Anatomy 337 - Unit 3
Where are the cranial nerves located?
The first two cranial nerves do not originate from the brainstem unlike the other cranial nerves They are named from most anterior to posterior cranial nerves olfactory (CN1) and optic (CN2) are the first two
Name the cranial dural reflections
Falx cerebri: within the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres Contains inferior sagittal sinus and superior sagittal sinus Falx cerebelli: between the two cerebellar hemispheres Tentorium cerebelli: between the occipital lobes of the cerebrum and cerebellum
The Ethmoid bone has a Highly complex shape It has three parts: the cribriform plate, the ethmoidal labyrinth, and the perpendicular plate What are their functions?
Cribriform plate has cribriform foramina, crista galli (separated rights and left side), and falx cerebri which stabilizes the brain in the skull attached to galli Ethmoidal labyrinth has superior nasal concha and middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate projects from crista galli to form nasal septum
All insert on the hyoid bone What are the four suprahyoid muscles?
Digastric (two bellies), Geniohyoid, Mylohyoid, Stylohyoid
Platysma Where is the muscle? What is/are the actions of the muscle?
Neck Tenses skin of inferior face and neck, depresses jaw
What happens to olfactory neurons with age? How often are they replaced?
Olfactory neurons are continually replaced throughout life. Lifespan 4-6 weeks Total number declines with age. Those remaining are less sensitive
Where are the tonsils of the oral cavity found, and what are their names?
Palatine tonsils : between arches, made of Lymphatic tissue
Match the description with the correct type of photoreceptor. Allow us to see in very dim light Give us sharper, clearer images Most concentrated at the center of the retina (macula) Most concentrated around the periphery of the retina Capable of detecting different colors Highly light-sensitive
Rods: Allow us to see in very dim light Cones: Give us sharper, clearer images Cones: Most concentrated at the center of the retina (macula) Rods: Most concentrated around the periphery of the retina Cones: Capable of detecting different colors Rods: Highly light-sensitive
Occipitofrontalis has two bellies: Frontal belly Occipital belly Epicranial aponeurosis connects the two muscle bellies Where is the muscle? What is/are the actions of the muscle? What is the expression associated with the muscle?
Scalp Frontal: elevate eyebrows, wrinkle scaps Occipital: retracts scalps Surprise, curiosity
Explain the similarities or differences of the gelatinous membranes found in the vestibule and cochlea. What fluid is found in the regions of the gelatinous membranes? Are there similar cells that move/depolarize to stimulate CN VIII?
Spiral organ: tectorial membrane o Gelatinous mass the stereocilia project into · Vestibule: Otolithic membrane o Stereocilia and kinocilia embed in gelatinous layer covered in otoliths a. What fluid is found in the regions of the gelatinous membranes? o Endolymph b. Are there similar cells that move/depolarize to stimulate CN VIII? o Tectorial membrane: Stereocilia oOtolithic membrane: Stereocilia and Kinocilia
What is a sulcus vs. gyrus? What are the major sulci of the brain and what do they divide?
Sulci, the grooves, and gyri, the folds or ridges, make up the folded surface of the cerebral cortex. Central Sulcus: frontal/parietal Lateral Sulcus: frontal/parietal Parieto-occipital sulcus: parietal/occipital
Distinguish the suprahyoid and infrahyoid
Suprahyoid muscles: Superior to the hyoid Act as a group to elevate the hyoid bone during swallowing or speaking Infrahyoid muscles: Inferior to the hyoid As swallowing ends, these contract to influence hyoid and the larynx position
What is the tectorial membrane?
Tectorial membrane: overlying gelatinous mass the stereocilia project into
What are the 5 divisions of the brain and what does each contain?
Telencephalon = cerebrum, lobes Diencephalon = everything thalamus Mesencephalon = midbrain Metencephalon = Pons and cerebellum Myelencephalon = medulla oblongata
What are the major arteries of the neck and head?
What are the major arteries of the neck and head? Brachiocephalic Trunk (R only), Subclavian, vertebral, common carotid, internal carotid, external carotid, superior thyroid, lingual, facial, posterior auricular, occipital, maxillary, and superficial temporal a. What structures do the arteries supply? o Internal carotid - cerebrum and orbits o External carotid - tissues of head external to brain and orbits Superior thyroid - thyroid Lingual - tongue Facial - anterior face Posterior Auricular - posterior scalp Occipital - occiput, posterior scalp Maxillary - cheek, muscles of mastication, teeth, nasal cavity Superficial Temporal - scalp b. How do the arteries of the neck connect to the arteries of the circle of Willis? o Internal carotid or vertebral
What is and what is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?
What is and what is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?
The inferior cerebellar peduncles ________. The ________ link the cerebellum with the mesencephalon, diencephalon, and cerebrum.
link the cerebellum with the medulla oblongata and spinal cord superior cerebellar peduncles
What are the following structures in the vestibule? Otolithic membrane Macula Stereocilia and kinocilia
o Macula: portion of vestibule that contains hair cells o Stereocilia and kinocilia (hair cells): embedded in a gelatinous layer covered otoliths Otolithic membrane (gelatinous laye)
What are the two superficial neck muscles.
scalene and SCM
Why does the vestibulatoruy pathway send formation to: § Cerebellum § Cerebral cortex § CN III, IV, VI, XI § Spinal Cord
§ Cerebellum (to smooth movement) § Cerebral cortex (providing conscious sense of position and movement) § CN III, IV, VI, XI ( eye, head and neck movements]) §Spinal Cord ((reflex reactions to both limbs and trunk to regain balance))
What is the pathway of vestibulation? Explain why each step
·Vestibular part of CNVIII Vestibular nuclei (medulla) o (Integrate sensory info concerning balance and equilibrium) o Relay info from vestibular complex to: The functions of cranial bones: § Cerebral cortex (providing conscious sense of position and movement) § CN III, IV, VI, XI ( eye, head and neck movements]) §Spinal Cord ((reflex reactions to both limbs and trunk to regain balance))
Dura Mater o Outer layer of the meninges o Thickest layer of the meninges o 2 fibrous layers What are their names/functions?
2 fibrous layers Periosteal layer: fused to the periosteum on the inner aspect of the skull Meningeal layer: next to the arachnoid mater o Blood vessels located between the two layers in some locations
What is the correct order of the steps in the production of an auditory sensation? 1 - The pressure waves distort the basilar membrane on their way to the round window. 2 - Vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibration of hair cells against the tectorial membrane. 3 - Movement of the stapes at the oval window establishes pressure waves in the perilymph of the vestibular duct. 4 - Sound waves arrive at the tympanic membrane. 5 - Information concerning the frequency and intensity of stimulation is relayed to the CNS. 6 - Movement of the tympanic membrane causes displacement of the auditory ossicles.
4-6-3-1-2-5 4 - Sound waves arrive at the tympanic membrane. 6 - Movement of the tympanic membrane causes displacement of the auditory ossicles. 3 - Movement of the stapes at the oval window establishes pressure waves in the perilymph of the vestibular duct. 1 - The pressure waves distort the basilar membrane on their way to the round window. 2 - Vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibration of hair cells against the tectorial membrane. 5 - Information concerning the frequency and intensity of stimulation is relayed to the CNS.
What somatic muscles are controlled by cranial nerve 3?
4/6 extrinsic eye muscles: superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, and inferior oblique, also the levator palpebrae superioris
Paranasal sinuses are air-filled cavities. What are their functions?
: lighten the skull (not filled with bone), lined by mucous lining that lines nasal cavities and humidify and warm inhaled air, mucous lining can also trap particulate and dust particles that try to enter the lungs (protective), they are also resident chambers for sound production
What is cranial nerve 6? What is its function and passage way? What are the modalities?
