Anatomie Venen (S3)

Veins of the brainstem

drain blood to: 1) v. magna cerebri 2) vv. cerebelli 3) sinus petrosus inferior 4) sinus rectus.

V. azygos (general)

upward continuation of v. lumbalis ascendens dx.(from the abdominal cavity) it passes through muscles of the diaphragm ascends in mediastinum posterius to the right of the vertebral column level of the 4th thoracic vertebra: arches forward above the root of the right lung it ends in v. cava superior (from behind)

Orbital veins

- drain the optic cavity + form anastomoses between dural venous sinuses and external veins of the head. There are two ophthalmic veins: 1) V. ophthalmica superior: -begins at the medial corner of the eye as V. NASOFRONTALIS and receives tributaries from the eye and its additional structures. It runs along the upper wall of the optic cavity, then through fissura orbitalis superior and enters sinus cavernosus, 2) V. ophthalmica inferior: -could start by the lacrimal veins or by anastomoses with v. ophthalmica superior. It runs backward along the inferior wall of the optic cavity, then divides into 2 branches: one branch joins plexus pterygoideus through fissura orbitalis inferior, the other one enters the cranial cavity through fissura orbitalis superior and terminates into sinus cavernosus.

V. jugularis interna (topography + connections)

- venous drainage of the head and neck -begins at FORAMEN JUGULARE + communicates with sinus sigmoideus - at the base of the skull has enlargement ("BULBUS SUPERIOR venae jugularis") - runs downward, lies behind a. carotis interna, then (as a content of the carotid sheath) laterally to a. carotis communis. -above the veins termination is a 2nd enlargement ("BULBUS INFERIOR venae jugularis") -The union of v. jugularis interna and v. subclavia forms v. brachiocephalica ("ANGULUS VENOSUS JUGULI") -at this place opens v. jugularis externa (on both sides), ductus lymphaticus dexter (on the right side), ductus thoracicus (on the left side)

Emissary veins

- vv. emissariae are short trunks connecting sinus durae matris inside the skull and the veins external to it; they are anastomoses between dural venous sinuses and external veins: 1) v. emissaria parietalis: runs through foramen parietale connecting sinus sagittalis superior with v. temporalis superficialis, 2) v. emissaria mastoidea: runs through foramen mastoideum connecting sinus sigmoideus with v. occipitalis, 3) v. emissaria occipitalis: runs through foramen occipitale connecting sinus transversus or confluens sinuum with v. occipitalis, 4) v. emissaria condylaris: runs through canalis condylaris connecting sinus sigmoideus with plexus venosus vertebralis externus;

Venous supply of the heart

1) Sinus coronarius 2) Vv. cordis anteriores 3) Vv. cordis minimae

Superficial cerebral veins

-collect the blood from cortex cerebri: 1) vv. superiores cerebri (8 - 12): drain facies superolateralis et medialis hemispherii cerebri and open into sinus sagittalis superior, 2) v. media superficialis cerebri: drains lobus frontalis, lobus parietalis, lobus temporalis and flows into sinus cavernosus, 3) vv. inferiores cerebri: drain inferior surface of the brain and flow into adjacent venous sinuses; 4) vv. superiores et inferiores cerebelli: drain the cerebellum and flow into sinus petrosus superior et inferior, sinus sigmoideus, sinus transversus.

Diploic veins

-lie in diploe and drain it -the terminal parts of those veins enter the venous sinuses -beginning parts run through the bones of the skull and communicate with external veins of the head;

External veins of the head and face (general)

-outside of the cranial cavity in soft tissue -drain skin, muscles and some internal organs of the head. 1) V. facialis 2) V. lingualis 3) V. temporalis superficialis 4) V. retromandibularis 5) Plexus pterygoideus 6) V. auricularis posterior 7) V. occipitalis

Dural venous sinuses (general)

-venous channels draining blood from the brain and cranial bones -do not have valves -they are between 2 layers of dura mater: 1) Sinus sagittalis superior 2) Sinus sagittalis inferior 3) Sinus rectus 4) Sinus transversus 5) Sinus sigmoideus 6) Sinus occipitalis: 7) Sinus cavernosus: 8) Sinus intercavernosus anterior 9) Sinus intercavernosus posterior 10) Sinus sphenoparietalis 11) Sinus petrosus superior 12) Sinus petrosus inferior 13) Plexus basilaris

