argued for war with Britain. (AMSCO p. 139)

John C. Calhoun

(POL) In 1810, he was a South Carolina member of the House of Representatives. He was a war hawk who argued for war with Britain. (AMSCO p. 139)

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

(POL) In 1831, this Supreme Court case ruled that the Cherokees were not a foreign nation with the right to sue in a federal court. (AMSCO p. 195)

nullification crisis

(POL) In 1832, South Carolina passed a resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs in the state, which was nullifying a federal law at the state level. President Jackson threatened South Carolina with the use of federal troops and a compromise was reached. (AMSCO p. 196)

Worcester v. Georgia

(POL) In 1832, this Supreme Court case ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within the Cherokee territory. However, President Jackson sided with Georgia and the decision could not be enforced without Jackson's support. (AMSCO p 196)

Frederick Douglass

(POL) In 1847, this former slave started the antislavery journal, "The North Star". (AMSCO p. 215)

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

(POL) In 1848, this treaty ended the Mexican War. Under its terms, Mexico recognized the Rio Grande as the border with Texas, Mexico ceded the California and New Mexico territories to the United States. The United States agreed to pay Mexico $15 million and assumed responsibility for any claims of American citizens against Mexico. (AMSCO p. 234)

Harriet Beecher Stowe

(POL) In 1852, she wrote this influential book, "Uncle Tom's Cabin". It was about the conflict between a slave named Tom, and a brutal white slave owner, Simon Legree. It caused a generation of Northerners and many Europeans to regard all slave owners as cruel and inhuman. Southerners believed it to be proof of Northern prejudice against the Southern way of life. (AMSCO p. 250)

Federalists and Anti-Federalists

(POL) Ratification of the Constitution was debated from September 1787 until June 1788 by the Federalist and the Anti-Federalists. LEADERS: Federalists: George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton Anti-Federalists: George Mason, Patrick Henry, John Hancock ARGUMENTS IN DEBATING THE CONSTITUION: Federalists: Stronger central government was needed to maintain order and preserver the Union Anti-Federalists: Stronger central government would destroy the work of the Revolution, limit democracy, and restrict states rights STRATEGY: Federalists: Emphasized the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation; showed their opponents as merely negative opponents with no solutions Anti-Federalists: Argued that the proposed Constitution contained no protection of individual rights, that it gave the central government more power than the British ever had ADVANTAGES: Federalists: Strong leaders and well organized Anti-Federalists: Appealed to popular distrust of government based on colonial experiences Disadvantages: Federalists: Constitution was new and untried; as originally written it lacked a bill of rights Anti-Federalists: Poor organized; slow to respond to Federalist challenge (AMSCO p. 106)

Bill of Rights

(POL) The first ten amendments to the Constitution, added to protect the rights of individual citizens, and adopted in 1781. (AMSCO p. 108)

John Adams presidency (foreign and domestic policies and actions)

(POL) The second president of the United States from 1797 to 1801. He was a Federalist who favored a strong central government. During his term the XYZ Affair occurred when unnamed French minister requested a bribe, which angered the American public. Adams resisted the popular sentiment and avoided war. The Alien Act, which authorized the president to deport aliens that were considered dangerous to the nation, was passed. The Sedition Act, which made it illegal for newspaper editors to criticize the president or Congress, was passed. (AMSCO p. 115-117)

Andrew Jackson and the Jacksonian Era (supporters, critics, policies, political party)

(POL) The seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. He was a member of the Democratic party. He favored limited federal government, local rule, free trade, and opportunity for white males. His supporters were citizens of New England and Mid-Atlantic states, Protestants of English heritage, and urban professionals. His critics were the Whig party. (AMSCO p. 195)

Abraham Lincoln (election, birth of a political party, strategies in the Civil War)

(POL) The sixteenth president of the United States from 1861 to 1865. He was a Republican who ran on a platform that appealed to the economic self-interest of the North and West. At the start of the Civil War he did not call for an end to slavery because he wanted to keep the border states in the Union, the constitutional protections for slavery, the racial prejudice of many Northerners, fear that premature action against slavery could lose the election of 1860. In September 1862, after the Union victory at Battle of Antietam, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. This enlarged the purpose of the war and freed blacks to fight for the Union army. (AMSCO p. 258)

corrupt bargain

(POL) The term that Andrew Jackson and followers called the Adams and Clay deal of the 1824 election. The House of Representatives had to choose the president and Henry Clay used his influence have John Quincy Adams elected. (AMSCO p. 194)

Thomas Jefferson and the Jeffersonian Era (supporters, critics, policies, political party)

(POL) The third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. He was a Democrat-Republican. His supporters included skilled workers, small farmers, and plantation owners. He believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution and states rights. His foreign policy was pro-French and he favored a small peacetime army and navy. He favored agriculture, opposed a national bank and opposed tariffs. His critics were the Federalists. (AMSCO p. 116)

