Anat 2 Lab 3 exam

Hypothalamus hormones and its target organs

-Antidiuretic hormone: Regulates water level in body including blood pressure, and volume. Targets the Kidneys -Oxytocin: controls behavior and reproduction. Targets Uterus and mammary glands -Carticotropin releasing hormone: Controls the body's response to physical and emotional stress, and is responsible for suppressing the appetite and stimulating anxiety. Targets pituitary gland -Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone: Stimulates the release of hormones connected to reproductive function, puberty and sexual maturation. Targets Anterior Pituitary -Somatostatin: Inhibits growth and thyroid-stimulating hormones. Targets Pituitary gland and pancreas -Growth hormone releasing hormone: Controls growth and physical development in children as well as metabolism in adults. Targets anterior pituitary gland -Thyrotropin-releasing hormone: Stimulates production of the thyroid hormone, which in turn controls the cardiovascular system, brain development, muscle control, digestive health, and metabolism. Anterior Pituitary gland

Seminiferous vesicles

-C in the picture. -aid in sperm production

Ovary Medulla and Cortex location and purpose

-Cortex: Houses the oocyte during meiosis -Medulla: contains loose connective tissue and and nerve/blood cells

Secondary Reproductive organs of the male

-Epididymis -Vas Deferens -Prostate gland -Bulbourethral gland -Urethra -Penis (w/ or w/o prepuce {foreskin})

Hormonal secretions in males that control puberty

-GnRH: Signals the release of FSH and LH from the Pituitary gland -FSH: causes the Sertoli cells of the testes (which help nurse developing sperm cells) to begin the process of spermatogenesis in the testes. -LH: triggers the production of testosterone from the Leydig cells of the testis; testosterone causes the development of secondary sex characteristics in the male. -Testosterone: steroid hormone produced primarily in the testes of the male; it is responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics in the male -Inhibin: a peptide hormone, secreted by the gonads, which inhibits the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone

Thymus purpose

-Has a role in the endocrine, lymphatic, and immune systems -Site of maturation of white blood cells

Pineal gland purpose and secretions

-Helps with mood, and sleep. -Secretes Melatonin (pm), and Seratonin (am) -Seasonal changes

Hormones that control ovulation

-Luteinizing hormone(LH): Triggers ovulation in females -Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH): this hormone stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in the ovary before the release of an egg from one follicle at ovulation. It also increases oestradiol production

All stages of the menstrual cycle

-Menstruation: the elimination of the thickened lining of the uterus (endometrium) from the body through the vagina. Menstrual fluid contains blood, cells from the lining of the uterus (endometrial cells) and mucus. The average length of a period is between three days and one week. -Follicular phase: during which follicles in the ovary mature. It ends with ovulation. The main hormone controlling this stage is estradiol. -Ovulation: the release of a mature egg from the surface of the ovary. This generally occurs mid-cycle, around two weeks or so before menstruation starts -Luteal phase: It occurs after ovulation (when your ovaries release an egg) and before your period starts. During this time, the lining of your uterus normally gets thicker to prepare for a possible pregnancy.

Female primary reproductive organs

-Ovaries: produces oocytes and sex hormones

Parathyroid hormone secretion and purpose

-Parathyroid hormone (PTH): Raises blood calcium level by having bones release calcium that the kidneys pick up

Uterus endometrium, perimetrium, and myometrium

-Perimetrium supports the structure of the Uterus -Myometrium is the second layer that induce uterine contractions. -Endometrium is the innermost layer that functions as a lining for the uterus, preventing adhesions between the opposed walls of the myometrium, thereby maintaining the patency of the uterine cavity.

