AMSCO - Unit 7.1-7.5

12. Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

5. Mexican Revolution

(1910-1920 CE) Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

*Review*

*(Important relevant information from old sections)*

*AMSCO - Unit 7*

*7.1-7.9*

5. Why did the US enter the war: A. _____________________________________between the US and the Allies B. Many American believed that the Allied nations were more ____________________than the Central Powers C. __________________________________against the Germans, especially for submarine attacks on civilians upset the US -a. An example was the sinking of the passenger ship, the _____________________. D. The final event pushing the US to fight in WWI was the interception of the ________________________, where Germany offered to help Mexico take back territory from the US if they helped Germany win.

*A*. Economic Ties *B*. Democratic *C*. Growing resentment *a*. Lusitania *D*. Zimmerman Telegram

7. Imperialism: A. Definition B. How was imperialism a contributing factor

*A.* A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. *B.* The expansion of European nations as empires can be seen as a key cause of World War I, because as countries like Britain and France expanded their empires, it resulted in increased tensions among European countries.

6. Alliances: A. Definition B. Who were the Triple Entente/Allies members C. Who were the Triple Alliance/Central Powers Members D. Why was Germany a rival

*A.* a union or association formed for mutual benefit, especially between countries or organizations *B.* France, Russia, and Great Britain *C.* Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy *D.* Due to alliances

8. Nationalism: A. Definition B. How did nationalism contribute to WWI C. How was self-determination involved

*A.* identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations. *B.* In World War I, nationalism led to the desire of countries with strong self-identities to unite and attack other countries. Nationalism, along with militarism and imperialism, is a contributing factor of World War I. *C.* By valuing a group positively and seeking self-determination for it, nationalists often set out to redraw maps, to create new countries or to reinstate old ones. It is rare for this to occur without (often violent) conflict.

5. Militarism: A. Definition B. How was the Industrial Revolution involved

*A.* the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests. *B.* Hoffman's argument, boiled down to a sentence or two is that the industrial revolution is brought about by productivity growth, and that productivity growth appears in the military sector first. The techniques pioneered to make weapons more cheaply could be used to make other goods more cheaply.

3. The two causes of the Great Depression were:

*Agricultural* overproduction The US *stock market crash* in 1929

4. Suffering countries

*American investors* suffered the most. *German banks* suffered becuase they depend on the imperial nations also suffering. *The American stock market* suffered because its economy depend on foreign trade.

*7.2*

*Causes of World War I*

*7.3*

*Conducting World War I*

*7.4*

*Economy in the Interwar Period*

*7.1*

*Shifting Power After 1900*

*7.5*

*Unresolved Tensions After World War I*

*Vocab*

*Vocabulary for Section 7.1-7.3*

*Vocab*

*Vocabulary for Section 7.4-7.5*

14. Total War

A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort

4. Young Turks

A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era.

12. Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.

4. Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

18. What was the Popular Front? Summarize their goals and how they ruled

A popular front is "any coalition of working-class and middle-class parties", including liberal and social-democratic ones, "united for the defense of democratic forms"

3. Sun Yat-sen

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.

1. How did WWI impact both the Allied powers and Triple Alliance Powers?

It resulted in a global economic crisis that resulted in the great depression

3Ba. Poison Gas: How/what was used

It was used for killing people and clearing out areas.

2. How did all view the war at first? How does their perception change over time?

It was viewed as unnecessary until the war was given the identity of helping others and creating unity where it was accepted.

3. Why is WWI so significant to world history?

World War I was the first truly global war and had a profound effect on the 20th century. Today, it is remembered for the horrors of warfare, the sacrifice of millions of soldiers, and the effect it had on the rest of the 20th century

1. What is the "old lie" Wilfred Owen writes about in the poem?

The telling of the "old lie" is an act of hypocrisy, and one which represented the refusal of those at home to accept the realities of the First World War

19. What was the outcome of the Treaty of Versailles? Who was punished most severely?

The terms of the treaty severely weakened and punished Germany

12. Why did colonies join the war effort? What were they hoping for?

They did so they can eventually gain their own freedom or at least more rights.

