Anatomy 2: Test 1 Review (HW ?s)
As the heart rate slows, __________ get(s) longer. A) systole B) diastole C) systole and diastole D) none of the answers is correct
B
Cells of the adrenal cortex produce
aldosterone
Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of
aldosterone
Describe the structural classification of hormones. (Module 16.2A)
amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones ( built from amino acids as pro hormones), and lipid derivatives (built from fatty acids or cholesterol)
What effects would increased circulating levels of glucocorticoids have on the pituitary secretion of ACTH? (Module 16.7C)
They would inhibit the release of CRH which would reduce the secretion of ACTH
Which structure secretes hormones involved in the stimulation and coordination of the immune response?
Thymus
The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and this impacting body temperature is
Thyroxine
Hormones called _________ are involved in regulation of white blood cell populations A) fibrin B) colony-stimulating factor C) erythropoietin (EPO) D) estrogen E) testosterone
B
What is coronary ischemia? (Module 18.8B)
It is a condition in which the blood supply of the coronary arteries is reduced
Erythropoiesis is stimulated when
both oxygen levels in the blood decrease and blood flow to the kidney declines
The waste product bilirubin is produced from
heme molecules lacking iron
The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by
secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system
Describe what happens to blood flow during elastic rebound (Module 18.5D)
when blood in the aorta is driven forward into the systemic circuit, some is forced back toward the left ventricle and into the coronary arteries.
The process of white blood cell production and maturation goes on in all of the following EXCEPT A) the kidney B) the lymph nodes C) red bone marrow D) the thymus E) the spleen
A
The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backward flow into the A) right ventricle B) left atrium C) pulmonary trunk D) aorta E) pulmonary veins
A
Which endocrine effect on normal growth is correct? A) If thyroid hormones are absent during fetal development or the first year of life, the nervous system will not develop normally, and mental retardation will result B) PTH and calcitonin promote the absorption of calcium salts for subsequent deposition in bone C) The targets for androgens and estrogens are not gender specific D) Without ADH, the passage of amino acids and glucose across plasma membranes is drastically reduced or eliminated
A
Hormones known as "catecholamines" are
Amino acid derivatives
Activation of the renin-angiotensin system stimulates secretion of which adrenal gland hormone? A) androgen B) mineralocorticoid C) epinephrine D) glucocorticoid
B
Activation of the renin-angiotensin system would result in all of the following EXCEPT A) increased water retention B) increased urine production C) elevated blood pressure D) increased retention of sodium ions at the kidney E) increased blood volume
B
Decreased flow to the kidneys would NOT lead to which of the following? A) increased blood levels of erythropoietin B) increased release of natriuretic peptide C) elevated blood levels of angiotensin D) increased blood levels of renin E) increased release of ADH
B
Describe the location and position of the heart. (Module 18.1A) A) The heart is located near the right lateral chest wall B) The heart is located near the anterior chest wall, directly behind the sternum C) The heart is located near the posterior chest wall, directly beside the vertebral column D) The heart is located near the anterior chest wall, below the diaphragm E) The heart is located near the stomach in the abdominopelvic cavity
B
Eileen is a strict vegan and therefore eats no animal products. She develops an anemia that her doctor think is caused by a nutritional deficiency. Which of the following is the likeliest candidate? A) vitamin K deficiency B) vitamin B12 deficiency C) vitamin B6 deficiency D) iron deficiency E) lack of intrinsic factor
B
The coronary sulcus is a groove that A) separates the atrioventricular valves from the atria B) marks the border between the atria and ventricles C) marks the boundary line between the right and left atria D) marks the boundary line between the right and left ventricles E) separates the coronary arteries from the coronary veins
B
The enzyme that can digest fibrin and dissolve a clot is A) fibrinase B) plasmin C) phosphokinase D) thrombin E) heparin
B
The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is A) FSH B) ADH C) ACTH D) OXT E) TSH
B
The term used to describe fluid collecting in the pericardial cavity that restrict the movement of the heart is known as A) cardiomyopathy B) cardiac tamponade C) pleural effusion D) mitral valve proplapse E) pericarditis
B
Thyroid hormone contains the element A) zinc B) iodine C) fluorine D) iron E) chlorine
B