Venous plexi (visceral v. iliaca interna)

1) Plexus venosus rectalis: in posterior + lateral walls of the rectum it is drained into 3 directions: - v. rectalis superior (1) drains the upper part of the plexus to v. mesenterica inferior - v. rectalis media dx. et sin. (2) drain the middle part of the plexus directly to v. iliaca interna - v. rectalis inferior dx. et sin. (2) drain the lower part of the plexus via v. pudenda interna to v. iliaca interna. 2) Plexus venosus vesicalis for male: is fused with plexus venosus prostaticus both together form the largest venous plexus in the pelvic cavity Plexus venosus vesicalis is located at the base of the urinary bladder plexus venosus prostaticus is located at the lateral and posterior parts of the prostata. PVP receives 1 tributary: ---> v. dorsalis profunda penis. - It is the biggest vein of the penis - lies between aa. dorsales penis - drains glans penis et corpora cavernosa penis. - Plexus venosus prostaticus is drained to plexus venosus vesicalis, then via vv. vesicales to v. iliaca interna. 3) Plexus venosus vesicalis for female: surrounds fundus vesicae and urethra feminina upper part it drains the urethra and the upper part of the vagina receives tributary: v. dorsalis clitoridis (drains the clitor) PVV is drained (by vv. vesicales) to v. iliaca interna. 4) Plexus venosus uterinus et plexus venosus vaginalis: developed in the lateral and posterior parts of the uterus and vagina They also drain tuba uterina et lig. latum uteri The plexus is drained by vv. uterinae to v. iliaca interna; ---> V. pudenda interna: starts as v. profunda penis (for male) OR v. profunda clitoridis (for female) + receives following tributaries, which drain the corresponding organs: ---> v. bulbi penis (for male), ---> v. bulbi vestibuli (for female), ---> v. urethralis, ---> v. perinealis ---> v. rectalis inferior

Sinus cavernosus/ intercavernosus (ante/post)

1) Sinus cavernosus: it extends from fissura orbitalis superior to apex partis petrosae; by septs is divided into cavernae. Through it passes a. carotis interna and n. abducens inferiorly and laterally to the artery. In the lateral wall of the sinus lies n. oculomotorius, n. trochlearis, n. ophthalmicus, n. maxillaris. Sinus has important relations: medially to it lies hypophysis cerebri, inferiorly - sinus sphenoidalis, superiorly - chiasma opticum, laterally - fossa cranii media. Tributaries: vv. ophthalmicae, v. centralis retinae, v. media superficialis cerebri, v. meningea media, vv. inferiores cerebri, sinus sphenoparietalis. 2) Sinus intercavernosus anterior 3) Sinus intercavernosus posterior ---> the last two sinuses communicate with sinus cavernosus of the both sides and all together form the VENOUS CIRCULAR SINUS;

Sinus rectus/ transversus/ sigmoideus/ occipitalis

1) Sinus rectus: lies between falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli. It is triangular in cross section; runs backward and continues into sinus transversus. Tributary: v. cerebri magna. 2) Sinus transversus: begins at protuberantia occipitalis interna. On the right side it directly continuous into sinus sagittalis superior, on the left side into sinus rectus. It runs laterally and downward, lies on attached margin of tentorium cerebelli, is triangular in shape in cross section. Tributaries: vv. inferiores cerebri, vv. cerebelli, vv. diploicae. 3) Sinus sigmoideus: is continuation of sinus transversus, it runs forward to the superior jugular bulb to continue into v. jugularis interna. 4) Sinus occipitalis: the smallest of the sinuses, lies on attached margin of falx cerebelli, communicates with confluens sinuum and sinus sigmoideus.

Sinus sagittalis superior + inferior

1) Sinus sagittalis superior: lies on convex margin of falx cerebri. It begins near crista galli and receives there a vein from the nasal cavity through foramen caecum. Near protuberantia occipitalis interna it deviates, continuing as sinus transversus. ( triangular in cross section and enlarges backwards). In elderly the lacunae tend to become confluent as one elongated lacuna on each side. Tributaries: -vv. superiores cerebri, vv. diploicae - vv. meningeae - v. emissaria parietalis. Connection between SSS and veins of the nose = occasional spread of infections. Posterior end is dilated (confluens sinuum = on the right side of protuberantia occipitalis interna and connects with sinus occipitalis and sinus transverses) 2) Sinus sagittalis inferior: lies on posterior half of the free margin of falx cerebri and increases in size posteriorly; it ends in sinus rectus.