1. What were the MAIN reasons of WWI?

1. European Expansionism 2. Serbian Nationalism 3. The Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 4. Conflicts over Alliances 5. The Blank Check Assurance: Conspired Plans of Germany and Austria-Hungary 6. Germany Millenarianism

1. Bloody Sunday

1905; peaceful march by russians turned deadly when Czar's guards fire on crowd, killing hundreds

8. Triple Entente

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

11. Conscription

A military draft

15. Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

2. New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

13. Zimmerman Telegram

A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S.

1. Great Depression

A time of utter economic disaster; started in the United States in 1929.

4. The immediate cause of WWI was: A. The assassination of ___________________________________, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne (and his wife Sophie). ● By ___________________________________, member of the Black Hand ● The Black Hand wanted to end _________________________________________ in the Balkans, yet the Austro-Hungarians viewed them as a __________________________ group.

A. Archduke Franz Ferdinand ● Gavrilo Princip ● Austro-Hungarian presence; terrorist

2. How were colonies treated at the end of WWI? What did they expect and what did they receive?

After World War I, exploitation of the colonies' natural resources and labor increased so that imperial powers' could recover from the gargantuan effort that WW I implied.

3Ea. Airplanes: How/what were airplanes used for?

Airplanes were used in bombings.

7. Mandate System

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I; to be administered under League of Nations supervision.

11. What were the results of the five year plans? Along with these impacts, why is Stalin's legacy and regime condemned today?

Although it did make Russia stronger in the first two aspects, socially there was a decline in working conditions and mood.

9. Triple Alliance

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI.

6. Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria-Hungary assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. A major catalyst for WWI.

15. Who was Benito Mussolini and how is he connected to fascism and totalitarianism?

As dictator of Italy and principal founder of fascism, Mussolini inspired and supported the international spread of fascist movements during the inter-war period. Mussolini was originally a socialist politician and a journalist at the Avanti! newspaper.

3Bb. Poison gas: Why were they outlawed

At the dawn of the 20th century, the world's military powers worried that future wars would be decided by chemistry as much as artillery, so they signed a pact at the Hague Convention of 1899 to ban the use of poison-laden projectiles "the sole object of which is the diffusion of asphyxiating or deleterious gases."

11. Colonial troops reinforced their home countries' forces in several battles - give examples of who fought, where, and for whom

Australians and New Zealanders enlisted to fight war and they formed a special corps known as ANZAC and fought

10. Why is WWI one of the deadliest conflicts? Who ends up gaining power?

Because of how many people were in it and all the new ways made for killing people.

2C. WHAT THIS LED TO - REVOLUTION: ● What group overthrew the tsarist government: ● Who was the leader: ● What did they believe: ● What actions did they take to achieve this goal: ● What was the reaction of the rest of the world - why?

Bolsheviks*;* Vladmir Lenin*;* Communism*;* Overthrow the government and kill all the old leaders.*;* Shocked the Russian people did it.

21. Why was Brazil known as Latin America's "sleeping giant"?

Brazil has gone from long being a perennial economic laggard—mired in high inflation and slow growth that won it the moniker of Latin America's "sleeping giant" for its vast unrealized potential—to now being the eighth largest economy in the world

8. Balfour Declaration

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI

3B. WHY (external challenges) ● Explain how Europe's industrialization threatened China? How did they react to products from Europe?

China had long been the wealthiest, most powerful, and most innovative state for most of its recorded history until the late 18th but it faced growing threats to its position by european industrialization. europreans interested in chinese markets could only trade in the city of canton (guangzhou) and they often bought tea, porcelain, silk, and rhubarb. the chinese did not desire the products the europeans produced and they looked down on the europeans as violent and less civilized.