McCulloch v. Maryland

(POL) This 1819 Supreme Court case, ruled that states could not tax a federal institution, the Bank of the United States. The court ruled that, even though no clause in the Constitution specifically mentions a national bank, the Constitution gives the federal government the implied power to create one. (AMSCO p. 154)

Gibbons v. Ogden

(POL) This 1821 Supreme Court case ruled that New York state could not grant a monopoly to a steamboat company. This case established the federal government's control of interstate commerce. (AMSCO p. 154)

Kansas-Nebraska Act

(POL) This 1854 act, sponsored by Senator Stephen A Douglas, would build a transcontinental railroad through the central United States. In order gain approval in the South, it would divide the Nebraska territory into Nebraska and Kansas and allow voting to decide whether to allow slavery. This increased regional tensions because it effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise, which had already determined that this area would not allow slavery. (AMSCO p. 252)

Plessy v Ferguson

(POL) This 1896 Supreme Court case upheld a Louisiana law requiring separate but equal accommodations on railroads. The court ruled that the law did not violate the 14th Amendment's guarantee of "equal protection of the laws". (AMSCO p. 349)

Battle of Antietam

(POL) This battle took place in September 1862, when Confederate General Robert E. Lee moved his troops into Union territory in Maryland. The Union army met them at Antietam Creek, in Sharpsburg, Maryland. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with more than 22,000 killed or wounded. Unable to break through the Union lines the Confederate army retreated to Virginia. The win was important because it stopped the Confederate invasion of the North and gave Lincoln the victory he was waiting for. He could now act against slavery. (AMSCO p. 273)

Compromise of 1877

(POL) This informal deal settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) and Samuel J. Tilden (Democrat). It was agreed that Hayes would become president. In return, he would remove all federal troops from the South and support the building of a Southern transcontinental railroad. (AMSCO p. 303)

Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)

(POL) This war was fought in the colonies from 1754 to 1763, between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio River Valley area. The English won the war and the Peace of Paris was negotiated in 1763. (AMSCO p. 70)

market revolution: Erie Canal, railroads, steamboat, telegraph, Lowell Factory System, textile mills, Eli Whitney's interchangeable parts and cotton gin, steel plow

(WXT) The market revolution was a result of specialization on the farm, growth of the cities, industrialization, and the development of modern capitalism. It brought the end of self-sufficient households and a growing interdependence among people. Erie Canal: A New York canal, completed in 1825, that linked the economies of western and eastern cities. It lead to more canal building, lower food prices in the East, more settlers in the West, and stronger economic ties between the regions. Railroads: A major economic development of the 1820s. By the 1830s they were competing directly competing with canals as a method for carrying passengers and freight. Towns such as Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit, and Chicago soon became booming commercial centers. (p. 161) Steamboat: In 1807, Robert Fulton built a boat powered by a steam engine. Commercial steamboat lines soon made river shipping faster and cheaper. (p. 161) Telegraph: In 1844, Samuel F. B. Morse demonstrated the electric telegraph. (p. 238) Lowell Factory System: The system that recruited young farm women to work in textile mills and house them in company dormitories. (p. 163) Eli Whitney: In 1793, he built the first cotton gin, which would have a huge impact on the Southern economy. During the War of 1812 he devised a system to make rifles with mass produced interchangeable parts. (p. 162) Steel plow: In 1837, John Deere invented the steel plow which made family farms more efficient. (p. 175) (AMSCO p. 161, etc)

Middle Passage

(WXT) Voyage from West Africa to the West Indies. It was miserable for the slaves transported and many died. (AMSCO p. 38)

indentured servitude

(WXT) Young people from England under contract with a master who paid for their passage. Worked for a specified period for room and board, then they were free. (AMSCO p. 28)

The South before and after the Civil War (economics, attitudes

Before the Civil War the South was dependant on cotton for it's economy. The cotton business required a large number of free slave laborers in order to be viable. The South was very protective of this economic system and rationalized slavery because they believed it was a requirement for their survival. After the Civil War slavery was abolished, but the same racist attitudes persisted. The South slowly moved away from its dependence on cotton.

Freedom for African Americans after the Civil War

After the Civil War slavery was abolished, but white racial prejudice persisted. The South instituted laws known as Black Codes which granted certain legal rights to blacks, including the right to marry, own property, and sue in court. However, the Codes also made it illegal for blacks to serve on juries, testify against whites, or serve in state militias. The Black Codes also required black sharecroppers and tenant farmers to sign annual labor contracts with white landowners. Most southern black Americans, though free, lived in desperate rural poverty. The Freedmen's Bureau (1865-1870), a government agency established to aid former slaves, oversaw some 3,000 schools across the South, and ran hospitals and healthcare facilities for the freedmen.

