ANATOMY 2 FINAL CHAPTER 23: The digestive system
1. The final product of carbohydrate digestion is __________. A. disaccharides B. glycogen C. polysaccharides D. starch E. monosaccharides
E. monosaccharides
T/F Saliva contains enzymes that break down proteins
FALSE
1. Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive system? A. Teeth B. Tongue C. Intestines D. Salivary glands
C. Intestines
1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the liver? A. It stores glucose as glycogen. B. It is highly regenerative. C. It has three lobes. D. It has a role in detoxifying the blood.
C. It has three lobes.
1. The major site for nutrient absorption is the ____ A. Mouth B. Large intestine C. Small intestine D. stomach
C. Small intestine
1. Some aspects of the __________ phase of gastric secretion, which occur before food enters the stomach, may be considered conditioned reflexes. A. gastric B. esophageal C. cephalic D. intestinal
C. cephalic
1. Which of the following cells produce pepsinogen? A. parietal cells B. G cells C. chief cells D. mucous cells E. enteroendocrine cells
C. chief cells
1. What would be the effect of stripping the small intestines of their villi? A. Salivary amylase secretion would increase. B. A duodenal ulcer would develop. C. decreased surface area for absorption D. The large intestine would take over as the primary absorptive site
C. decreased surface area for absorption
1. The __________ is the first segment of the small intestine. A. ileum B. jejunum C. duodenum D. colon
C. duodenum
1. Name the six functional activities of the digestive system
1. Ingestion 2. Propulsion 3. Mechanical breakdown 4. Digestion 5. Absorption defecation
1. The phases of gastric secretion, from first to last are ___ A. Cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase B. Intestinal phase, gastric phase, cephalic phase C. Gastric phase, cephalic phase, intestinal phase D. Cephalic phase, intestinal phase, gastric phase
A. Cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase
1. Most water is absorbed in the __________. A. stomach B. large intestine C. liver D. small intestine
D. small intestine
1. The only stomach function that is essential to life is __________. A. the secretion of pepsinogen B. mechanical digestion C. the presence of HCl D. the secretion of intrinsic factor
D. the secretion of intrinsic factor
1. Which of the following teeth are most commonly impacted? A. premolars B. incisors C. deciduous teeth D. wisdom teeth
D. wisdom teeth
1. Which regulatory chemical stimulates gastric gland activity and motility? a. Gastrin b. CCK c. Histamine d. Secretin e. Vasoactive peptide
a. Gastrin
1. The digestive juice product containing enzymes capable of digesting all four major foodstuff categories is a. Pancreatic b. Gastric c. Salivary d. Biliary
a. Pancreatic
1. The main propulsive force that occurs in the majority of the alimentary canal is called __________. a. Peristalsis b. Segmentation c. Defecation d. Ingestion e. Swallowing
a. Peristalsis
1. What intestinal structure(s) consist(s) of protective aggregated nodules of lymphocytes and macrophages? a. Peyers patches b. The gastric pits c. The intestinal crypts d. The muscularis mucosae e. The muscularis externa
a. Peyers patches
1. The sphincter between the stomach and duodenum is a. The pyloric sphincter b. The gastroesophageal sphincter c. The hepatopancreatic sphincter d. The ileocecal valve
a. The pyloric sphincter
1. Carbohydrates are acted on by a. Peptidases, trypsin, and chymotrypsin b. Amylase, maltase, and sucrase c. Lipases d. Peptidases, lipases, and galactase
b. Amylase, maltase, and sucrase
1. Which of the following is a characteristic of the large intestine? a. It has villi b. It contains epiploic appendages c. It is the site for acid neutralization d. It provides no absorptive function e. It is longer than the small intestine
b. It contains epiploic appendages
1. The parasympathetic nervous system influences digestion by a. Relaxing smooth muscle b. Stimulating peristalsis and secretory activity c. Constricting sphincters d. None of these
b. Stimulating peristalsis and secretory activity
