anatomy 2 mastering 1

Supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus:

nucleus located in a more inferior location that synthesizes mainly the neurohormone ADH

Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus:

nucleus located in a more superior location that synthesizes mainly the neurohormone oxytocin

The word root -- means feeding or eating.

phag

The word root - means phosphate or phosphorus.

phospho

An enzyme that degrades second messengers like cAMP or cGMP is .

phosphodiesterase

Overeating, or _________, is a sign associated with diabetes mellitus.

polyphagia

Overproduction of urine, or _________, is a sign of diabetes mellitus.

polyuria

Primary capillary plexus:

site into which releasing hormones or inhibiting hormones are secreted

Secondary capillary plexus:

site that receives the blood and hormones from the primary plexus and into which hormones such as GH, TSH, and ACTH are secreted

Superior hypophyseal artery:

supplies the primary plexus

What determines whether a particular cell is able to respond to a hormone?

the presence of a specific hormone receptor

The anterior pituitary gland does NOT produce __________.

thyroid hormone

Tract in infundibulum:

transports neurohormones to termini in posterior pituitary/hypophysis

The word root - means attracted specifically to the specified organ or tissue.

tropic

The word root - means urine.

uria

Axon termini of posterior pituitary: ____________ and _________

- stores neurohormones ADH and oxytocin - site of release of neurohormones into the blood capillary supplied by the inferior hypophyseal artery

: Targets the adrenal gland to release glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

: Increased sodium and water absorption

Aldosterone

Adult onset diabetes, diabetes type 2, can best be described using which of the following concepts?

Constantly high blood sugar leads to high insulin release. High amounts of insulin lead to down-regulation of insulin receptors.

: Stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

: Increased metabolic effects from the liver

Cortisol

: Increased dilation of bronchioles and heart rate

Epinephrine

You may predict that iodized salt may be effective in preventing all EXCEPT which of the following?

Graves' disease

What do steroids and amino acid-based hormones have in common?

Steroids and amino acid-based hormones are secreted by endocrine glands.

Which of the following hormones has the greatest effect on the overall metabolic rate?

TSH

How do steroid hormones and thyroid hormone affect change in their target cells?

The hormone passes through the cell membrane and activates intracellular receptors that enter the nucleus to activate genes.

Which of the following is a characteristic of thyroid hormone?

Thyroid hormone is lipid soluble.

What is the role of the protein kinases in a cell?

When activated, they phosphorylate other proteins, including other enzymes.

What is the primary function of hormones?

act as chemical messengers that regulate the metabolic function of cells in the body

Which endocrine gland produces cortisol?

adrenal gland

Hypophyseal portal veins:

blood vessels of the hypophyseal portal system that join two capillary beds

Hormones bring about their characteristic effects by altering target cell activity, increasing or decreasing the rates of normal cellular processes. Which of the following is NOT a typical effect brought on by hormones?

changing the structure of the target cell's cytoskeleton

Glands that secrete their products into surrounding tissue fluids are classified as ______ glands, whereas glands that secrete onto a membrane surface are classified as _____ glands.

endocrine; exocrine

FSH and LH are examples of _________ hormones, which target the ovaries or testes.

gonadotropic

Low blood glucose concentration and high blood potassium concentration are examples of __________ stimuli for an endocrine gland.

humoral

If a person's parathyroids are responding properly to a drop in blood calcium, which of the following should result?

Less calcium will be excreted in the urine by the kidneys.

As the adrenal gland releases glucocorticoids, which of the following effects may be observed? Select all the answers that apply.

Lipid breakdown in the liver will increase, Increased blood glucose levels, Decrease in immune system function, Increased blood levels of amino acids

The word root - means blood or lymph vessels.

angio

Upon the release of renin, _________ is produced and stimulates vasoconstriction and the release of aldosterone.

angiotensin II

Hypothalamus neurons:

location of synthesis of releasing hormones (RH), such as GHRH, TRH, CRH, and GnRH; or inhibiting hormones (IH), such as GHIH and PIH

If the anterior pituitary failed to produce LH appropriately, what might be the result?

lowered levels of testosterone or ovarian hormones