Abducens superior orbital fissure somatic motor: innervates lateral rectus muscle of the eye
Rectus muscles originate from a common tendinous ring in the posterior orbit and insert onto the outer surface of the eye. List and explain the function of the extrinsic muscles of the eye and innervation
Abducens Nerve CN VI Lateral rectus: abduct eye Oculomotor Nerve CN III Medial rectus: adduct eye Inferior rectus: depress eye Superior rectus: elevate eye Inferior oblique: elevates and abducts Trochlear Nerve CN IV Superior Oblique: depresses and abducts
What is cranial nerve 11? What is its function and passageway? Name the modalities
Accessory Jugular foramen somatic (special) motor: trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
Pituitary Gland: just inferior to the hypothalamus. Attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum o Anterior lobe: Adenohypophysis o Posterior lobe: Neurohypophysis What is the role of the anterior lobe?
Adenohypophysis: Controlled by releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus. Travel through hypothalamohypophyseal portal system >> When appropriately stimulated, hypothalamic neurons secrete releasing or inhibiting hormones into the primary capillary plexus. A portal system is two capillary plexuses (beds) connected by veins.
Describe how sound is sensed and processed
Air waves move tympanic membrane which moved auditory ossicles Stapes vibrate on the oval window Movement of the oval window and force is dissipated in the round window. (air movement → fluid movement) Cochlear duct moves and waves dissipates back through round window
The ethmoid contains ________. the cribriform plate, which is perforated by foraminaa perpendicular plate, which forms the superior part of the nasal septum a prominent bony ridge to which is attached the falx cerebri, a membrane that stabilizes the position of the brain an interconnected network of air cells, which produce mucous secretions that flush the surfaces of the nasal cavities All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the blood-brain barrier (BBB)? The endothelial cells of the BBB are extensively interconnected with tight junctions. Lipid-soluble compounds can freely diffuse across the endothelial cell membranes. The endothelial cells of the BBB contain small numbers of pinocytotic vesicles. Endothelial transport across the BBB is highly selective. All of these are characteristics of the BBB.
All of these are characteristics of the BBB.
Distinguish the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck and list the contents of each triangle. (borders of the two)
Anterior Triangle: Anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle and inferior to the mandible. Subdivided into four smaller triangles. One unpaired Submental triangle Three paired Submandibular triangle Carotid triangle Muscular triangle Posterior Triangle: In the lateral region of the neck Border: Sternocleidomastoid, Clavicle, and Trapezius. Divided into two smaller triangles: Occipital triangle Supraclavicular triangle
Circle of Willis = Diagram that represents the blood supply to the brain How do the major arteries of the brain supply the cerebrum?
Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) territory: Superficial portion of brain Middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory: Deep portion of brain Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) territory: Occipital portion of brain
Cranial fossae are curved depressions in the cranium. What forms the anterior cranial fossa and what structures are found in it?
Anterior cranial fossa: (formed by frontal bone , ethmoid, and sphenoid) Frontal lobes Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract
Paired cartilages play on important role in sound production: What are the roles of Cuneiform cartilages Arytenoid cartilages Corniculate cartilages
Arytenoid cartilages (anchor vocal cords) Corniculate cartilages (attachment points for vocal/vestibule ligaments) Cuneiform cartilages (move with arytenoid)
Describe the pathway auditory senses take to reach their processing centers in the brain.
Auditory 1. Basilar membrane (stimulation of hair cells activate neurons) 2. Cochlear part of CN VIII (sensory neurons carry information through cranial nerve) 3. Brainstem nuclei (Cochlear Nucleus) (information is then sent elsewhere) 4. Inferior colliculi - (unconscious motor responses) 5. Medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) (sound information arrives here) 6. Primary auditory cortex (BA 41, 42) (info is sent to specific parts 7. Auditory association cortices
What is the subarachnoid space?
Between the arachnoid and pia mater Arachnoid trabeculae: web like threads extending across the subarachnoid space from arachnoid mater to pia mater o Contains cerebrospinal fluid o Blood vessels
What are the major arteries of the neck and head?
Brachiocephalic Trunk (R only), Subclavian, vertebral, common carotid, internal carotid, external carotid, superior thyroid, lingual, facial, posterior auricular, occipital, maxillary, and superficial temporal
What is the role of Broca's area?
Broca's area: (motor speech area) controls muscle actions needed for speech. Inferolateral portion of the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere Broca's Aphasia: Patient can understand spoken language but has difficulty communicating verbally
how is sound produced by the vocal folds
By moving joints between cartilages, length and tension on vocal cords change so we produce sounds with different pitches Shorter and tenser cord: higher pitch Longer and looser cord: lower pitch
Describe the gray and white matter in the brain, including location
Central white matter = myelinated axons deep to the cerebral cortex (grey matter) Gray matter (cerebral cortex) = cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons Basal nuclei (gray matter) deep to the floor of the lateral ventricle. They are embedded in the white matter of the cerebrum.
Patient HM was not able to create any new episodic memories. However, he was capable of learning and improving at motor tasks. You could teach him how to shoot a basketball, and he could get really good at it. However, if you asked him if he had ever done it before, he would tell you he had not. What part of the brain is key for motor learning?
Cerebellum
Define the following parts of the oral cavity: cheeks, lips, gingival
Cheeks: lateral wall of the oral cavity (buccinator muscle) Lips: close the oral cavity (Orbicularis oris muscle) Gingivae (gums) : cover the alveolar processes of the upper and lower jaws and surrounds the necks of the teeth
What are and what are the functions of the ciliary body and lens?
Ciliary Body: changes lens shape o Tension on suspensory ligaments caused by the ciliary muscles of the ciliary body Lens: Transparent, deformable, biconvex disc o Bends light rays that enter the eye
Describe the anatomic structures found in the cochlea
Cochlea is divided into 3 channels: 1. Scala vestibuli 2. Scala tympani 3. Cochlear Duct a) Vestibular membrane : cochlear duct roof b) Basilar membrane: cochlear duct floor c) Spiral organ : responsible for hearing d) Tectorial membrane
Between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata: Pons Sits anterior to the cerebellum and 4th ventricle what are the functions of the pons?
Contains corticospinal tract fibers Process and relay of cerebellar commands Middle cerebellar peduncles Somatosensation: medial lemniscus Origin of four cranial nerves (nuclei) Regulation of breathing: autonomic nuclei in the pontine respiratory center Regulate activity of respiratory rhythmicity center of the medulla oblongata Hearing: superior olivary nuclei receive auditory input and help localize sound Balance: nuclei that relay info from the cerebellum Sleep regulation
The boundaries of the neck are: Anterior: manubrium of sternum Lateral: 1st rib Posterior: T1 vertebrae What is in the neck region?
Contains the spinal cord, nerves, trachea, esophagus, major blood vessels, many muscles, the larynx, and major glands. Can be divided into three regions Anterior, posterior, and lateral
Meninges are anchored to the skull, and the brain is suspended within the meninges o The meninges extend around the spinal cord and are continuous throughout the CNS What are their functions?
Cover and protect the brain: Protect against foreign substances, trauma, etc. Separate the soft tissue of the brain from the bones of the cranium Encloses and protect blood vessels Support vessels supplying the brain Form some of the veins (venous sinuses) draining blood from the brain Stabilizes the brain within the skull Contain the CSF
What are cranial Dural Reflections (Septa)?
Cranial Dural Reflections (Septa) Where the meningeal layer of dura extends deep into the cranial cavity between the sections of the brain Functions: Subdivide cranial cavity Support the brain Limit movement of the brain
What are the names of the cranial bones and where are they located? How many are paired vs. unpaired?