Sinus sphenoparietalis/ petrosus (inferior + superior)

1) Sinus sphenoparietalis: runs along free margin of ala minor ossis sphenoidalis and has small tributaries from the adjacent lobes; 2) Sinus petrosus superior: is small and narrow; lies in attached margin of tentorium cerebelli, drains sinus cavernosus to sinus transversus. -> Tributaries: vv. cerebelli, vv. inferiores cerebri. 3) Sinus petrosus inferior: drains sinus cavernosus to v. jugularis interna. -> Tributaries: vv. cerebelli, vv. labyrinthi (from the internal ear), v. aqueductus vestibuli (from the internal ear).

V. iliaca externa (tributaries)

1) V. epigastrica inferior: starts at the region of the umbilicus accompanies the corresponding artery it anastomoses with v. epigastrica superior (v. thoracica interna) + vv. paraumbilicales (v. portae) 2) V. circumflexa ilium profunda: runs along crista iliaca, drains the abdominal and pelvic muscles in the region of crista iliaca

V. iliaca interna (parietal tributaries)

1) V. iliolumbalis: drains posterior wall of the abdominal cavity, the abdominal and pelvic muscles; 2) Vv. sacrales laterales: ascends along facies pelvica ossis sacri together with v. sacralis mediana forms PLEXUS VENOSUS SACRALIS they drain abdominal muscles and pelvic lymphatic nodes; 2) V. obturatoria: drains the medial compartment of the muscles of the thigh; 3) V. glutea superior: drains m. gluteus medius et minimus, m. tensor fasciae latae 4) V. glutea inferior: drains m. gluteus maximus.

V. cava inferior (visceral tributaries)

1) V. renalis dextra et sinistra: -> V. renalis sinistra is longer and receives tributaries: v. suprarenalis sinistra (drains glandula suprarenalis), v. testicularis sinistra (for male) OR v. ovarica sinistra (for female); 2) V. suprarenalis dextra: drains the right suprarenal gland 3) V. testicularis dextra (for male) OR v. ovarica dextra (for female): they join v. cava inferior directly at the acute angle. originate from the network of blood vessels (PLEXUS PAMPINIFORMIS) PPF for male: surrounds testis et epididymis + is content of funiculus spermaticus. The plexus continues till canalis inguinalis internal opening and then transforms into the vein. PPF for female: surrounds ovarium, lies in mesovarium and continues as the vein in lig. suspensorium ovarii. 4) V. testicularis sinistra OR v. ovarica sinistra: drains the corresponding organ and joins v. renalis sinistra at the right angle 5) Vv. hepaticae (3 - 4): they are short, lie in sulcus venae cavae + drain the liver.

V. brachiocephalica (tributaries)

1) V. thyroidea inferior: drains plexus thyreoideus impar, which lies in the lower part of the thyroid gland + anastomoses with plexus thyroideus; plexus thyroideus impar drains the adjacent organs - the larynx, the upper parts of the trachea and oesophagus, the thymus; 2) V. vertebralis: starts from plexus venosus vertebralis externus at the level of arcus posterior atlantis, follows the course of a. vertebralis through foramina transversaria of the cervical vertebra. It drains plexus venosus vertebralis externus et internus and the deep muscles of the back in the neck region. --> Plexus venosus vertebralis externus: consists of anterior plexus (lies in front of the bodies of vertebrae) + posterior plexus (placed on the posterior surfaces of the vertebral arches); they anastomose freely with each another. Anastomoses: with vertebral, occipital + deep cervical veins, v. emissaria condylaris and the plexus venosus canalis nervi hypoglossi. ---> Plexus venosus vertebralis internus: located within the vertebral canal (in the epidural space - spatium epidurale) between the spinal dura mater and the vertebrae. It receives tributaries from the bones and from the spinal cord. Around the foramen magnum it forms a network which opens into the vertebral veins. It is connected above with the occipital sinus. 3) V. cervicalis profunda: starts from plexus venosus vertebralis externus + drains the occipital region; 4) Vv. thoracicae internae: accompanies the artery + drains the same parts of the body as artery supplies; 5) V. intercostalis suprema dextra et sinistra: drains the upper 1 - 2 intercostal spaces; 6) V. intercostalis superior sinistra: drains the upper 3 - 4 intercostal spaces of left side.