1. The site of production of cholecystokinin is a. The stomach b. The small intestine c. The pancreas d. The large intestine
b. The small intestine
1. Pulp is found in the central cavity of a tooth and consists of connective tissue containing _____ and ____
blood vessels, nerve fibers
1. Bile is stores and concentrated in the ____ a. Stomach b. Liver c. Gallbladder d. Pancreas
c. Gallbladder
1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the colon? a. It is divided into ascending, transverse, and descending portions b. It contains abundant bacteria, some of which synthesize certain vitamins c. It is the main absorptive site d. It absorbs much of the water and salts remaining in the wastes
c. It is the main absorptive site
1. Obstruction of the hepatopancreatic sphincter impairs digestion by reducing the availability of a. Bile and HCl b. HCl and intestinal juice c. Pancreatic juice and intestinal juice d. Pancreatic juice and bile
d. Pancreatic juice and bile
1. What are the main organic molecules digested in the stomach? a. Nucleic acids b. Salts c. Carbohydrates d. Proteins e. Lipids
d. Proteins
1. During deglutition, the bolus passes into the stomach from the esophagus through the __________. a. Ileocecal valve b. Pyloric sphincter c. Urethral sphincter d. Esophageal sphincter e. Gastroesophageal sphincter
e. Gastroesophageal sphincter
What is the normal number of deciduous teeth?
20
What is the normal number of permanent teeth?
32
MATCH
A. LIPIDS- MONOSACCHARIDES B. PROTEINS-FATTY ACIDS AND MONOGLYCERIDES C. CARBOHYDRATES-NUCLEOTIDES NUCLEIC ACIDS- AMINO ACIDS
1. The enzyme pepsin digests _______ in the stomach. A. Proteins- In the presence of hydrochloric acid, the enzyme pepsin digests proteins into large polypeptides. In the small intestine, pancreatic enzymes and brush border enzymes complete the digestion of polypeptides to amino acids. B. Starch- Amylase enzymes digest starch and disaccharides, not pepsin. Pepsin targets the type of macromolecule that makes up the body's basic structural material. C. Fats- Lipase enzymes digest fats, not pepsin. Pepsin reacts with the type of macromolecule that plays vital roles in cell function, including transport, contraction, communication, and defense. D. nucleic acids
A. Proteins- In the presence of hydrochloric acid, the enzyme pepsin digests proteins into large polypeptides. In the small intestine, pancreatic enzymes and brush border enzymes complete the digestion of polypeptides to amino acids.
MATCHING
A. Serosa-protective outermost later of the alimentary canal B. Mucosa- main site of nutrient absorption C. Submucosa- responsible for segmentation and peristalsis D. Muscularis externa- moderately dense connective tissue that has a rich supply of blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers
1. During the intestinal phase of gastric regulation, __________. A. The stomach is initially stimulates and later inhibited B. The gastroenteric reflex reduces stomach activity C. Secretin causes more HCl release D. Hormones reduce chief cell activity E. The enterogastric reflex is turned off
A. The stomach is initially stimulates and later inhibited
1. Diarrhea results when food passes too quickly through the large intestine. A. True B. False
A. True
1. Most digestion occurs in the small intestine. A. True B. False
A. True
1. Someone on a fat-free diet would NOT efficiently absorb vitamin D from the diet. A. True B. False
A. True
1. The serous membrane that covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs is called the _____ A. Visceral peritoneum B. Omentum C. Parietal peritoneum D. Mesentery
A. Visceral peritoneum
1. What substances from different organs would mix together at the hepatopancreatic ampulla? A. bile and pancreatic enzymes B. secretin and CCK C. brush border enzymes and intrinsic factor D. HCl and pepsin
A. bile and pancreatic enzymes
1. The digestive system in a cadaver is longer than in a living person because, in a cadaver, there is NO __________. A. muscle tone B. digestion taking place C. food in the alimentary canal D. enzymatic activity
A. muscle tone