Cranial bones: there are 8. The occipital bone, the parietal bones (2), the frontal bone, the temporal bones (2), the sphenoid, and ethmoid bone. The paired bones are the parietal and temporal bones. All other cranial bones are unpaired.
What cranial nerves have special sensory modalities? Which sense?
Cranial nerve 1 (olfactory), cranial nerve 2(optic), cranial nerve 7 (facial: taste 2/3 anterior of the tongue), cranial nerve 8 (vestibulocochlear: hearing and balance) cranial nerve 9 (glossopharyngeal: taste 2/3 posterior of the tongue), cranial nerve 10 (vagus: taste from base of tongue, epiglottis, and upper pharynx)
Which cranial nerve has muscle control of the tongue? + Name and number What are its modalities/function? What is its passage way?
Cranial nerve 12 Hypoglossal Somatic motor: intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue Passes through the hypoglossal canal
If a patient had difficulty moving their eyes, you might suspect damage to which cranial nerves? What is the common passageway for these nerves?
Cranial nerve 3: Oculomotor Cranial nerve 4: Trochlear Cranial nerve 6: Abducens Superior orbital fissure
What cranial nerves have all 5 neural modalities
Cranial nerve 7 (facial), cranial nerve 9 (glossopharyngeal) cranial nerve 10(vagus)
What is arachnoid matter?
Deep to the dura mater, middle layer of meninges o Thin, avascular, semitransparent membrane visibly covering the brain o Arachnoid granulations: send CSF from the subarachnoid space into the blood within the superior sagittal sinus
Explain the location of the components of the diencephalon
Diencephalon: gray matter surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres o Composed of three paired structures: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
What are the regions and functions of the prefrontal cortex?
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Executive functions: Organization and planning, Managing behavior, High-level decision-making, Multitasking Working memory Orbitofrontal cortex Modulating emotions (connected to amygdala) Inhibition Adaptive learning, rewards, and emotion Anterior cingulate cortex Motivational behavior Reward-based learning Error detection, outcome monitoring Pain processing
Explain hemispheric lateralization. What is each hemisphere responsible for?
Each of the two cerebral hemispheres is responsible for specific functions that are not ordinarily performed by the opposite hemisphere Left hemisphere = specialized language areas of the brain and is responsible for language-based skills and analytical tasks Right hemisphere = analyzes sensory information and relates the body to the sensory environment. Interpretive centers in this hemisphere permit you to identify familiar objects by touch, smell, sight, or taste.
List the functions of cranial bones:
Enclose and protect the brain, Provide attachment sites for some head and neck muscles
What are anatomical structures of the external ear?
External acoustic meatus (outside passageway) Ear wax (cerum) lubricate the ear and protect Auricle: funnel sound (outer portion of the ear, made of cartilage)
The ear is near the temporal bone and has three regions. What are they and what are their functions?
External ear (cartilage) : transmitting sound to tympanic membrane Middle ear (air-filled tympanic cavity): amplify sound Internal ear : both hearing and vestibulation
What are the major veins of the head and neck? What is the pathway of venous blood from the dural venous sinuses all the way to the superior vena cava? What is the pathway of venous blood from the external skull and face to the superior vena cava?
External jugular and Internal Jugular >> Internal jugular: Drain sinus and a little face >> External jugular: Drain external scalp
Orbicularis Oculi Where is the muscle? What is/are the actions of the muscle? What is the expression associated with the muscle?
Eye Close eyelids ; draws eyebrows inferiorly blinking, squinting
Corrugator Supercilii Where is the muscle? What is/are the actions of the muscle?
Eye pulls eyebrows inferiorly and medially; creates vertical wrinkles above nose
Levator Palpebrae Superioris Where is the muscle? What is/are the actions of the muscle? What is the expression associated with the muscle?
Eye Elevates superior eyelid Opens eyelid (innervated by oculomotor)
What is the purpose of hair around the eyes?
Eyebrows: along the superior orbital ridge o Prevent sweat from dripping in the eye o Shade the eyes from sunlight Eyelashes: hairs on the margins of the eyelids o Prevent large foreign objects from contacting the eyes o Highly innervated
What are the names of the facial bones and where are they located? How many are paired vs. unpaired?
Facial bones: there are 14. The maxillae, the palatine bones, the nasal bones, the inferior nasal conchae, the zygomatic bones, the lacrimal bones, the vomer, and the mandible. The mandible and vomer are the only unpaired bones. All other facial bones are paired.
What is cranial nerve 7? What is its passageway? Name the modalities and associated functions
Facial nerve Internal acoustic meatus Special sensory: taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue Visceral motor: lacrimal, sublingual, & submandibular glands Visceral sensory: Sensory from the above glands Somatic sensory: Small area behind the ear Somatic motor: Posterior belly of the digastric Stylohyoid Stapedius muscles Muscles of facial expression
Three principal layers form the wall of the eye: Fibrous tunic: outer Vascular tunic: middle Retina What are components of the fibrous layer? vascular layer?
Fibrous: Cornea: transparent of the eye, avascular, covered by stratified squamous epithelium, nutrients obtained from tears flowing, has free nerve endings Sclera: white of the eye Vascular: The iris Choroid he ciliary body
Papillae are peg-like projections on the tongue. What are the different papillae of the tongue?
Filiform (white): short and bristle-like o Distributed over the anterior 2/3 of the tongue Fungiform: contain taste buds Vallate: Least numerous but largest o Inverted V shape on the posterior dorsal surface of the tongue o Most of the taste buds are here
What are fontanelles and what is their function?
Flexible areas of dense regular connective tissue that connect the bones of the infant skull Present until many months after birth, fontanelles allow skull to change shapes after birth Fontanelles allow the brain to grow rapidly Anterior fontanelles (front) Posterior fontanelle (back)
Sphenoid bone - Articulates all cranial and facial bones, acts as cross-brace that strengthens the side of the skull (except mandible) What are the foramina sphenoid bone and what cranial passes through them? if any
Foramina: Optic canal: nerve II superior orbital fissure: III, IV, V, VI inferior orbital fissure
What are the foramina temporal bone and what cranial passes through them? if any
Foramina: external acoustic meatus carotid canal stylomastoid foramen: nerve VII
Occipital bone articulates with Occipital condyles = skull forms joints with first vertebra What are the foramina occipital bone and what cranial passes through them? if any
Foramina: foramen magnum Jugular foramen: nerves IX, X, XI Hypoglossal canal: nerve XII
List the functions of facial bones:
Form the framework of the face, Form cavities for the sense organs of sight, taste, smell, Provide openings for the passage of air and food , Hold the teeth , Anchor the muscles of the face
What are the functions of white matter in the brain? Distinguish motor areas, sensory areas, and multimodal association areas Distinguish association fibers, commissural fibers and projection fibers
Function: connect different areas Association fibers: These fibers interconnect areas of the cortex within a single cerebral hemisphere. Commissural fibers: These fibers link the two cerebral hemispheres together. Corpus callosum Anterior commissure Posterior commissure Projection fibers: These fibers link the cerebrum with other regions of the brain and the spinal cord.
What are the functions of grey matter in the brain? Distinguish motor areas, sensory areas, and multimodal association areas
Function: performs the most complicated neural functions, and these analytical and integrative activities require large numbers of neurons.
What are the functions of the tongue?
Functions of the tongue: o Begin mechanical digestion, form bolus o Assist in sound production o House tastebuds
Cerebellum is located near the brainstem What are the functions of the cerebellum ?