Thyroid gland secretions and their purpose

-T3 and T4: Increase metabolic rate -Calcitonin: Lowers blood calcium levels in the body

Adrenal gland cortex vs Medulla

-The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones such as mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. -The adrenal medulla has the source of catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline

Pituitary gland and target organs

-Thyroid stimulating hormone: TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to release T3 and T4. Targets the Thyroid gland -Follicle stimulating hormone: In males, FSH promotes sperm development. In the females it goes with LH to release estrogens. Targets gonads -Luteinizing hormone: In males it secretes testosterone. In females it goes with FSH and helps with ovulation, and the release of progesterone. Targets the gonads of both male and females. -Prolactin: During pregnancy it helps in the preparation of the breasts for future milk production. After birth, prolactin promotes the synthesis of milk. Targets the mammary glands -Growth hormone: The GH-secreting cells are stimulated to synthesize and release GH by the intermittent arrival of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) from the hypothalamus. Targets most organs in the body and tissues. -Adrenocorticotropic hormone:ACTH acts on the cells of the adrenal cortex, stimulating them to produce glucocorticoids, like cortisol; mineralocorticoids, like aldosterone; androgens (male sex hormones, like testosterone). In the fetus, ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize a precursor of estrogen called dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) which helps prepare the mother for giving birth. Targets adrenal cortex

Female secondary reproductive organs

-Uterine tube: Trans oocyte, site of fertilization -Uterus: Protects and sustains embryo during pregnancy -Vagina: secretions to outside body by uterus -Labia majora: Enclose and protect other external repro organs -Labia Minora: Form margins of vestibule, protection -Clitoris: Produces sexual pleasure, feeling due to nerve endings -Vestibules: space between : labia minora that contains vaginal and urethral opening -Vestibular glands: Secrete fluid moistens and lubricates vestibule

Secretions from the pancreas alpha and beta cells and their physiologic effect on blood glucose levels

-alpha cells produce glucagon which raises glucose level by breaking down glycogen into glucose -beta cells produce Insulin and Amylin which raise glucose levels by having the liver change glucose into glycogen

Primary function and secretion of the adrenal medulla as part of the ANS

-catecholamine -The medulla is the principal site of the conversion of the amino acid tyrosine into the catecholamines epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine

Hormones that control pregnancy

-estrogen -progestogen -oxytocin -endorphins -prolactin

Ejaculatory duct

2 ejaculatory ducts that each carry sperm during ejaculation

Adenohypophysis

Also called the anterior pituitary gland

What is ovulation?

Discharge of the ova from the ovaries

Bulb of the penis

End of the penis on the inside of the body. The urethra extends from this

Perineum

Functionally, the perineum contains structures that support the urinary, genital and gastrointestinal viscera.

Uterus and its regions

Fundus is the top portion. Body is the middle portion, and cervix is the bottom portion

Labia Minora

Inner folds of the vagina that form margin of vestibules and protection

Lobule

Milk producing glands in females

Labia Majora

Outerfolds of the vagina that enclose and protect reproductive organs

Which hormones control lactation

Prolactin Estorgens Progesterone Cortisol Insulin Growth hormone

Vagina purpose

Receives the penis during intercourse and is the birth canal for the baby

Mons pubic

Rounded mound of fatty tissue that covers the pubic bone. During puberty, it becomes covered with hair. The mons pubis contains oil-secreting (sebaceous) glands that release substances that are involved in sexual attraction (pheromones).

Lactiferous sinus

Same as ducts its just a bigger portion that gets the milk at the end from the duct

Mammary duct

Same thing as the lactiferous duct

Vestibular glands

Secrete fluids to lubricate vestibule

Female Urethra and purpose

Secretes fluids from uterus and urine

Hormone secretions that control spermatogenesis

Sertoli cells have receptors for follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone which are the main hormonal regulators of spermatogenesis. Hormones such as testosterone, FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH) are known to influence the germ cell fate. Their removal induces germ cell apoptosis

Vestibule

Space between in the vagina that contains the uterine opening

Seminiferous tubules

Sperm production

Nipple

Supported by the areola and has the secretion ducts for milk

Primary reproductive organ(s) of the male

Testes

Bladder location and purpose

The bladder stores urine, allowing urination to be infrequent and voluntary

Broad ligament location and purpose

The broad ligament serves as a mesentery for the uterus, ovaries, and the uterine tubes. It helps in maintaining the uterus in its position, but it is not a major contributing factor.