2A. WHY (internal challenges) ● Russia's tsarist government also: ○ Ignored calls for ____________________ reform ○ Ignored the call for ________________________________ and to allow more citizens to participate in government.

Civil*;* Pollitical Reforms

10. Self-Determination

Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

2B. WHY (external challenges) ● Russia becomes weaker due to the above issues, and begins to have other problems: ○ It lost the ______________________________ (1853-1856) against the Ottomans ○ It lost the _______________________________(1904-1905) against Japan

Crimean War*;* Russo-Japanese War

4. How did the Treaty of Versailles aim to maintain peace?

During the course of the Treaty, Germany and the Allied Powers ended their war. Germany was required to disarm, make substantial territorial concessions, and compensate some countries that made up the Entente power bloc as part of the treaty

9. What caused the Russian Civil War? How did Lenin try to fix it? Explain his plan

During this time, the Bolsheviks faced massive opposition to their rule in the form of the White Armies, led by former officers of the Tsarist state, and also from intervention by the forces of foreign countries. Yet, by the start of 1921, the Bolsheviks had defeated their enemies and gained a complete victory

2A. WHY (internal challenges) ● Russia was slow to: ○ Promote industrialization and __________________ growth. ○ Expand ________ for peasants ○ Build _____________, and other parts of transportation ○ Failed to support entrepreneurs with ______________ and contracts.

Economic*;* Education*;* Roads*;* Loans

3A. WHY (internal challenges) ● List the three major internal issues China faced inside its borders ○ 1) __________________________________________________: differences in ethnicities such as ethnic Han and Manchu groups led to political tension. ○ 2) __________________________________________________: China's large population growth was not met with growth of agriculture; any drought or flood could cause instability in resources. ○ 3) ___________________________________________________: the imperial government had not updated their tax system, so they had no money to fix roads, bridges, and canals.

Ethnic Tension*;* Famine*;* Economy

14. Why did fascism become popular? Which countries begin using it?

Fascism arose in Europe after World War I when many people yearned for national unity and strong leadership. In Italy, Benito Mussolini used his charisma to establish a powerful fascist state. Benito Mussolini coined the term "fascism" in 1919 to describe his political movement.

6. Benito Mussolini

Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.

6. Explain how WWI was a 'total war' - give examples

Finally, the use of modern armaments made WWI a total war. Two of these were machine guns and barbed wire. Machine guns could fire 600 rounds per minute. Artillery, which inflicted the greatest number of casualties, was both lethal and terrifying.

10. What other territory was used for battle?

Fought in the Middle East, Africa and parts of Asia

9. What was Gandhi's civil disobedience movement? What are some examples of this protest?

Gandhi believed that civil disobedience, instead of violence, would help India to gain its independence. An excellent example of his efforts was the Salt March of 1930.

9. Salt March

Gandhi led a march over 240 miles to protest the British monopoly on salt in India

13. Chiang Kai Shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.

3Da. Submarines: How/what were submarines used for?

Germany retaliated by using its submarines to destroy neutral ships that were supplying the Allies. The formidable U-boats prowled the Atlantic armed with torpedoes.

5. Who was John Keynes and what were his economic ideas to fix the Great Depression?

He rejected the laissez-faire idéal. He concluded that intentional government action could improve the economy. Governments should use deficit spending (spending more than the government takes in) to stimulate economic activity. Cutting taxes and increasing spending, governments would spur economic growth. People would return to work and the depression would end.

6. How did Franklin Delano Roosevelt apply Keyne's ideas to the US?

He used it so that America could run the US government at a lost.

17. How did Africans under colonial rule resist colonizers?

How did nationalist leaders in Africa oppose colonial rule? strikes boycotts, newspaper, pamphlets, formed groups to revive African culture, religion, art to ridicule. Africans used isalm, Christianity, and traditional African religions to resist colonial system.