Functions: Coordinates voluntary motor activity Precision, timing, and error-correction Control of muscle tone and posture Motor learning and classical conditioning Eye blink, visceromotor conditioning, vestibulocochlear reflex Coordinates higher cognitive functions Problem solving, abstraction, directed attention Coordinates emotional processing All functions are ipsilateral!
Explain the structure and function of the cerebellum. The cerebellum is in the metencephalon
Functions: Coordinate motions, emotions, etc.. + all functions are ipsilateral Coordinates voluntary motor activity Precision, timing, and error-correction Control of muscle tone and posture Motor learning and classical conditioning Eye blink, visceromotor conditioning, vestibuloocular reflex Coordinates higher cognitive functions Problem solving, abstraction, directed attention Coordinates emotional processing All functions are ipsilateral
Extrinsic muscle perform gross movements of the tongue. Muscles of the tongue are necessary for speech and swallowing and they assist in mastication. What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue, what is their function, and what cranial nerve innervates them?
Genioglossus: protract the tongue Styloglossus: retract the tongue and elevate the tongue Hyoglossus: retract the tongue and lowers the tongue Palatoglossus: elevate the tongue Innervated by the hypoglossal nerve CN XII o Except palatoglossus (CN X)
What is cranial nerve 9? What is its passageway? Name the modalities and associated functions
Glossopharyngeal nerve jugular foramen Special sensory: taste from ⅓ posterior of tongue Visceral motor: Parotid gland Visceral sensory: Carotid bodies, parotid gland Somatic sensory: pharynx Somatic motor: Stylophrayngeus ( for swallowing)
What structures make up the soft palate vs. the hard palates ?
Hard palate: anterior ⅔ made of two bones 1. Maxillae 2. Palatine Soft palate : posterior 1/3, soft and muscular
Where does low frequency sound stimulate the spiral organ vs. high frequency?
High frequency sounds (e.g. tornado siren) stimulates the spiral organ more proximal to the oval window Low frequency sounds (e.g. bass) stimulates the spiral organ closer to the apex of the cochlea (helicotrema) This leads to the stimulation of the cochlear nerve at different places
What are the roles of the following structures of the medial temporal lobe: hippocampus, amygdala, and insula?
Hippocampus: essential in learning, storing memories, and forming long-term memories Amygdala: Just anterior to the hippocampus Connections with many sensory association areas Role in establishing associations between sensory input and emotions Helps sort and code memories based on how they are emotionally perceived Involved in several aspects of emotion, especially fear Insula Deep to the lateral sulcus Primary gustatory cortex: processes taste information
What is the hyoid bone? Where is it?
Hyoid bone: between the mandible and larynx Does not articulate with any other bone or cartilage Attachment site for tongue and muscles of larynx used in swallowing
What are the bones of the nasal cavity? Inferior border? Superior border? Lateral border
Inferior border= maxilla + palatine bones (bones of roof of mouth = floor of nasal cavity) Superior border = cribriform plate of ethmoid bone (where olfactory nerve travel through to get to olfactory bulb) Lateral border = nasal bone (anterior), ethmoid contributes to superior and middle concha, inferior concha is its own bone.
Identify the major arteries and veins of the neck and explain what tissues or regions are supplied or drained by the main branches.
Internal carotid - cerebrum and orbits o External carotid - tissues of head external to brain and orbits Superior thyroid - thyroid Lingual - tongue Facial - anterior face Posterior Auricular - posterior scalp Occipital - occiput, posterior scalp Maxillary - cheek, muscles of mastication, teeth, nasal cavity Superficial Temporal - scalp
How do the arteries of the neck connect to the arteries of the circle of Willis?
Internal carotid or vertebral
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Intrinsic muscles originate and insert within the tongue (move shape of tongue) Extrinsic muscles original away from the tongue and insert on the tongue ( move your tongue in space)
What is the function of the auditory tube? Which region of the ear is it found in?
It serves to equalize the pressure in the middle ear cavity with external, atmospheric pressure. Middle ear
What is function of the lingual frenulum?
Keep the tongue in the mouth where it belongs. Thus you can not swallow it .The lingual frenulum prevents extreme movements of the tongue; however if it is too restrictive, the individual cannot eat or speak normally.
Describe the circulation of CSF
Lateral ventricles ---> interventricular foramen of monroe- 3 rd ventricle --> cerebral aqueduct --> 4 th ventricle --> one of these routes into the subarachnoid space --> Paired lateral apertures, midline median aperture, central canal of the spinal cord o CSF enters the subarachnoid space o CSF flows into arachnoid granulations, which transport it into the dural venous sinuses.
Tooth are anchored in the alveolar process What are the layers and function of the layers of a tooth?
Layers of the tooth: o Pulp cavity: space, neurovascular structures of the tooth o Dentin: mass of tooth, fibrous connective tissue o Cementum: anchors tooth o Enamel: external surface, hardest structure in the body o Periodontal ligaments
Broca's aphasia commonly occurs in conjunction with paralysis to the distal right arm. A stroke in which artery would cause this?
Left middle cerebral artery
What is the one muscle of facial expression innervated by a different cranial nerve than the rest? What is the cranial nerve that innervates this muscle?
Levator palpebrae superioris Oculomotor nerve
What are the palatal muscles, what actions do they perform, and what CN innervates them?
Levator veli palatini: Action: Elevate the soft palate when swallowing Innervation: CN X o Tensor veli palatini Action: Tenses soft palate and opens auditory tube when swallowing or yawning Innervation: CN V, mandibular division
Differentiate how the body senses acceleration/linear movement vs. rotational movement.
Linear acceleration: o When the head moves, the otoliths push on the gelatin layer, bending the stereocilia and kinocilium Rotation o When the head rotates in the pane of a duct, the endolymph moves and pushes against the cupula and bends the stereocilia
What bone do all muscles of mastication insert on? What cranial nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?
Mandible Cranial nerve 5
Brainstem: Contains paired right and left structures Contains many autonomic centers and reflex centers required for survival General functions: Consciousness and awareness Autonomic behaviors needed for survival Auditory and visual reflexes Motor and sensory innervation to the head and neck via the cranial nerves
Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata
Cranial fossae are curved depressions in the cranium. What forms the middle cranial fossa and what structures are found in it?
Middle cranial fossa (formed by parietal bone, temporal bone, and sphenoid bone) Temporal lobe Pituitary gland
What is the difference between deciduous (milk) teeth and permanent teeth? How many are there of each?
Milk teeth appear first and then are replaced by the permanent 20 decidious teeth 32 permanent teeth (6-7 year old starts coming) --> 4 of them are molars
What is the motor homunculus and what portions control the head and face vs. the upper and lower extremities?
Motor homunculus: diagram of innervation on the precentral gyrus Lateral sides: head and face Superior side: upper and lower extremities
Buccinator Where is the muscle? What is/are the actions of the muscle? What is the expression associated with the muscle?
Mouth compresses the cheek; draws the corner of the mouth laterally; holds food between teeth when chewing whistling, sucking
Levator anguli oris Where is the muscle? What is/are the actions of the muscle? What is the expression associated with the muscle?
Mouth elevates corners of the mouth smiling
the anatomy of the eyelids Meet at medial and lateral angles Palpebral fissure: opening between eyelids What is the purpose of eyelids?
Movable folds that cover the front of the eyeballs
What forms the bridge of the nose? What forms the most anterior part of the nose?
Nasal bones form bridge of nose Lateral and alar cartilages form most anterior part of nose
What is the role of the mucous layer in the nasal cavity? What is the role of the concha?