V. azygos (visceral tributaries)

1) Vv. oesophageales: drain plexus venosus oesophageus 2) Vv. bronchiales: drain the bronchi, lungs and pleura; 3) Vv. pericardiacae drain the posterior side of pericardium; 4) Vv. mediastinales: drain the lymphatic nodes of mediastinum.

V. cava inferior (parietal tributaries)

1) Vv. phrenicae inferiores: drain inferior surface of the diaphragm; 2) Vv. lumbales: 4 pairs drain the posterior and lateral walls of the abdominal cavity and deep muscles of the back communicate with plexus venosus vertebralis externus et internus + v. lumbalis ascendens dextra et sinistra.

V. jugularis externa (tributaries)

1) Vv. transversae colli: goes with a. transversa colli, drains superficial muscles of the back and deep muscles in the neck region; 2) V. suprascapularis: drains muscles of the scapular region; 3) V. jugularis anterior: -drains the anterior superficial layers of the neck -begins at the level of os hyoideum -descends in front of straight muscles of the neck -above incisura jugularis sterni veins of both sides communicate by ARCUS VENOSUS JUGULI -curves laterally + opens into v. jugularis externa. ---> Sometimes there is only one vein in the anterior region: V. MEDIANA COLLI, which joins v. jugularis externa on 1 side. ---> V. jugularis externa also collects the blood from the occipital region and lateral parts of the face.

Veins of the head (classification)

1) external veins of the head and face 2) dural venous sinuses (sinus durae matris) 3) diploic veins (venae diploicae) 4) emissary veins (venae emissariae) 5) cerebral veins 6) orbital veins.

Venous networks in the openings at the base of the skull ("emissary-like")

1) plexus venosus foraminis ovalis: in foramen ovale, the plexus connects sinus cavernosus with plexus pterygoideus; 2) plexus venosus caroticus internus: in canalis caroticus, the plexus connects sinus cavernosus with plexus pterygoideus; 3) plexus venosus canalis nervi hypoglossi: - in canalis hypoglossus, this plexus connects sinus occipitalis with plexus venosus vertebralis externus.

Veins of the heart (general)

1) sinus coronarius, 2) vv. cordis anteriores, 3) vv. cordis minimae.

V. jugularis interna (tributaries)

1) sinus durae matris; 2) v. facialis; 3) v. lingualis; 4) vv. pharyngeae: they drain plexus pharyngeus, tuba auditiva, palatum molle; 5) v. thyroidea superior: drains plexus thyroideus and receives tributary v. laryngea superior; 6) v. sternocleidomastoidea

Veins of the trunk are...

1) v. brachiocepalica 2) v. cava superior 3) v. azygos 4) v. cava inferior 5) v. iliaca communis 6) v. iliaca externa 7) v. iliaca interna

Deep cerebral veins (UN-paired)

1) v. magna cerebri: is about 1 cm long unpaired vein; it opens into sinus rectus and has tributary - v. basalis, which drains hypothalamus and nuclei basales.

Deep cerebral veins (paired)

1) v. thalamostriata superior: drains thalamus, nucleus caudatus, capsula interna, 2) v. choroidea superior: drains plexus chorioideus ventriculi lateralis, 3) v. anterior septi pellucidi: drains cornu anterius ventriculi lateralis, 4) v. interna cerebri: is formed near foramen interventriculare by joining 3 veins: - v. thalamostriata superior -v. choroidea superior -v. anterior septi pellucidi; ---> v. interna cerebri lies between two laminas of tela choroidea ventriculi tertii; at the the posterior wall of the 3rd ventricle the veins of both sides join to form 1 single vein: -> v. magna cerebri

4 systems of veins of the systemic circulation (due to their funsion)

1) veins of the heart: terminate directly into the right atrium; 2) cava superior system: joins the veins of the head, neck, upper limb and thorax, + terminate into superior vena cava - vena cava superior; 3) cava inferior system: joins the veins of the lower limb, abdomen and pelvis, + terminate into inferior vena cava - vena cava inferior; 4) portal system: contains the hepatic portal vein (vena portae hepatis.)