1. Which layer of the alimentary canal wall produces segmentation and peristalsis? A. muscularis externa- The muscularis externa contains circular and longitudinal layers of smooth muscle that produce segmentation and peristalsis. Segmentation mixes food and breaks it down mechanically. Peristalsis propels food distally along the digestive tract B. Submucosa- The submucosa contains blood and lymphatic vessels that receive absorbed nutrients. Segmentation and peristalsis require the coordinated contraction of smooth muscle. C. Mucosa- The mucosa lines the lumen of the alimentary canal and absorbs the end products of digestion. The layer of the canal that is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis contains circular and longitudinal layers of smooth muscle. D. Serosa
A. muscularis externa- The muscularis externa contains circular and longitudinal layers of smooth muscle that produce segmentation and peristalsis. Segmentation mixes food and breaks it down mechanically. Peristalsis propels food distally along the digestive tract
1. Which stomach cells secrete hydrochloric acid? A. parietal cells- Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl). HCl creates the acidic environment necessary for activation of the enzyme pepsin, denaturation of proteins, the breakdown of plant cell walls, and elimination of ingested bacteria. B. chief cells- Chief cells produce pepsinogen, the inactive form of pepsin. The cells that produce hydrochloric acid each have three prongs with dense microvilli. C. enteroendocrine cells- Enteroendocrine cells release paracrines and hormones. Under high magnification, the correct cells resemble fuzzy pitchforks. D. mucous neck cells
A. parietal cells- Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl). HCl creates the acidic environment necessary for activation of the enzyme pepsin, denaturation of proteins, the breakdown of plant cell walls, and elimination of ingested bacteria
1. The increased concentration of HCO3- in blood draining from the stomach is called __________. A. the alkaline tide B. the enterogastric reflex C. the gastric phase D. the chloride shift
A. the alkaline tide
1Which digestive system activity actually moves nutrients from the outside to the inside of the body? A. Ingestion- Ingestion refers to eating, or taking food into the digestive tract. The contents of the digestive tract is considered to be outside of the body because the alimentary canal opens to the exterior at both the mouth and the anus. Only the final breakdown products of digestion enter the body. B. Absorption- Absorption moves nutrients into the body as they pass into the blood or lymph. In the lumen of the alimentary canal, the process of digestion breaks down complex food molecules into nutrient building blocks. The contents of the lumen is technically outside the body because the canal opens to the external environment at both ends. C. Propulsion- Propulsion refers to the movement of food through t D. Digestion
B. Absorption- Absorption moves nutrients into the body as they pass into the blood or lymph. In the lumen of the alimentary canal, the process of digestion breaks down complex food molecules into nutrient building blocks. The contents of the lumen is technically outside the body because the canal opens to the external environment at both ends.
1. Which of the following statements about the mesentery is INCORRECT? A. It holds the organs of the abdomen in place. B. It is composed of a layer of serous membrane fused with a layer of mucous membrane. C. Omenta is the special name for part of the mesentery extending from the curvatures of the stomach. D. It provides a route for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to reach the digestive viscera.
B. It is composed of a layer of serous membrane fused with a layer of mucous membrane.
1. Select the enzymatic component of pancreatic juice that digests fats. A. Amylase- Amylase enzymes digest carbohydrates, not fats B. Lipase- Lipase enzymes break down fats, or triglycerides, into monoglycerides and fatty acids. The pancreas is the main source of fat-digesting lipases. C. protease.- Protease enzymes digest proteins, not fats. nuclease
B. Lipase- Lipase enzymes break down fats, or triglycerides, into monoglycerides and fatty acids. The pancreas is the main source of fat-digesting lipases.