13. In China, who were the two main groups fighting for power after the May Fourth Protests? Describe them.

In January of 1946, the two factions of China began to have another power struggle. The KMT, supplied by the United States, controlled the cities, while the CCP had a strong hold in the countryside.

3. How did war change? How did it stay the same?

In WW1 there were remarkable advances in technology,e.g. tanks, barbed wire, and the radio

11. How did the March First Movement demonstrate the power of Korean nationalism?

In the March First Movement, Koreans of different backgrounds came together in large number to defy their colonizers and demonstrate to the world that they had a great desire for independence (Lee, 2000). The Movement had the effect of galvanizing and uniting Koreans against their colonizers.

8. What was the massacre at Amritsar? Why did Britain react this way - how did it impact India?

Independence for India was now inevitable, and the British in India began to accept the inevitability of independence. The Amritsar Massacre marked the failure of the British policy of concession and repression by which they had governed India from the time of the Indian Rebellion in 1857.

7. What was the Indian National Congress and what was its role?

Indian National Congress, byname Congress Party, broadly based political party of India. Formed in 1885, the Indian National Congress dominated the Indian movement for independence from Great Britain. It subsequently formed most of India's governments from the time of independence and often had a strong presence in many state governments

2. What was industrialization? How could it lead to mass production of weapons technology?

Industrialization started something called mass production which allows the making of the same thing at the same time and in big quantities. It was able to be used for weapons that could be made faster than ever before, making weapons like rifles and machine guns common weapons. Vehicles such as tanks, planes and cars could be made due to new technology and these too were mass produced.

8. How did the Great Depression impact trade?

International trade fell 30 percent as nations tried to protect their industries by raising tariffs on imported goods

1. Summarize the era before WWI

It has been called during that era as the "long peace"

8. What was the effect of this propaganda?

It made people OK with the war

2. Why was WWI called the 'Great War'? What made it different than previous conflicts - explain.

It was named the Great War because there had never been a more destructive war before it. It involved many countries globally, utilized highly advanced weapons and had more men fighting behind the battle lines than ever before.

14. What was the Paris Peace conference?

It was the international meeting that established the terms of peace after World War I.

7. Great War

Known as World War I and the War to End All Wars: a global military conflict that embroiled most of the world's great powers from 1914 to 1919.

14. What was the Long March and how did it lead to the rise of the Communist Party in China?

Long March, (1934-35), the 6,000-mile (10,000-km) historic trek of the Chinese communists, which resulted in the relocation of the communist revolutionary base from southeastern to northwestern China and in the emergence of Mao Zedong as the undisputed party leader.

13. How did the PRI impact Mexico?

Mexico benefited from the peace and stability of the PRI regime and a steady increase in U.S. investment; therefore, Mexico became more industrialized, urban and educated. Its economy also became heavily dependent on the United States

10. March 1st Movement

On March 1st, 1919, Korean nationalists held a huge, peaceful demonstration to demand independence. The Japanese responded by killing 2,000 Koreans and jailing 19,000 more.

20. The Spanish Civil War ended with the triumph of who? What was Spain's role in WWII?

On March 28, 1939, the victorious Nationalists entered Madrid in triumph, and the Spanish Civil War came to an end. The main part of Spain's involvement in the war was through volunteers

11. May 4th Movement

On May 4th, 1919, students in Peking protested Japan being given the Shantung province and all around China. It was an intellectual revolution of young, educated people in China, that was also a protest of China's weak government and their reaction to the Treaty of Versailles. This movement allowed the KMT to come back and have power, and it also gave rise to the CCP.

19. What was Guernica and why is it significant?

Pablo Picasso's Most-famous Cubist Painting Introduction Created as an anti-war protest piece in response to the 1937 aerial bombing of a small town in northern Spain

7. How was propaganda used - give examples

Propaganda is used to try to make people think a certain way. Stories about bad things the Germans had done were told to make people angry and frightened

3. What was the Russian government system like after the Mongols? Who were the Romanovs?

Russia was an imperial-based state and the Romanov family was the last imperial dynasty to rule Russia. They first came to power in 1613, and over the next three centuries, 18 Romanovs took the Russian throne, including Peter the Great, Catherine the Great, Alexander I, and Nicholas II. During the Russian Revolution of 1917, Bolshevik revolutionaries toppled the monarchy, ending the Romanov dynasty.