Anastamose between veins (external veins of head + venous sinuses)

1) vv. diploicae; 2) v. meningea media; 3) vv. ophthalmicae; 4) vv. emissariae; 5) plexus s. sinus basilaris: -Lies on the clivus. -Laterally it communicates with sinus petrosus inferior - downward through foramen magnum it goes to spatium epidurale and communicates with plexus venosus vertebralis internus.

V. iliaca interna (visceral tributaries)

1. V. rectalis media; 2. Vv. vesicales; 3. Vv. uterinae (for females).

V. azygos (parietal tributaries)

2) Vv. phrenicae superiores: drain the diaphragm 2) Vv. intercostales posteriores dextrae: drain 8 lower intercostal spaces on the right side 3) V. intercostalis superior dextra: drains 3 - 4 upper intercostal spaces on the right It is also an anastomotic tributary to v. brachiocephalica dextra; 4) V. hemiazygos: it starts like v. azygos, but on the left side as v. lumbalis ascendens sin. At the level of the 8th - 9th thoracic vertebra it crosses the vertebral column to join v. azygos. It lies posteriorly to aorta, oesophagus + ductus thoracicus. Its tributaries are: vv. intercostales posteriores sinistrae (drain 4 - 5 lower intercostal spaces) + v. hemiazygos accessoria into the upper direction v. hemiazygos accessoria might be communicates with v. brachiocephalica sinistra OR with v. intercostalis superior sinistra into the lower: opens into v. hemiazygos. 5) Vv. intercostales posteriores: the most important tributaries of v. azygos, v. hemiazygos et v. hemiazygos accessoria. They drain the walls of the thoracic cavity, deep muscles of the back, plexus venosus vertebralis externus et internus. Their anterior ends communicate with vv. intercostales anteriores (v. thoracica interna).

Sinus coronarius (general and tributaries)

Sinus coronarius By sinus coronarius is drained the main part of the venous blood. It lies in posterior part of the heart in sulcus coronarius and terminates in the right atrium (by ostium sinus coronarii) The sinus receives 5 tributaries: 1) V. cardiaca magna: it begins at apex cordis, ascends along sulcus interventricularis anterior, curves to the left around facies pulmonalis cordis, lies in sulcus coronarius and ends in the sinus; 2) V. cardiaca media: commences at apex cordis, ascends along sulcus interventricularis posterior, opens into the sinus; 3) V. cardiaca parva: runs along sulcus coronarius between the right atrium and right ventricle, curves around margo dexter cordis and opens into the sinus; 4) V. ventriculi sinistri posterior: drains the venous blood from the left ventricle and ends in the sinus; 5) V. obliqua atrii sinistri: drains the venous blood from the left atrium, opens into the sinus.

V. jugularis externa (formation and topography)

V. jugularis externa is formed by 2 roots: - posterior root is formed by union of v. occipitalis and v. auricularis posterior -anterior: by v. retromandibularis -> Both roots join at the level of angulus mandibulae. -The commencement is placed in the substance of glandula parotidea. -It runs downward and posteriorly beneath platysma, along m. sternocleidomastoideus, it pierces lamina superficialis fasciae colli and finishes in angulus venosus juguli.

Vv. cordis minimae

are numerous, arise in the wall of the heart and open mainly into the right atrium (by foramina venarum minimarum)

V. temporalis superficialis

begins by the venous plexus in the temporal and calvaria regions. drains the parietal, temporal +frontal regions It crosses arcus zygomaticus, enters the substance of the parotid gland joins with v. maxillaris at the level of collum mandibulae forms v. retromandibularis (placed in fossa retromandibularis)

V. occipitalis

begins from the superficial + deep venous plexus of the occipital region. It follows the course of a. occipitalis terminates by communication with v. auricularis posterior. It drains the occipital region.

V. facialis

commences at the root of the nose as v. angularis it anastomoses with v. nasofrontalis (v. ophthalmica superior) spread of bacterial infections from the face to the cranial cavity It runs downward and backward in trigonum caroticum it unites with ANTERIOR root of v. retromandibularis and opens into v. jugularis interna. It drains the anterior part of the face (the eyelids, the lips, regio submentalis, m. masseter, the superficial part of the parotid gland, plexus pterygoideus, tonsilla palatina, palatum molle, lateral part of the pharynx) BIGGEST TRIBUTARY is v. facialis profunda, (drains plexus pterygoideus)

Plexus basilaris

consists of interconnecting channels, lies between layers of dura mater on the clivus. It communicates sinus petrosus superior, sinus petrosus inferior and sinus cavernosus of both sides. It communicates also with plexus vertebralis internus through the foramen magnum and so it is an anastomosis with external veins.