1. Bacterial flora in the large intestine does NOT produce __________. A. vitamin K B. intrinsic factor C. CO2 D. B vitamins
B. intrinsic factor
1. Which of the following is a condition affecting the large intestine that is NOT explained by anatomical or biochemical abnormalities? A. pernicious anemia B. irritable bowel syndrome C. a hiatal hernia D. celiac disease
B. irritable bowel syndrome
1. The myxovirus causes __________. A. irritable bowel syndrome B. mumps C. measles D. infectious mononucleosis
B. mumps
1. The myenteric nerve plexus is located in which tunic of the alimentary canal? A. serosa B. muscularis externa C. mucosa D. submucosa
B. muscularis externa
1. Which of the following cells produce HCl? A. mucous cells B. parietal cells C. chief cells D. enteroendocrine cells E. G cells
B. parietal cells
1. The short reflexes in the digestive system are stimulated by __________. A. the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system B. the enteric nerve plexuses C. higher brain centers D. the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
B. the enteric nerve plexuses
1. Select the correct description of a phase of gastric secretion. A. The intestinal phase increases stomach secretory activity.- The intestinal phase decreases secretion of gastric juices and slows gastric emptying. These actions protect the small intestine from excessive acidity and provide adequate time for digestion and absorption along the small intestine. B.The cephalic phase occurs before food enters the stomach- The smell, taste, sight, or thought of food triggers the cephalic, or reflex, phase of gastric secretion. This brief phase stimulates gastric glands in preparation for food arrival in the stomach. C. Stimulation of taste and smell receptors triggers the gastric phase.- Stimulation of taste and smell receptors triggers the cephalic phase, not the gastric phase. Stomach distension and the presence D. Distension of the stomach stimulates the intestinal phase
B.The cephalic phase occurs before food enters the stomach- The smell, taste, sight, or thought of food triggers the cephalic, or reflex, phase of gastric secretion. This brief phase stimulates gastric glands in preparation for food arrival in the stomach.
1. What digestive function do bacteria perform within the large intestine? A. synthesis of the antioxidant vitamins A, C, and E- The gut bacteria synthesize vitamin K and B complex vitamins, but not vitamins A, C, or E. Bacteria also ferment macromolecules. B. fermentation of indigestible fatty acids- The gut bacteria ferment indigestible carbohydrates and mucin into short-chain fatty acids that can be used for fuel by body cells. C. energy recovery from otherwise undigestible foods- The bacterial microbiota recovers energy from otherwise indigestible foods by fermenting indigestible carbohydrates and mucin into short-chain fatty acids that can be used for fuel by cells. In addition, gut bacteria synthesize vitamin K and B complex vitamins. D. Protection of the intestinal wall from irritation
C. energy recovery from otherwise undigestible foods- The bacterial microbiota recovers energy from otherwise indigestible foods by fermenting indigestible carbohydrates and mucin into short-chain fatty acids that can be used for fuel by cells. In addition, gut bacteria synthesize vitamin K and B complex vitamins.
1. Which structure opens into the duodenum of the small intestine? A. bile duct- The bile duct receives bile from the liver and gallbladder. The correct choice is a bulblike structure that receives bile directly from the bile duct. B. cystic duct- The cystic duct and the common hepatic duct join to form the bile duct. The correct choice is a swelling near the wall of the duodenum that receives bile directly from the bile duct. C. hepatopancreatic ampulla- The bile duct and main pancreatic duct fuse together at a swelling near the duodenum called the hepatopancreatic ampulla. This bulblike ampulla delivers bile and pancreatic juice to the duodenum. D. main pancreatic duct
C. hepatopancreatic ampulla- The bile duct and main pancreatic duct fuse together at a swelling near the duodenum called the hepatopancreatic ampulla. This bulblike ampulla delivers bile and pancreatic juice to the duodenum.