10. What was Stalin's plan to fix the Soviet Union? Explain his ideas of collectivized agriculture and kolkhoz.

Stalin established the USSR's system of state and collective farms when he moved to replace the New Economic Policy (NEP) with collective farming, which grouped peasants into collective farms (kolkhozy) and state farms (sovkhozy).

3. Five Year Plan

Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI. tried to improve heavy industry and improve farm output, but resulted in famine

3Fa. Tanks: How/what were tanks used for?

Tanks were used as a ram to break through enemy trenches or to provide a safe firing position for infantry support troops.

22. Why did Brazil have a coup in 1930? Who took charge and how did he rule Brazil?

The "revolution" stemmed in part from the domination of Brazil by the state of São Paulo since the fall of the monarchy in 1889, and in part from the fact that the incumbent president, Washington Luís Pereira De Sousa of São Paulo misjudged the mood of the nation when he imposed another paulista as the official candidate for the presidential election of March 1930 after an earlier promise that the new chief executive would come from Minas Gerais.

6. What was the Balfour Declaration and how did they create tension in the Middle East as well?

The Balfour Declaration and the failure of the western powers to grant a Pan-Arab state led to a great deal of resentment in the Middle East. The British not only had failed to help the Arabs to found a state but had effectively colonized them and had even given traditionally Muslim territory to non-Muslims.

16. What was the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere - what was Japan's goal?

The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere was Japan's attempt to form an economic and military bloc consisting of nations within East and Southeast Asia against Western colonization and manipulation, but it failed because of Japan's inability to promote true mutual

2. Why was the Treaty of Versailles so terrible for Germany?

The Germans hated the Treaty of Versailles because they had not been allowed to take part in the Conference. Germany had to pay £6,600 million 'reparations', a huge sum which Germans felt was just designed to destroy their economy and starve their children. Finally, Germans hated the loss of land.

16. Why was Italy mad? Why was Russia not invited?

The Italians must somehow be mollified, wrote Britain's foreign secretary, Arthur Balfour, and the only question is how to mollify them at the smallest cost to mankind. Italy had agreed to enter World War I in the spring of 1915 after the Entente promised to fulfill its national dream and give it undisputed control over the land around its northeastern border, including the Tyrol region, where many Italians then lived under Austro-Hungarian control. When the actual Treaty of London—which committed Italy to join the war on the side of the Allies—was drawn up in April 1915, however, the Allies had thrown in far more territory from Austria-Hungary, including parts of Dalmatia and numerous islands along the Adriatic coast, as well as the Albanian port city of Vlore (Italian: Valona) and territory from the Ottoman Empire. The Italian delegation in Paris, led by Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando and Sidney Sonnino, Italy's foreign minister, had argued from the beginning of the conference that they considered the Treaty of London to be a solemn, binding agreement that should dictate the terms of the peace. Russia wasn't invited due to their civil war.

7. When did the Great Depression end for the US? Why?

The New Deal programs, however historians argue that the Depression was only ended by WWII. As the US started building up to help the Allies and, eventually, to participate in WWII, the Depression ended.

17. The Spanish Civil War was a conflict between which political ideologies? Who won?

The Struggle Between Fascism and Communism The Spanish civil war of 1936-1939 was an important conflict in Spain's history. This war was initiated by a military revolt led by General Francisco Franco on the 17 July 1936 and ended with Franco's victory on the 1 April, 1939.