Nasal cavity is lined by a mucous layer which warms and conditions the air. Superior, middle and inferior nasal concha (form lateral wall of each cavity) are also called turbinates because they cause the air to swirl and move within the nasal cavity
Describe nasal/temporal visual fields
Nasal retina of left eye -> left periphery Temporal retina of left eye -> right medial Nasal retina of right eye -> right periphery Temporal retina of right eye -> left medial
The nasal septum separates the left and right airways of the nasal cavity, dividing the two nostrils. Which bones make up the nasal septum?
Nasal septum is formed by vomer and perpendicular plate of ethmoid
The pharynx is a funnel-shaped tube that lies posterior to and extends inferiorly from the oral and nasal cavities External carotid artery branches supply the pharynx What are the regions of the pharynx? What type of epithelium is found in each region and why? What are the tonsils found in the different regions?
Nasopharynx: continuous with the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate. o Lining: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium o Auditory tubes o Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) Oropharynx: soft palate to the epiglottis (hyoid) o Lining: Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium o Palatine tonsils - between two arches of the oral cavity o Lingual tonsils - posterior aspect of tongue Laryngopharynx: inferior to the hyoid and continuous with the larynx and esophagus o Lining: Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Pituitary Gland: just inferior to the hypothalamus. Attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum o Anterior lobe: Adenohypophysis o Posterior lobe: Neurohypophysis What is the role of the posterior lobe?
Neurohypophysis: Neural connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary. Its axons make up the hypothalamohypophyseal tract. Does not make hormones. Stores and releases hormones made in the hypothalamus.
You were having lunch with one of your friends and she said something hilarious while you were drinking your water, and accidentally water sprayed out of your nostrils. Explain why swallowed fluids can sometimes come out of the nose?
Normally, during swallowing, the soft palate reflects superiorly to seal the nasopharynx and prevent food or drink from entering the nasal cavity. During laughing, however, this sealing mechanism sometimes fails to operate (because laughing demands that air be forced out the nostrils), and swallowed fluids may enter the nasal cavity and then exit through the nostrils.
Nasalis Where is the muscle? What is/are the actions of the muscle?
Nose compresses the bridge and depresses the tip of the nose, elevates corners of the nostrils
Procerus Where is the muscle? What is/are the actions of the muscle? What is the expression associated with the muscle?
Nose Depresses medial eyebrow, wrinkle skin over nose Dislike or disdain
Vagus Sympathetic division has the superior cervical ganglia for head and neck but they don't originate in cranial nerves Which cranial nerves carry autonomic fibers (parasympathetic) and identify the ganglia associated with those cranial nerves?
Oculomotor (CN III) → ciliary ganglion: ciliary muscle and the pupillary constrictor muscle of iris Facial (CN VII) → pterygopalatine ganglion: lacrimal glands (produce tears) and small glands of nasal cavity, oral cavity, and palate → submandibular ganglion: submandibular and sublingual salivary glands Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) → otic ganglion: parotid gland
What is cranial nerve 3? What is its function and passageway? Name the modalities
Oculomotor nerve Superior orbital fissure somatic motor 4/6 extrinsic eye muscles +levator palpebrae superioris visceral motor Sphincter pupillae (constricts eye) ciliary muscle (compensates for near vision)
What is the olfactory pathway?
Olfactory hair → olfactory receptor cells( bipolar neurons)→ olfactory nerve -> olfactory bulb
What supplies the retina with oxygen and nutrients?
Ophthalmic Artery and Vein of the Retina Supplies the inner 2/3 of the retina with oxygen and nutrients True end artery Does not have anastomoses (no collateral damage)Choroid - supplies blood/nutrients to 1/3 of the retina
Which cranial nerve forms a midline connection, allowing fibers to cross to the opposite side of the brain?
Optic (2)
What are the arches of the palate?
Oral cavity opens into oropharynx through paired muscular folds (first arch) Palatoglossal arch : palatoglossus muscle Palatopharyngeal arch : palatopharyngeus muscle
a. What is the origin and insertion of the SCM? b. What are the functions (Bilateral vs. Unilateral function) of the SCM? c. What nerve innervates the SCM?
Origin: Manubrium (sternum) and clavicle o Insertion: Mastoid process o Bilateral: flexes neck (contralateral) o Unilateral: lateral flexion, rotation of the head to the opposite side (ipsilateral) o Innervation: Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
d. What is the origin and insertion of the scalene muscles? e. What are the functions of the scalene muscles? f. What nerves innervate the scalene muscles?
Origin: transverse process of cervical vertebrae o Insertion: 1 st and 2 nd ribs o Flexes the neck o Elevates the 1 st and 2 nd ribs during forced inhalation o Cervical spinal nerves
What are the accessory visual pathways?
Other visual pathways Edinger-Westphal nucleus Midbrain Pupillary reflex and lens control Superior colliculus Midbrain Orienting movements of the head and eyes and reflexively directing the eyes to areas of interest Suprachiasmatic nucleus Hypothalamus Info about light and dark for the circadian rhythm (sleep/wake cycle)
Basal ganglia = cerebral nuclei What are the basal ganglia and what do they do?
Paired gray matter nuclei deep within the white matter: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus Control of posture and voluntary movements Coordinate and adjust pattern and rhythm of movement Control and integrate muscle tone Coordinate learned movement patterns Process, integrate, and relay info from cortex to thalamus
What are the names of the salivary glands, where are they located, what is their function, and what cranial nerve innervates each salivary gland?
Parotid gland Largest Anterior to the ear Secrete 25 - 30% of total saliva Facial nerve 7 innervates Submandibular gland Along the inferomedial surface of the body of the mandible Produce the majority of the saliva (60 - 70%) Facial nerve 7 innervates Sublingual gland Inferior to the tongue Contribute 3- 5% of total saliva Facial nerve innervates
Retina: consists of two distinct layers Distinguish them
Pigmented layer - outer thick lining that absorbs light after it passes through the retina o Neural layer - thicker inner layer that contains visual receptors and associated neurons. Contains photoreceptors that respond to light, supporting cells and neurons that perform preliminary processing and integration of visual information, and blood vessels that supply the tissues lining the posterior cavity.
What is the sensory homunculus, where is it found?
Postcentral gyrus: receives information about discriminative touch in parietal love Sensory homunculus: representation of body on cortex
Primary visual cortex = Cortex of the calcarine fissure Lower visual field -> Upper retina -> Lower calcarine cortex Distinguish the posterior and anterior calcarine
Posterior calcarine cortex: high resolution Anterior calcarine cortex: peripheral vision
Cranial fossae are curved depressions in the cranium. What forms the posterior cranial fossa and what structures are found in it?
Posterior cranial fossa (formed by occipital bone, temporal and parietal bone) Cerebellum
The frontal lobe is limited posteriorly by the central sulcus and inferiorly by the lateral sulcus. What important brain structures are in the frontal lobe?
Prefrontal cortex Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortices: Broca's area
What is the purpose of the primary motor cortex? Where is it located? (in frontal lobe)
Primary motor cortex: Voluntary motor activity Precentral gyrus Beginning of the corticospinal tract Innervation can be diagrammed as a motor homunculus on the precentral gyrus
Where is the primary olfactory cortex? What is its function?
Primary olfactory cortex: provides conscious awareness of smell Location: Superomedial temporal lobe Associations with the limbic system
What are the pharyngeal constrictor muscles, what actions do they perform, and what CN innervates them?
Primary pharyngeal muscles - innervated by CN X - Vagus Superior (innermost) Middle Inferior (outermost)
The parietal lobe is limited anteriorly by the central sulcus and inferiorly by the lateral sulcus, and parieto-occipitalis posteriorly What important brain structures are in the parietal lobe?