Corpus cavernosum

The function is to prevent compression of the urethra during erection.

Corpus spongiosum

The function of the corpus spongiosum in erection is to prevent the urethra from pinching closed, thereby maintaining the urethra as a viable channel for ejaculation

Alveoli in the breast

The mammary gland, or mammary duct, is composed of alveoli. Alveoli are a few millimeters in size and form cavities in the breast. These cavities fill with milk-creating cells called cuboidal cells, which are surrounded by the myoepithelial cells. When the alveoli combine they are called lobules.

Pampiniform plexus

The pampiniform plexus helps regulate the temperature of the testes by acting as a "heat exchange" mechanism to cool down the blood. The arteries supplying the testes run through the plexus where the blood is cooled from abdominal arterial temperature to testicular temperature.

Neurohypophysis

The posterior pituitary gland

Sperm anatomy

The primary function of sperm is to pass on the necessary biological information required to produce a new organism.

What is spermatogenesis?

The process in which spermatozoa are produced from spermatogonial stem cells by way of mitosis and meiosis

Prepuce of the clitoris function

The protect the clitoris from outside stimulation

Urethra

The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body. In males, it has the additional function of ejaculating semen when the man reaches orgasm

Testes

They are the glands where sperm and testosterone are produced. The testes are contained in the scrotum and are composed of dense connective tissue containing around three hundred internal compartments called lobules.

Lactiferous ducts

They are the structures which carry milk toward the nipple in a lactating female.

Leydig cells

They produce testosterone in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH).

Scrotum

Tissue that encloses and protects the testes

Thyroid gland purpose

To secrete T3, T4, and Calcitonin

Pancreas location

Underneath the liver

Bulbourethral gland

When sexually aroused, the glands produce a mucous-like fluid called pre-ejaculate. The pre-ejaculate fluid is a viscous, clear, and salty liquid that neutralizes any residual acidity in the urethra. The now neutralized urethra is a more hospitable (as opposed to harmful) environment for the sperm to travel in. -Basically lubricates the penis for ejaculation

Epididymis

a long, coiled tube that stores sperm and transports it from the testes

Fimbriae

are small, fingerlike projections at the end of the fallopian tubes, through which eggs move from the ovaries to the uterus. The fimbriae are connected to the ovary.

Suspensory ligament

connective tissue in the breast that help maintain structural integrity

Ovarian ligament location and purpose

connects the uterus to the ovary in the female body

Cremaster muscle

found only within the male human body and covers the testis. The muscle moves the testis, promoting healthy and motile sperm. The cremaster muscle lowers and raises the testis in order to control its temperature.

Hormones that control puberty

in both males and females, the hypothalamus produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the production and release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary gland.

Rete testis

is an anastomosing network of delicate tubules located in the hilum of the testicle (mediastinum testis) that carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the efferent ducts.

Round ligament location and purpose

maintenance of the anteversion of the uterus (a position where the fundus of the uterus is turned forward at the junction of cervix and vagina) during pregnancy

Mammary glands

responsible for lactation, or the production of milk

Clitoris purpose

sexual pleasure for females

Uterine tube location and purpose

the female structures that transport the ova from the ovary to the uterus each month. In the presence of sperm and fertilization, the uterine tubes transport the fertilized egg to the uterus for implantation.

Areola

to house slowly-adapting mechanoreceptors that trigger oxytocin excretion during nursing

Prostate gland

to secrete prostate fluid, one of the components of semen

Vas deferens

transport's mature sperm to the urethra, the tube that carries urine or sperm to outside of the body, in preparation for ejaculation

Dartos muscle

work to regulate the temperature of the male testes, found in the scrotum