V. cava superior

drains the upper part of the trunk (above the diaphragm) formed by union of v. brachiocephalica dextra et sinistra (behind synchondrosis costae primae dx) it lies in mediastinum superius, runs from the cartilage of the 1st right rib to the the one of the 3rd right rib lower part of v. cava superior is within the pericardium left to it lies aorta; to the right lies pars mediastinalis pleurae parietalis, n. phrenicus, vasa pericardiacophrenica; behind it lies bronchus principalis dx, a. pulmonalis dx, vv. pulmonales dx + anteriorly the thymus. vena azygos is the ONLY tributary

V. iliaca interna (general + general venous plexi)

drains the walls and organs of the pelvic cavity At the visceral tributaries: group of veins, which originate from the different venous plexus of the pelvic cavity and drain the corresponding organs. ---> Venous plexus of the pelvic cavity for male: -plexus venosus rectalis - plexus venosus vesicalis - plexus venosus prostaticus ---> Venous plexus of the pelvic cavity for female: - plexus venosus rectalis - plexus venosus vesicalis - plexus venosus uterinus - plexus venosus vaginalis.

V. lingualis

is formed by v. profunda linguae (drains the inferior surface of the tongue), v. dorsalis linguae (drains dorsum linguae), v. sublingualis (drains glandula sublingualis). it enters v. jugularis interna.

V. brachiocephalica (general)

itdrains the head, neck and upper limb formed by union of v. jugularis interna + v. subclavia behind the sternoclavicular joint. ---> V. BC dextra: -about 3 cm long. -It commences at the level of art. sternoclavicularis dx. -descends straight downward to the 1st rib + joins the left brachiocephalic vein. ---> V. BC sinistra: - twice as long -oblique course behind manubrium sterni -It crosses n. phrenicus sin, n. vagus sin, a. subclavia sin, a. carotis communis sin, trachea + truncus brachiocephalicus.

Plexus pterygoideus

lies in fossa infratemporalis (between m. pterygoideus medialis et lateralis) drains mastication muscles, the teeth, art. temporomandibularis, deep part of the parotid gland, the nasal cavity, sinus maxillaris, auris externa et media it receives v. MENINGEA MEDIA, which drains the meninges and pass through foramen spinosum It is drained into 2 directions: a) forward into v. facialis via v. facialis profunda, b) backward into v. retromandibularis via v. maxillaris. it communicates with the intracranial venous sinuses through foramen ovale, canalis caroticus.

Vv. cordis anteriores

located on facies sternocostalis + drain the right ventricle and open directly into the right atrium (by small orifices)

V. auricularis posterior

originates by the venosus plexus behind the ear passes downward together with a. auricularis posterior joins v. occipitalis to form a short trunk, (= posterior root of v. jugularis externa). it drains auricula and the lateral part of the occipital region.

V. retromandibularis

passes through glandula parotidea divides into 2 roots: - anterior root (joins with v. facialis) -posterior root communicates with v. auricularis posterior (to form v. jugularis externa)

V. cava inferior (general)

returns blood from all structures of the body below the diaphragm. about 14 cm long, 2 cm in diameter it starts at the level of the 5th lumbar vertebra by junction of v. iliaca communis dextra et sinistra. ascends anteriorly to the vertebral column + to the right according aorta. It passes the liver and lies in sulcus venae cavae runs through foramen venae cavae in the thoracic cavity is covered by pericardium opens into the right atrium at the level of the 8 - 9th thoracic vertebra. Anteriorly to vena cava inferior lies hepar, caput pancreatis, pars horizontalis duodeni, radix mesenterii; posteriorly to it lies pars lumbalis diaphragmatis, m. psoas major dx, truncus sympathicus dx, a. renalis dx, aa. lumbales dx.

V. iliaca communis (general)

runs together with corresponding artery begins at the level of art. sacroiliaca (by junction of v. iliaca externa + v. iliaca interna)

V. iliaca externa (general)

starts at lacuna vasorum as continuation of v. femoralis drains the lower limb ascends along linea terminalis

Veins of neck are...

v. jugularis externa + v. jugularis interna.