1. Digestion of carbohydrates and proteins by brush border enzymes occurs within the __________ of the small intestine. A. circular folds B. villi C. microvilli D. goblet cells
C. microvilli
1. Which sequence below represents the correct order of the tunics of the GI tract, starting from the layer adjacent to the lumen and moving superficially? A. serosa, mucosa, muscularis externa, submucosa B. mucosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, serosa C. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa D. submucosa, mucosa, muscularis externa, serosa E. muscularis externa, serosa, submucosa, mucosa
C. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
1. Which of the following conditions is directly associated with an increased risk for heart disease and stroke? A. impacted wisdom teeth B. dental caries C. periodontitis D. gingivitis
C. periodontitis
1. Pepsin enzymatically digests __________. A. fat B. nucleic acids C. protein D. carbohydrate
C. protein
1. Which of the following is a function of the gallbladder? A. secreting pancreatic juice B. converting pepsinogen to pepsin C. storing and concentrating bile D. metabolizing carbohydrate
C. storing and concentrating bile
Enamel covers a tooth ____ and cement covers the _____
CROWN, ROOT
1. The permanent dentition consists of ____ teeth in a full set A. 10 B. 16 C. 20 D. 32
D. 32
1. __________ is/are NOT found in pancreatic secretions. A. Procarboxypeptidase B. Chymotrypsinogen C. Bicarbonate ions D. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
D. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
1. What part of a tooth is the hardest substance in the body? A. Cement- Cement covers the outer surface of the root and attaches the tooth to the periodontal ligament. Although cement is a calcified connective tissue, a harder substance covers the outer crown of the tooth. B. Dentin- Dentin is a protein-rich bonelike material that forms the bulk of the tooth. The hardest substance in the body overlies and protects the dentin portion of the tooth. C. Gingiva- The gingiva, or gum, is softer tissue that surrounds the tooth. The hardest substance in the body covers the exposed part of the tooth above the gingiva. D. Enamel- Enamel covers the crown of the tooth and directly bears the force of chewing. Enamel is made up of columns of calcium phosphate crystals that are oriented perpendicular to the tooth surface.
D. Enamel- Enamel covers the crown of the tooth and directly bears the force of chewing. Enamel is made up of columns of calcium phosphate crystals that are oriented perpendicular to the tooth surface.
1. Which of the following products does the stomach produce? A. mucus and amylase B. pepsinogen and secretin C. bile and trypsin D. HCl and intrinsic factor
D. HCl and intrinsic factor
1. ____ circulation collects nutrient-rich blood from the GI tract and delivers it to the liver. A. Aortic B. Cardiac C. Peritoneal D. Hepatic portal
D. Hepatic portal
1. Choose the statement that correctly describes a feature of the esophageal wall. A. Esophageal glands of the submucosa secrete enzymes that convert the bolus into a liquid chyme.- Esophageal glands of the submucosa secrete a lubricating mucus that aids with passage of the food bolus. The esophagus does not produce enzymes and the bolus doesn't become chyme until it reaches the stomach. B. The mucosa contains an abrasion-resistant epithelium consisting of a single layer of column-shaped cells.- The mucosa of the esophagus contains nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The multiple layers protect from abrasion as swallowed food passes by. A simple columnar epithelium lines the stomach and functions in secretion and absorption. C. An adventitia anchors the esophagus posteriorly while the serosa blends with structures anteriorly. D. The muscularis externa transitions from skeletal muscle superiorly to smooth muscle near the stomach.- The superior one-third of the esophageal muscularis externa is skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle contracts more rapidly than smooth muscle, allowing swallowed material to quickly move from the pharynx to the esophagus. The middle one-third contains a blend of skeletal and smooth muscle fibers. Smooth muscle makes up the inferior one-third.
D. The muscularis externa transitions from skeletal muscle superiorly to smooth muscle near the stomach.- The superior one-third of the esophageal muscularis externa is skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle contracts more rapidly than smooth muscle, allowing swallowed material to quickly move from the pharynx to the esophagus. The middle one-third contains a blend of skeletal and smooth muscle fibers. Smooth muscle makes up the inferior one-third.