Primary somatosensory cortex : receives general somatic sensory info from touch, pressure receptors Somatosensory association cortex: Integrates and interprets sensory information
What do premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortices do in the frontal lobe?
Process motor information, plans and coordinates learned, skilled motor activities
The larynx connect pharynx to trachea. What are the functions of the larynx?
Producing vocalizations o Passageway for air o Prevents ingested material from entering the respiratory tract o Participates in both the sneeze and cough reflex o Produces sound for speech
What is the role of Wernicke's area?
Recognizing and comprehending written and spoken language. Within left hemisphere, overlaps the parietal and temporal lobes. Wernicke's Aphasia: fluent speech, impaired repetition and comprehension, wordy but meaningless speech
Explain the visual pathway from retina to visual cortex
Retina --> optic nerve --> optic chiasm --> optic tract --> LGN --> optic radiations --> visual cortex Nasal fibers cross in the optic chiasm Most (90%) of optic tract fibers travel to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus From the LGN, axons travel through optic radiations to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe
You are an intern in an emergency room when a 55-year-old female presents with significant weakness in her left hand, wrist, and distal arm. Upon examination you note the left side of her face is drooping significantly. She is unable to move the left side of her face. She was able to walk into the ER on her own power. Your attending physician quickly takes you into the hall and explain she suspects a cerebral stroke. In which artery do you suspect the stroke likely occurred?
Right middle cerebral artery
Broca's aphasia commonly occurs in conjunction with paralysis to a specific limb. Knowing the anatomy of the brain, which limb do you think is commonly affected in these patients? Think about why this might be. Right lower extremity Right upper extremity (distal) Correct answer. Left lower extremity Left upper extremity (distal)
Right upper extremity (distal) Broca's area is just anterior to the inferior/lateral portion of the homonculus, but only on the left side. The left primary motor cortex innervates the muscles on the right side of the body. The distal upper extremity is more lateral on the homonculus, while the lower extremity is towards the midline. For that reason, the right distal upper extremity is often affected with Broca's aphasia.
Pathway inside the retina is
Rods and cones Photoreceptor cells o Bipolar cells o Ganglion cells
Explain the orientation of the brain utilizing anatomical terms. rostral, ventral, dorsal, caudal
Rostral = closer to the nose (anterior) Ventral = inferior Dorsal = superior Caudal = posterior
Complete the pathway following venous return from the dural venous sinuses back to the heart.
Sagittal sinuses --> confluence of sinuses --> transverse sinus --> sigmodid sinus --> internal jugual vein --> brachiocephalic vein --> superior bena cava --> heart ventricle
What are the channels of the cochlea? What fluid is found in each channel?
Scala vestibuli, scala tympani, and cochlear duct a. What fluid is found in each channel? o Scala vestibuli - perilymph o Scala tympani - perilymph o Cochlear duct - endolymph
Trigeminal nerve is cranial nerve 5. It has 3 branches. What are the names of the branches? What are their functions Which is the largest? What is the passage way of V1?
Somatic motor (Only V3: Mandibular) Muscles of mastication, myeloid, anterior belly of the digastric, tensor tympany muscle Somatic sensory V1 : cornea, nose forehead and anterior scalp V2 : nasal mucosa, palate, gums, cheek V3 : anterior 2/3 tongue, meninges, skin of the chin, lower jaw, lower teeth, part of the ear Ophthalmic (V1 ) - Skull Passageway: Superior orbital fissure Maxillary (V2 ) Mandibular (V3 )
What are dura venous sinuses?
Space between the periosteal and meningeal dura forms these large collecting veins Veins of the brain empty into these sinuses Key named sinuses: Superior sagittal sinus Inferior sagittal sinus Transverse sinuses Straight sinus - connecting the inferior sagittal and superior sagittal sinuses, midline with the tentorium cerebelli Confluence of sinuses - posterior, where the superior sagittal, straight, and transverse sinuses merge
What is the spiral organ, what structures are found in the spiral organ, how does the spiral organ relate to hearing?
Spiral organ : detects through air cells endolymph movement (Thick sensory epithelium with hair cells) Hair cells depolarize and send information to cranial nerve 8
The limbic system: The primary structures within the limbic system include the amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus. What are the structures of the limbic system and what is their collective function?
Structures collectively process and experience emotions Establishing emotional states and related behavioral drives Affects memory formation, storage, and retrieval through the integration of past memories of physical sensations with emotional states Link conscious, intellectual functions of cortex with unconscious and ANS functions of other brain regions
Describe the bones of the skull that make up the orbit of the eye NO TEMPORTAL, NO NASAL
Superior: Frontal bone Medial: Palatine bone, Ethmoid, Lacrimal bone, and part of maxillary bone Inferior: Part of maxillary bone and part of zygomatic bone Lateral: Part of zygomatic bone Posterior: Sphenoid (optic canal and superior orbital fissure)
How does the sympathetic vs. parasympathetic division affect accommodation in the lens?
Sympathetic activation o Lens is flattened for distant vision. Sympathetic input relaxes the ciliary muscle, tightening the ciliary zonule, and flattening the lens. Parasympathetic activation o Lens bulges for close vision. Parasympathetic input contracts the ciliary muscle, loosing the ciliary zonule, allowing the lens to bulge.
What are tarsal plates and tarsal glands?
Tarsal plates: connective tissue o Give shape to eyelids, slide over eye in particular way Tarsal glands: modified sebaceous glands o Functions: Lubricate surface of eye Prevent tear overflow Prevent eyelids from sticking together
Midbrain is the most superior brainstem region what are the functions of the midbrain?
Tectum: Contains 2 pairs of sensory nuclei called corpora quadrigemina Visual reflexes: superior colliculi Auditory reflexes: inferior colliculi Reticular formation: arousal and consciousness Motor functions: Cerebral peduncles: primarily motor axons Substantia nigra: neurons secrete dopamine Control of voluntary movements through connections to the basal ganglia Red nucleus: Involuntary motor control, maintaining muscle tone, and limb positio
You don't open your mouth with the muscles of mastication. By relaxing them, yo u allow your joints to open up. Name the muscle of mastication and their functions
Temporalis: elevates and retracts mandible Masseter: Elevates and protracts mandible Lateral and medial pterygoids: protract and move the mandible from side to side o Medial also elevates the mandible
Where do muscles of facial expression originate and insert?
The muscles of facial expression originate on the surface of the skull. At their insertions, the collagen fibers of the epimysium are continuous with the collagen fibers of the dermis of the skin and the superficial fascia
What type of epithelial tissue is found in the oral cavity?
The oral mucosa is a nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium that protects the mouth from abrasion.
You are a medical student starting your first day on your neurology rotation. You are told that your first patient had a stroke in his right anterior cerebral artery. As a result, you expect that this patient may have paralysis of the (right/left) (lower extremity/upper extremity).
The patient would likely also have some degree of weakness or paralysis of the proximal portion of the left upper extremity because thee shoulder region of the primary motor cortex is supplied by the anterior cerebral artery.
What cranial nerve innervates all the muscles of facial expression except one?
The seventh cranial nerve, the facial nerve, innervates these muscles
How does equalization of the auditory tubes happen ("popping" your ears)?
The tensor veli palatini contraction can pull the auditory tubes open, creating an open passageway from the nasopharynx to the middle ear, equalizing the pressure between the middle ear and the outside environment.
What is the anatomy of a tooth?
The tooth has an exposed crown, a constricted neck, and one or two roots
A suture is a dense fibrous connective tissue that joins the bones together. They are immovable joints Name and describe/locate the sutures between cranial bones.