Evolution of political parties: Federalist, Democratic-Republican, Democrat, Whig, Republican

Alexander Hamilton and other leaders who wanted a strong central government banded together in 1787 to form the Federalists party. They believed in a strong federal government and the the federal government should act to protect the country's infant industries. In 1796, anti-Federalists gathered around Thomas Jefferson to form the Democratic-Republicans. They wanted government to leave them alone as much as possible. They wanted to limit the federal government's power and leave the most power in the hands of state and local governments. In foreign affairs the Federalists generally leaned toward England, while the Democratic-Republicans sympathized with Revolutionary France. The Federalists lost control of the government to Thomas Jefferson and his party in 1800. By 1820, American political life was being influenced by sharp differences of opinion between sections of the country. In 1828, Andrew Jackson, a Democratic-Republican from Tennessee, was elected president. His party had great support in the South and West. Jackson changed the party's name to Democrats. People who had once been Federalists joined with anti-Jackson Democrats to form the Whig party. By 1854 the issue of slavery overshadowed all political debate. A related issue was states' rights. Debate over slavery and states' rights tore the parties apart. The issues of slavery and states' rights divided Democrats into Northern and Southern branches. Southern Democrats strongly favored slavery and states' rights. Extremists among them believed that a state had a right to secede if the national government tried to interfere with slavery. In 1854 antislavery forces and Free Soil forces (a group founded in Buffalo, New York) formed the Republican Party. By 1860 the voters had a choice of four major parties — Northern Democrat, Southern Democrat, Republican, and the Constitutional-Union Party, which drew some ex-Whigs. Strong antislavery feeling helped Republicans capture the presidency for Abraham Lincoln. In 1861 the Southern states seceded and the Civil War began.

Ulysses S. Grant (role in the Civil War)

In early 1862, this Union general led his troops from Illinois to capture Fort Henry and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River (branch of the Mississippi). These victoires opened up the state of Mississippi to attack by the Union. A Confederate army surprised him at Shiloh, Tennessee, but the his army held its ground and finally forced the Confederates to retreat after 23,000 total casualties. In July 1863, he captured Vicksburg, Mississippi and the Union now controlled the Mississippi River. In early 1864 Lincoln made him commander of all the Union armies. As General Robert E. Lee tried to flee to mountains with army of less than 30,000 men he cut off his army and forced them to surrender at Appomattox Court House. (AMSCO p. 273-274, 277-278)

George Washington

The first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. He took the oath of office on April 30, 1789. The Constitution with its check and balances had created three branches of government, the executive, legislative, and judicial. (AMSCO p. 109)

Geographical westward expansion of the U.S.

Manifest Destiny was the belief that Americans had the God-given right to expand westward, to spread democracy, and to conquer anything and anyone as they marched across the North American continent. Three absolute beliefs were, and continue to be, attached to this idea of Manifest Destiny: * Americans would geographically, politically, and economically expand to the continental limits. * Americans would Americanize all people living within the continental limits. * Americans would conquer both the people who resisted Americanization and the natural geographical forces that stood in their way.

John Adams

The second president of the United States from 1797 to 1801. He was a Federalist, and Thomas Jefferson a Democrat-Republican became his vice-president because the original Constitution gave that position to the person receiving the second highest number of electoral votes. (AMSCO p. 115)

Thomas Jefferson

The third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. He was a Democrat-Republican who believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution and states rights. He was responsible for the Louisiana Purchase. (AMSCO p. 116)

Importance of Protestant Christianity in shaping of American political values

The first permanent settlement in the colonies, at Jamestown in 1607, cannot be directly traced to Protestants. However, Plymouth Colony in 1620, was founded by Separatists (Pilgrims) from the Church of England. This colony was founded for the purpose of religious freedom. In 1629, Massechusetts Bay Colony was founded by Puritans seeking religious freedom.

How did the colonies defeat the greatest power in the world in the American Revolution?

There were many reasons the colonist were successful in the Revolutionary War. * The colonists were fighting for their homes and families, they were highly motivated. * Great Britain was 3,000 miles across the Atlantic Ocean. The British had to bring their army with all its supplies across that ocean. This was a trip that took three weeks to a month in the sailing ships of the time. * Great Britain had a large navy, but a fairly small army. They had to hire many German soldiers to fight against the colonists. * Colonists fought the way they had fought in the French and Indian wars. They hid behind trees and walls and shot at the British from behind cover. The colonists couldn't beat the British in a European type battle, but the colonists always seemed to recover and be back since they didn't lose many men. * The colonists had allies in the French, Dutch and Spanish who all wanted the English to lose. Finally the French actually declared war on Great Britain and formally joined with the colonies in their fight. This led to the great victory at Yorktown.

The development and evolution of democracy in the U.S.

When the nation was formed in 1776 the only people given their full rights were white men who had some wealth. In the 1830s democracy expanded when most white men were allowed to vote despite their economic situation. In the 1860s, the 13th Amendment gave African American men the right to vote. However, it was not until the 1960s that this right was full supported in all states. In 1920 the nineteenth amendments was passed and women gained the right to vote.