Which is an effect of parathyroid hormone on peripheral tissues? A) stimulates osteoblast activity B) mobilizes calcium from bone C) inhibits the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys D) increases urinary loss of calcium
B
Which of the following does NOT contribute to the partial or complete blockage of the coronary arteries that causes coronary ischemia? A) spasms of the vessel wall B) a stent C) plaque D) thrombus
B
Which of the following statements about the endocrine system is FALSE? A) It affects only cells with appropriate receptors B)It releases hormones; all of which are lipids, directly into the bloodstream C) It is regulated by negative feedback mechanisms D)It has target cells that are mainly in distant tissues E) It releases secretions directly into body fluids
B
A person with Type A blood has A) anti-B antibodies in the plasma and anti-A antibodies on the red blood cells B) antigen A on the RBCs C) antigen A on the RBCs and anti-B antibodies in the plasma D) anti-A antibodies on the red blood cells E) anti-B antibodies in the plasma
C
All of the following are result of thyroid hormones EXCEPT A) elevated rates of oxygen consumption and energy consumption B) stimulation of red blood cell formation C) decreased heart rate and force of contraction D) maintenance of normal sensitivity of respiratory centers E) increased sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation
C
Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein A) calcitriol B) calcitonin C) calmodulin D) calcitropin E) calcium-binding globulin
C
Cells that are destined to become RBCs in the bone marrow first differentiate into which of the following? A) reticulocytes B) normoblasts C) proerythroblasts D) erythroblasts
C
During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), A) proteins are conserved B) levels of insulin decrease C) lipid reserves are mobilized D) levels of growth hormone decrease E) blood glucose levels fall drastically
C
Decreased blood calcium level would result in increased secretion of which hormone? (Module 16.9C)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
What is the common goal of the nervous and endocrine systems? (Module 16.1A)
To coordinate and regulate the activities of other cells, tissues, organs, and systems of the body
The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the
activation of proenzymes exposed to collagen
In general, the effects of natriuretic peptides are ______ to those of the renin-angiotensin system.
antagonistic
The left ventricle pumps blood to the
aorta
The amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in __________.
cAMP in the cytoplasm
The function of red blood cells is to
carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells
Interference with the transfer of vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window is _______ deafness.
conductive
The common pathway of coagulation begins with the
conversion of Factor X to prothrombin activator
Alpha cells are to _____ as beta cells are to_____?
glucagon; insulin
Define regulatory hormone. (Module 16.5A)
hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that controls endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ______ when released into the bloodstream, but _____ when released at synapses.
hormones; neurotransmitters
The most complex endocrine responses that integrate the nervous and endocrine system involve the
hypothalamus
Define endocrine system (Module 16.3A)
includes organs whose primary role is the production of hormones or paracrines
What effect would increased cortisol levels have on blood glucose level? (Module 16.10C)
increase
The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is
insulin
Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the
left atrium
Which heart chamber receives blood from the lungs?
left atrium
Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins?
left atrium
Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit?
left ventricle
The entire space between the pleural cavities containing only the heart, great vessels, thymus, trachea, and esophagus is called the
mediastinum
The muscle layer of the heart is the
myocardium
Name the hormones secreted by the heart. (Module 16.15A)
natriuretic peptides
The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the
neutrophils
When one hormone is needed for a second hormone to produce an effect, it is called
permissive
Cyclic AMP is degraded by ____________.
phosphodiesterase
Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to _________.
plasma membrane receptors
Which chamber receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae?
right atrium
Which heart chamber pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk?
right ventricle
Describe the areas of the heart supplied by the right and left coronary arteries (Module 18.5A)
supplies blood to the right atrium, portions of both ventricles, and the conducting system. The left coronary artery supplies blood to the left ventricle, left atrium, and interventricular septum.