There are four: lambdoid, sagittal, coronal, and squamous Lambdoid suture joins parietal bones and the occipital bone Sagittal suture joins the two parietal bones Coronal suture joins frontal and parietal bones Squamous suture joins parietal and temporal bone
There are 6 states: umami (savory), sour, sweet, salty, bitter Where are the taste buds found and what is their function?
They are specialized organs for taste. Each is composed of many gustatory cells with taste receptors They are on fungiform and vallate papillae
What role does the hypothalamus have in the endocrine system?
They hypothalamus is the master control center of the endocrine system Controls the release of regulatory hormones from the anterior pituitary gland Secretes specific hormones from the posterior pituitary gland Controls the stimulation and secretion activities of the adrenal medulla
What is pia mater?
Thin, delicate CT tightly attached to the brain o Follows all contours of the gyri and sulci o Supports large cerebral blood vessels
What are the cranial meninges?
Three connective tissue layers surrounding the brain: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
What are the laryngeal elevator muscles, what actions do they perform, and what CN innervates them?
Three muscles act to ELEVATE the pharynx and larynx Palatopharyngeus (CN X) Salpingopharyngeus (CN X) Stylopharyngeus (CN IX)
Explain how the muscles of the oral cavity, pharynx, and anterior neck create the action of Swallowing.
Tongue forces compacted bolus into oropharynx Laryngeal movement folds epiglottis; pharyngeal muscles push bolus into esophagus Bolus moves along esophagus; larynx returns to normal position
What is the conjunctiva and how does the conjunctiva relate to the eyelids?
Transparent mucous membrane made of stratified squamous epithelium o Palpebral: lines the inner aspect of the eyelid o Bulbar: lines the sclera or white portion of eye o Contains goblet cells: contain mucin
You ask a patient to clench their teeth. Then, you run the end of a long q-tip across their face and ask if both sides feel the same. In this scenario, you are testing the BLANK nerve.
Trigeminal
Which of the cranial nerves have mixed sensory and motor functions?
Trigeminal (5), Facial (7), Glossypharyngeal (9), Vagus (10), Cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X are mixed sensory and motor nerves.
Which cranial nerves are responsible for sensory and motor information of the face?
Trigeminal nerve carries sensory information from the face Facial nerve carries motor information
What is cranial nerve 4? What is its function and passage way? What are the modalities?
Trochlear nerve Superior orbital fissure somatic motor: innervates superior oblique of the eye
Compare and contrast the bony labyrinth, membranous labyrinth
Two divisions of the inner ear. Bony labyrinth contains perilymph. Membranous labyrinth contains endolymph
What are the main regions of the oral cavity?
Two main regions: vestibule and oral cavity proper Vestibule: space between teeth and cheeks Oral cavity proper: space behind the teeth
What are the primary routes for blood to reach the brain?
Two primary routes for blood to reach the brain: Vertebral arteries Internal carotid arteries
The middle ear has many structures including: Auditory ossicles (malleus, stapeus, incus) Tympanic membrane Tympanic cavity Oval window What are the roles of these other three structures found in the middle ear: Tensor tympani, Stapedius, and pharyngotympanic tube?
Two small muscles inside the tympanic cavity protect the eardrum and ossicles from violent movements under very noisy conditions Tensor tympani muscle limits motion of ossciles in loud soung CN 5 Stapedius (smallest skeletal muscle) (same as tensor tympani) CN 7 auditory tube (pharyngotympanic tube) connects to nasal cavity: equalizes pressure between middle ear and external world
What effects will lesions to visual association areas have on vision?
V4: Impaired color discrimination o Cerebral achromatopsia: no color sight, whole spectrum V5: Cerebral Akinesia o Impaired motion detection Fusiform Face Area: Prosopagnosia o Inability to recognize faces o Very posterior temporal lobe adjacent to the occipital lobe Inferotemporal complex o Inability to attach emotion to visual stimuli Parietal regions: visuospatial neglect
What is cranial nerve 10? What is its passageway? Name the modalities and associated functions
Vagus jugular foramen Special sensory: taste from the base of the tongue, epiglottis, upper pharynx Visceral motor: : heart, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, abdominal organs up to 1st 2/3 transverse colon Visceral sensory: heart, lungs, abdominal organs up to the first 2/3 of the transverse colon Somatic sensory: external acoustic meatus, eardrum, laryngopharynx, larynx Somatic motor: pharynx, larynx and palate muscles
What structures are associated with hearing? vestibulation? in the inner ear
Vestibulation Semicircular canal (rotation) Vestibule (gravitation and linear acceleration) Utricle saccule Hearing Round window Spiral organ Cochlear duct in cochlea
Which structure is not considered to be part of the membranous labyrinth? Utricle Vestibule Saccule Cochlear duct Semicircular duct
Vestibule
What is cranial nerve 8? What is its function and passageway? Name the modalities
Vestibulocochlear internal acoustic meatus special sensory Vestibular = equilibrium and balance cochlear = hearing
What do the regions/visual association areas of the brain add to the interpretation of vision?
Visual Association Areas: continue processing visual information V2, V3 o Parts of the temporal and parietal lobes o Vs are retinotopic maps Each area processes the entire visual filed in its own way Different elements of vision are added as the information passes from one are to the next o V4 = color vision o V5 = Motion sensitivity
Identify and describe the function of the vocal folds, vestibular folds, and glottis.
Vocal folds: vocal ligaments are covered by a mucous membrane o Highly elastic and involved with producing sound Glottis: opening between vocal folds o Inhaled air leaves the pharynx by passing through this slit-like opening Vestibular folds: false vocal cords
Temporal Lobe is inferior to the lateral sulcus. It has superior, middle, and inferior gyri. Medial temporal lobe structures are associated with the limbic system - memory, learning, aggression, emotion. What important brain structures are in the temporal lobe?
Wernicke's Area Hippocampus: Amygdala: Primary olfactory cortex
What are the names of the six (6) triangles of the neck? a. What are the important contents of the triangles?
What are the names of the six (6) triangles of the neck? Submental triangle, Submandibular triangle, carotid triangle, muscular triangle, occipital triangle, and supraclavicular triangle a. What are the important contents of the triangles? o Submental Triangle: Unpaired Contents: Lymph nodes o Submandibular Triangle: inferior to mandible Contents: Submandibular gland, facial artery and vein o Carotid Triangle Contents: Common carotid artery, jugular vein, vagus nerve, sympathetic trunk, hypoglossal nerve o Muscular Triangle Infrahyoid muscles, thyroid and parathyroid glands o Occipital Triangle Contents: Accessory nerve, brachial plexus (trunks), lymph nodes o Supraclavicular Triangle Contents: Portions of the subclavian artery and vein, lymph nodes.