2. What was the most immediate cause of WWI?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary

1. What is imperialism? How did it lead to competition?

The competition for oversea empires created a sense of rivalry and mistrust of one another. The nations of Europe competed fiercely for colonies in Africa and Asia. Germany felt resentment.

10. What was the two-state solution created during this time?

The first proposal for the creation of Jewish and Arab states in the British Mandate of Palestine was made in the Peel Commission report of 1937, with the Mandate continuing to cover only a small area containing Jerusalem. The recommended partition proposal was rejected by the Arab community of Palestine, and was accepted by most of the Jewish leadership.

9. What were the goals of the Mexican Revolution? What was the result?

The initial goal of the Mexican Revolution was simply the overthrow of the Díaz dictatorship, but that relatively simple political movement broadened into a major economic and social upheaval that presaged the fundamental character of Mexico's 20th-century experience.

4. How did the mandate system impact Allied countries? What did it allow them to do?

The mandate system gave Allied nations control over former territories of the Central Powers. The Mandate System of the League of Nations was established after World War 1 to administer former territories of the Ottoman Empire and Germany.

3. What was the mandate system and why was it seen as an insult to colonies?

The mandate system was where the allied powers would take control of the colonies and central powers territory and divide it. The allied countries were now able to increase their imperial holdings through a new form of colonization.

15. Why had Japan taken over parts of China? How did they react to the League of Nations condemning their imperialism?

The militaristic culture of Japan in the 1930's meant an aggressive foreign policy aimed at establishing Japanese hegemony in the Far East and Pacific. However the Japanese also needed access to raw materials, particularly oil and rubber to sustain a war economy and invaded China in 1937

12. What was the Mexican PRI? What were their goals?

The party was created with the intent of providing a political space in which all the surviving leaders and combatants of the Mexican Revolution could participate and to solve the severe political crisis caused by the assassination of President-elect Álvaro Obregón in 1928

16. Why did Italy become upset after WWI? How did this lead to Mussolini's rise in power? What were his goals?

The radical left was particularly strong in Italy during the Great War, as it benefitted from the government's unpopularity and the war among the poor and the working class. In 1917, the Italian Socialist Party allied itself with the Soviet Union and agitated for Italy's revolution. Industrial workers in the major Italian cities had formed themselves the party/

4. Why/how did these advancements lead to a stalemate?

The stalemate was caused by improved trench systems used by both sides, combined with use of the machine gun; there was no way to go on the offensive without losing thousands of men.

18. What were the Fourteen Points - how would the League of Nations help prevent war, according to it?

The summarized Fourteen Points included: Open covenants of peace and transparent diplomacy. Absolute freedom of the seas.

1. What was the role of colonies in WWI? What were their overall experiences?

Their colonies sent supplies, food and soldiers to help in the war effort.

14. Keynesian Economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

9. How was WWI a global war? Explain

These alliances were used to maintain the global balance of power. The nations were linked by politics, trade among other factors making it difficult for a nation to ignore the plight of its ally.

17. How did the views of the Big Four differ on how to settle peace?

They each would rather having more power then the other

20. What did Germany have to do - how did it impact them and allow Nazis to take power? Explain

They had to pay up $64B and loose most of their military and this gave room for Hitler to say he can start his new rebuild plan

3Ca. Machine guns: How did machine guns make fighting different?

They industrialized the way wars were fought. They were among the most used weapons during World War I

1. Give an overview of why rebellions are occurring during this time and what this might mean for the 20th Century.

They were fighting for their rights and beliefs.

3Aa. Trench warfare: Describe the conditions:

They were very muddy, uncomfortable and the toilets were awful.

26. Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment.

5. Why did the Ottoman Empire side with Germany in WWI?

Turks resented many Europeans, particularly the British and the french, for their economic policies.

15. Who were the "Big Four"?

US, Britain, France, Italy

5. Why was there turmoil in the Middle East? What was Pan-Arabism and how did it connect?

Western domination and the 1948 establishment of the state of Israel, Pan-Arabism is a movement that argues for the unification of all Arab states to form one Arab nation.