Where are the hair cell receptor for equilibrium located? (Module 15.21A)
vestibule and semicircular ducts
Too little secretion of cortisol causes
Addison's disease
From superficial to deep, name the layers of the heart wall. (Module 18.3A) A) pericardium, myocardium, endocardium B) myocardium, pericardium, endocardium C) pericardium, endocardium, myocardium D) endocardium, pericardium, myocardium E) endocardium, myocardium, pericardium
A
When blood glucose levels fall,
glucagon is released
Most of the protein factors that are required for clotting are synthesized by A) the liver B) the spleen C) platelets D) the kidneys E) megakaryocytes
A
Sensitization during hemolytic disease of the newborn refers to A) spontaneous miscarriage of a woman's first baby due to blood incompatibilities B) the fetal immune system producing antibodies against the mother's RBCs C) the mother's immune system producing antibodies against the fetus' RBCs D) the mother's immune system producing antibodies against the mother's RBCs E) the fetal immune system producing antibodies against the fetus' RBCs
C
Which is a characteristic of the exhaustion phase of the stress response? A) Peripheral tissues (except neural) break down lipids to obtain energy B) There is a loss of K+ and H+ C) The adrenal cortex stops producing glucocorticoids D) Reduction in digestive activity and urine production occurs
C
Which of the following enzymes are important in the deactivation of cAMP and termination of signaling? A) adenylate cyclase B) protein kinase C) phosphodiesterase D) G protein
C
Which of the following vitamins is needed for the formation of clotting factors? A) A B) B C) K D) D E) E
C
Why is RhoGAM administered to pregnant women? (Module 17.8B) A) It contains proteins that surround the fetal RBCs and protect them from attack by maternal antibodies B) It will change the fetus' blood type to Rh C) It contains anti-Rh antibodies, which circulate in the mothers' bloodstream to destroy any fetal RBCs there, thereby preventing the mother from making antibodies against the developing fetus' red blood cells D) It will change the mother's blood type to Rh+ E) It contains the mother's blood type to Rh+
C
A hematocrit provides information on A) clotting factors B) plasma composition C) sedimentation rate D) formed elements abundance E) blood type
D
A person with untreated diabetes mellitus may exhibit all of the following symptoms EXCEPT A) hyperglycemia B) excessive thirst C) glycosuria D) hypoglycemia E) polyuria
D
An increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is termed A) reticulocytosis B) polycythemia C) anemia D) hyperchromic E) macrocytic
D
Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time A) one or two B) two C) only 1 D) several
D
Each of the following is a way that blood transports materials around the body EXCEPT A) hormones from endocrine glands to target cells B) wastes from the cells to the kidneys C) nutrients from the digestive tract to the body D) carbon dioxide from the lungs to the tissues E) stored nutrients from the liver to the tissues
D
Hemolytic disease of the newborn may result if A) both the father and the mother are Rh negative B) an Rh-postive mother carries an Rh-negative fetus C) both the father and the mother are Rh positive D) an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus E) the mother is Rh positive and the father is Rh negative
D
Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis releases all of the following EXCEPT A) FSH B) LH C) TSH D) OXT E) GH
D
The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the ______ arteries A) pulmonary B) circumflex C) subclavian D) coronary E) carotid
D
The function of the atrium is to A) pump blood to the ventricle B) pump blood to the lungs C) pump blood into the systemic circuit D) collect blood and pump blood to the ventricle E) collect blood
D
The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is A) TSH B) ACTH C) FSH D) LH E) GH
D
Which of the following is not a phagocytic cell? A) neutrophil B) eosinophil C) monocytes D) basophil
D
Which of the four hormonal effects are involved in a negative feedback response? (Module 16.14B) A) additive effects B) permissive effects C) integrative effects D) antagonistic effects
D
_______ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells A) Eosinophils B) Lymphocytes C) Neutrophils D) Monocytes E) Basophils
D
Because of their short lifespan, a huge number of erythrocytes are recycled by macrophages. Which of the following is NOT a function of the macrophage? A) The macrophage extracts iron from the heme portion of the hemoglobin B) The macrophage phagocytizes hemoglobin from the bloodstream C) The macrophage phagocytizes deteriorating and fragmented erythrocytes D) The macrophage dismantles the global of hemoglobin into individual amino acids E) The macrophage synthesizes a small amount of hemoglobin and transports it to the bone marrow
E
Cushing's disease results from an excess of A) ADH B) epinephrine C) growth hormone D) parathyroid hormone (PTH) E) glucocorticoids
E
Each hemoglobin molecule contains A) one heme group B) two heme groups C) four alpha chains D) one alpha and one beta chain E) four iron ions
E
Which blood type(s) can be safely transfused into a person with type O- blood? (Module 17.7C) A) AB+, AB-, O+. O- B) They can receive any type of Rh negative blood C) O+ and O- D) They can receive any type of blood E) They can receive only O- blood
E
Which of these statements about melatonin is FALSE? A) It is produced by pinealocytes B) It inhibits releases of GnRH C) It is made from serotonin D) Exposure to light inhibits production E) Exposure to light stimulates production
E
Which structures collect blood from the myocardium, and into which chamber does this blood flow? (Module 18.4B) A) Coronary veins collect blood from the myocardium and carry it to the left atrium B) Coronary arteries collect blood from the myocardium and carry it to the right ventricle C) Coronary veins collect blood from the myocardium and carry it to the right ventricle D) Coronary arteries collect blood from the myocardium and carry it to the right atrium E) Coronary veins collect blood from the myocardium and carry it to the right atrium
E
How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?
Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells
Steroid hormones
bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells
The _____ is a procedure that is used to determine the number of each of the various types of white blood cells.
differential count
Describe the locations of the parathyroid glands. (Module 16.9A)
embedded in the posterior surfaces of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland
The ______ lines the chambers of the heart, covers the heart valves, and is continuous with the endothelium
endocardium
The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is
epinephrine