Distinguish long term, short term, and working memory
Working memory is used for temporarily storing and manipulating information Short term memory is characterized by limited capacity and brief duration Long term memory may exist for limitless
Explain the difference in how cranial nerves (CN) innervate the tongue a. What CN(s) innervate muscles of the tongue (motor)? b. What CN(s) provide sensory information from the tongue? c. What CN(s) provide the special sense of taste from the tongue?
a. Hypoglossal nerve CN XII b. Trigeminal CN V c.Vagus X, Glossopharyngeal IX, and facial VII
What is the Recurrent laryngeal nerve?
branch of the vagus nerve that branches in the thorax, left loops under the arch of the aorta, returns to neck to innervate laryngeal muscles (somatic motor of vagus nerve)
what are the functions of the medulla oblongota?
connects the brain with the spinal cord Many white matter tracts ascend or descend through it Origin of five cranial nerves (nuclei) Sensory nuclei from dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway Motor information Pyramids: corticospinal tracts Pyramidal decussation Autonomic nuclei group to form: Cardiovascular venter: Adjust heart rate, strength of contraction, vasoconstriction/vasodilation Medullary respiratory center: sets the pace of breathing Other nuclei involved in coughing, sneezing, salivation, swallowing, gagging, and vomiting
Paranasal sinuses: Frontal sinus in frontal bone Maxillary sinus in maxillary bone Sphenoid sinus in sphenoid bone Ethmoid air cells are in ethmoid bone Mucous glands are found in the paranasal sinuses. What innervates them?
cranial nerve 7 (facial)
Which bone of the nasal cavity does the olfactory nerve travel through to get to the olfactory bulb?
cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
The folds of cerebellar cortex are called the ___________ of the cerebellum.
folia
The olfactory epithelium is located on the superior surface of the nasal cavity. It has a thick mucous layer that captures molecules of substance causing the odor. What are Olfactory hair cells?
free nerve endings (cilia) projecting into the mucous layer Contain receptors for airborne molecules Rapid adaptation
The superior aspect of each nasal bone articulates with the ________ bone.
frontal
Bones of the skull that articulate with the zygomatic bone include (the) ________.
frontal bone sphenoid maxillary bone temporal bone
Basal Ganglia are paired gray matter nuclei deep within the white matter It contains caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus Control of posture and voluntary motor movements Coordinate and adjust pattern and rhythm of movement Control and integrate muscle tone Coordinate learned movement patterns Process, integrate, and relay info from cortex to thalamus What do the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus specifically due?
globus padillus = Control and integrate muscle tone caudate nucleus + putamen = Coordinate and adjust pattern and rhythm of movement (start and stop)
The ________ provides taste sensations from the posterior third of the tongue and has special receptors monitoring the blood pressure and dissolved-gas concentrations within major blood vessels.
glossopharyngeal ( cranial nerve 9)
Which cranial nerve lies medial to the vagus nerve?
hypoglossal
A 34-year-old male patient presented to your clinic complaining of facial weakness, difficulty hearing, balance issues, and dry mouth. It is found that the patient has a schwannoma, or a benign tumor developing from Schwann cells. Within which passageway of the skull is this tumor located?... The two cranial nerves that travel through this passageway are....
internal acoustic meatus Cranial nerve VII (facial) and cranial nerve VIII (vestibocochlear)
The septum pellucidum separates the ________.
lateral ventricles
Which muscles are used to smile?
levator labii superioris zygomaticus major zygomaticus minor levator anguli oris
The ____________ is a region of the retina where the visual image arrives after it passes through the cornea and lens. It contains no rods. The _______________ is located at the center of your answer from part A, and it is the site of sharpest color vision.
macula fovea centralis
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi Where is the muscle? What is/are the actions of the muscle? What is the expression associated with the muscle?
mouth Elevates upper lip, dilated nostrils Elvis snarl
Levator labii superioris Where is the muscle? What is/are the actions of the muscle? What is the expression associated with the muscle?
mouth Opens lips; elevates and furrows the upper lip sadness
Zygomaticus major Where is the muscle? What is/are the actions of the muscle? What is the expression associated with the muscle?
mouth Raises lateral corners of the mouth Smile
Zygomaticus minor Where is the muscle? What is/are the actions of the muscle? What is the expression associated with the muscle?
mouth Raises lateral corners of the mouth Smile
Orbicularis oris Where is the muscle? What is/are the actions of the muscle? What is the expression associated with the muscle?
mouth closes lips; purses and protrudes lips Kissing, whistling
Depressor labii inferioris Where is the muscle? What is/are the actions of the muscle? What is the expression associated with the muscle?
mouth depresses lower lip frown
Risorius Where is the muscle? What is/are the actions of the muscle? What is the expression associated with the muscle?
mouth draws corner of lip laterally and down, tenses lips frown
Depressor anguli oris Where is the muscle? What is/are the actions of the muscle? What is the expression associated with the muscle?
mouth draws the corner of the mouth inferiorly and laterally frown
Mentalis Where is the muscle? What is/are the actions of the muscle?
mouth elevates and wrinkles skin of chin, protrudes lower lip
Larynx is supported by a framework of nine cartilages held in place by ligaments, membranes, and muscles What are the roles of: Thyroid cartilage, Cricoid cartilage, Epiglottis (made of elastic cartilage),
o Thyroid cartilage: Largest cartilage Does not form a complete ring Laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple) o Cricoid cartilage: Inferior to the thyroid cartilage Second largest cartilage o Epiglottis: Function: swallowing causes the epiglottis to close the opening to the larynx
What are the structures of the ear responsible for sensing linear acceleration? Horizontal? vertical?
o Vestibule Utricle - horizontal movement Saccule - vertical movement
Cranial nerves (CN) III, IV, and VI innervate the six skeletal muscles that move the eye. These nerves are the __________.
oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens.
The only cranial nerve that attaches directly to the cerebrum is the __________ nerve.
olfactory (1)
What is cranial nerve 1? What is its function and passage way? What are the modalities?
olfactory, travels through cribriform plate foramina, synapses in the olfactory bulbs special sensory
What are the four infrahyoid muscles?
omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid
What is cranial nerve 2? What is its function and passage way? What are the modalities?
optic, travels through optic canal special sensory
What muscles are involved in swallowing?
palatal muscles,laryngeal elevator muscles,pharyngeal constrictor muscles,
The lambdoid suture is the boundary between which bones?
parietal and occipital
Salivary amylase is a digestive enzyme that is produced by the __________ and that breaks down __________.
parotid glands, carbohydrates
All of the following help the CSF move around the brain and spinal cord except: pressure from the constant production of CSF. movement of cilia on the ependymal cells. peristaltic waves from myoepithelial cells in the meninges. movement of the vertebral column.
peristaltic waves from myoepithelial cells in the meninges.
The infundibulum connects the hypothalamus to which structure?
pituitary gland
The superior and middle nasal concha of the ethmoid ________. stabilize the position of the brainare perforated by foramina that allow passage of the branches of the olfactory nerves separate the right and left sides of the cribriform plate provide additional time for warming, humidifying, and dust removal before incoming air reaches more delicate portions of the respiratory tract form part of the nasal septum, a partition that also includes the vomer and a piece of hyaline cartilage
provide additional time for warming, humidifying, and dust removal before incoming air reaches more delicate portions of the respiratory tract
Which of the following is described as a thin, membranous partition that separates the perilymph of the cochlear chambers from the air in the middle ear?
round window
If you suspect that a patient has damage to CN VII, you would expect them to present with the following signs and symptoms: Visceral motor: reduced ability to produce and secrete ... Somatic (special) motor: paralysis of muscles of the ... Special sensory: diminished or lost sense of....
saliva face taste
Which sutures marks the boundary between the temporal bone and the parietal bone of each side of the skull?
squamous
You could test both the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerve together by asking the patient to
swallow
The inner ear lies within which of the following bones? sphenoid ethmoid maxilla temporal
temporal
temporomandibular joint is a synovial joint that has an :Articular disc and Ligaments that provide stability. What bones make the articulation of the temporomandibular joint?
temporal bone and mandible
On each side of the sella turcica (depression of sphenoid bone), the foramen rotundum, the foramen ovale, and the foramen spinosum penetrate the greater wings of the sphenoid, what do they carry?
these passages carry blood vessels and cranial nerves to structures of the orbit, face, and jaws.
Why is prevertebral space the danger space?
tooth infections can spread to the heart through this space
Which structure is a thin, semitransparent connective tissue sheet that separates the external ear from the middle ear?
tympanic membrane