12. How did the May Fourth Movement symbolize China's growing nationalism and demand for democracy?

What should be emphasized about the May Fourth Movement is that though it was a popular uprising, it shouldn't be misunderstood as an effusion of democracy—certainly not Western-style democracy. What it represented was a deeply nationalist and widespread anger with what the West had taken away from China.

13. What was the role of women in the war? Explain

Women play a significant role in the First World War in providing a support system that help to reinforce their military. Women's support is displayed in a variety of ways. The brave and the qualified women work alongside their male counterparts on the war front, as nurses and espionage members.

5. Totalitarian State

a government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens

6. What was the result (how was Turkey created)?

after Germany's defeat in world war 1, the ottoman empire was dismantled by the victorious powers. it was replaced by a smaller nation-state, the republic of Tukey, and several independent countries

8. Who was Porfirio Diaz and why is he considered a dictator?

he oversaw a period of stability and some economic progress-but he had allowed foreign investors, particularly those from the U.S., control over many of the country's resources.-additionally, the wealthiest 1 percent of the population controlled 97 percent of the land-typical mexican peasants were landless

7. Who was Ataturk and what were his policies/reforms? (Feel free to list).

he was determined to create a secular nation, not one with strong Islamic influences-he implemented several reforms: establishing public education for boys and girls, abolishing polygyny, and expanding suffrage to include women-as a symbolic gesture, wore s mainly western suits and hats and encouraged others to do the same.-despite his reforms, he ruled as a dictator for 15 years. Je did not give up power before his death

2. The Revolution of 1905

result of discontent from Russian factory workers and peasants as well as an emerging nationalist sentiment among the empires minorities.

9. Explain how "virtually every major event during the remainder of the 20th century was a direct or indirect result of WWI."

the 1914-18 war led to fundamental changes in European politics, economics, and society, paving the way after 1945 for a historic new way of dealing with inter-state relations in Europe. It suggests that the horrors of the Great War remain alive in Europe today and color the reluctance of most Europeans to resort to war to achieve political ends. It shows that everything dominos back.

4. Explain who the Young Turks were and what their goal was.

they advocated for a constitution like those of the European states, and wanted a new goverment

3C. WHAT THIS LED TO - REPUBLIC ● Even though many supported the empress of the Qing Dynasty, the last dynasty was overthrown in 1911: ○ Who overthrew it:_____________________________ ○ What were his beliefs: ○ What was his book:______________________________, and the ideals of his book? ■ ____________________________: Sun believed in sovereignty for active and pragmatic Chinese ■ ____________________________: Sun advocated patriotism and loyalty to authority. ■ ____________________________: Sun wanted to end the large unequal distribution of wealth in China and harsh economic exploitation. ○ Why did he give up power? ○ Who were the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) - when would they lose power?

● ○ Dr. Sun Yatsen ○ He believed that china should continued to follow such confucian principles such as loyalty, respect for ancestor, and efforts to promote social harmony. ○ Fundamentals of National Reconstruction, it contains his main 3 ideologies: democracy, nationalism, and livelihood ■ Democracy ■ Nationalism ■ Livelihood ○ Sun recognized the weakness of his position ○ They were the party that was set up by Sun and would fall 20 years later to the communist party after a civil war

4B. This led to (here's how the war grows into a global conflict): ● ________________________ sending an ultimatum to the Serbian government ● ________________________ refusing the ultimatum ● _________________________declaring war on Serbia, depending on Germany for help ● ________________________looked to Russia (and other Slavic countries) for help ● On August 1, ________________________declared war on Russia and then ______________ ● Then ______________________ declared war on Germany ● Then ______________________declared war on Austria ● Eventually Japan will enter into this world wide conflict, essentially a brawl.

● Austria-Hungary ● Serbia ● Austria-Hungry ● Serbia ● Germany; France ● United States ● Great Britain and France