1. Which structural feature of the small intestine consists of fingerlike projections of the mucosa that increase the surface area of the small intestine? A. brush border- The brush border refers to the microscopic appearance of the surfaces of the absorptive cells that line the mucosa. The correct choice is larger in scale and gives the mucosa a velvety texture, similar to the soft nap of a towel. B. circular folds- Circular folds are large, nearly 1 cm tall, internal folds of the small intestine that involve both the mucosal and submucosal layers. The correct choice refers to smaller fingerlike projections, over 1 mm high, that only involve the mucosa. C. Microvilli- Microvilli are extensions of the plasma membrane of absorptive cells that line the mucosa. The correct choice is similarly named but functions to increase D. Villi- In the small intestine, the mucosa forms fingerlike projections called villi. Over 1 mm high, the villi give the mucosa a velvety texture. Along with circular folds and microvilli, the villi greatly increase the surface area of the small intestine.
D. Villi- In the small intestine, the mucosa forms fingerlike projections called villi. Over 1 mm high, the villi give the mucosa a velvety texture. Along with circular folds and microvilli, the villi greatly increase the surface area of the small intestine.
1. Which of the following is the most common cause of peritonitis? A. a ruptured pancreatic cyst B. a perforating abdominal wound C. a perforating ulcer of the stomach D. a burst appendix
D. a burst appendix
1. Many of the early food allergies seen in infants are caused by __________. A. gallstones B. excessive absorption of fat C. lactase deficiency D. absorption of whole proteins
D. absorption of whole proteins
1. Halitosis is caused by __________. A. lack of amylase in saliva B. increased salivation C. loss of teeth D. increased anaerobic bacterial activity at the back of the tongue
D. increased anaerobic bacterial activity at the back of the tongue
Emulsification of which organic molecules would be most affected if the liver were severely damaged? A. nucleic acids B. carbohydrates C. proteins D. lipids
D. lipids
1. In order to prevent self-digestion of the pancreas, activation of pancreatic proteases occurs in the __________. A. Liver B. Pancreas C. Gallbladder D. Stomach E. Duodenum
E. Duodenum
T/F A weak gastroesophageal sphincter can result in heartburn
TRUE
T/F The enteric nervous system is the in-house nerve supply of the alimentary canal:
TRUE
1. The lamina propria forms part of the a. Muscularis externa b. Submucosa c. Serosa d. Mucosa
d. Mucosa
1. Select an organ of the alimentary canal found in the abdominal cavity. a. Esophagus- The esophagus belongs to the alimentary canal but it is found in the thorax, not the abdominal cavity. The esophagus delivers food to the organs of the abdominal cavity. b. Liver- The liver lies in the abdominal cavity, but it is an accessory organ, not a part of the alimentary canal. The alimentary canal is a continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus. c. Stomach- The stomach, small intestine, and large intestine are organs of the alimentary canal found in the abdominal cavity. The alimentary canal, or gastrointestinal (GI) tract, digests food and absorbs the digested fragments along its length. d. pancreas
c. Stomach- The stomach, small intestine, and large intestine are organs of the alimentary canal found in the abdominal cavity. The alimentary canal, or gastrointestinal (GI) tract, digests food and absorbs the digested fragments along its length.
1. The gallbladder a. Produces bile b. Is attached to the pancreas c. Stores and concentrates bile d. Produces secretin
c. Stores and concentrates bile
1. The peritoneal cavity a. is the same as the abdominopelvic cavity b. is filled with air c. like the pleural and pericardial cavities is a potential space containing serous fluid d. contains the pancreas and all of the duodenum
c. like the pleural and pericardial cavities is a potential space containing serous fluid
1. Which of the following is not a function of the stomach a. Absorption of a few fat soluble substances b. Mechanical breakdown of the bolus into chyme c. Temporary holding area for food until it can be moved to the duodenum d. Chemical digestion of carbohydrates
d. Chemical digestion of carbohydrates