Anatomy & Physiology Bio 168 Chapter 1

Cell Theory

1. all organisms are made of cell

Purpose of A&P

A & P form a foundation for advanced study in health care, exercise physiology, pathophysiology, and other related fields

Adaptations

A behavior or physical characteristic that allows an organism to live successfully in its environment.

Experimental design

A design in which researchers manipulate an independent variable and measure a dependent variable to determine a cause-and-effect relationship

Gradient

A difference in concentration, pressure, or electrical charge between two regions.

Placebo

A fake treatment.

theory

A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data.

double-blind study

An experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo

Effector

An organ that carries out a response

Anatomy And Physioloy

Anatomy and physiology (A & P) are about human structure and function—the biology of the human body

Reductionism

Attempting to understand complex events by breaking them down into their components

Holism

Attending to a client's thoughts, feelings, behaviors, body, and dreams. humans are more than the sum of their parts

Aristotle

Believed diseases had supernatural or physical causes Called supernatural causes of disease theologi Called natural causes for disease physiologi This gave rise to the terms physician and physiology Believed complex structures were built from simpler parts

Falsifiability

Can be proven wrong

Evolution

Change in genetic composition of population of organisms

Evolution of a population

Changes in genes

Walter Cannon

Coined the term homeostasis

Controls

Control group resembles treatment group but does not receive treatment

Cadaver dissection

Cutting and separating human body tissues to reveal tissue relationships

Receptor

Detects change

Hypothesis

Educated guess Is a possible explanation for a set of observations or answer to a scientific question

Psychosomatic effects

Effects of subject's state of mind on her or his physiology Tested by giving placebo to control group

Experimenter bias

Errors in a research study due to the predisposed notions or beliefs of the experimenter.

Histology

Examination of tissues with a microscope

Neurophysiology

Explains the workings of the nervous system

Negative feedback

Feedback that attempts to maintain homeostasis by reversing a process

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

First tenet of cell theory

Hippocrates

Greek physician; "Father of medicine" Established a code of ethics (Hippocratic Oath) Urged physicians to seek natural causes of disease rather than attributing them to acts of the gods and demons

Natural selection

How evolution works

Homeostasis in body temperature

If too warm, vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins (heat-losing mechanism) If too cold, vessels in the skin constrict and shivering begins (heat-gaining mechanism)

Scientific fact

Information that can be independently verified

4 ways to study the human body

Inspection Palpation Auscultation Percussion

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Invented a simple (single-lens) microscope with great magnification to look at fabrics (200X) Published his observations of blood, lake water, sperm, bacteria from tooth scrapings, and many other things

Robert Hooke

Invented specimen stage, illuminator, coarse and fine focus controls His microscopes magnified only 30X First to see and name "cells"

Histopathology

Microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease

Subdisciplines

Neurophysiology (physiology of nervous system) Endocrinology (physiology of hormones) Pathophysiology (mechanisms of disease)

The Hierarchy of Complexity

Organisms->organ systems->organs->tissues->cells->organelles->molecules->atoms

Claudius Galen

Physician to Roman gladiators Did animal dissections because use of cadavers was banned Saw science as a method of discovery Teachings were adopted as dogma in Europe in Middle Ages

Statistical testing

Provides statement of probability that treatment was effective

Peer review

Provides statement of probability that treatment was effective Ensures honesty, objectivity, and quality in science

William Harvey

Realized blood flows out from heart and back to it again Some credit also given to Michael Servetus for this

Adaptations for bipedalism

Skeletal and muscular modifications Changes to family structure

Anatomy

Study of Form

Endocrinology

Study of Hormones

Comparative physiology

Study of different species to learn about body functions Basis for much of our understanding of human physiology and the development of new drugs and medical procedures

Comparative anatomy

Study of multiple species to learn about form, function, and evolution

Cytology

Study of structure and function of cells

Pathophysiology

Study of the functional changes associated with disease and aging

Physiology

The study of function

Ultrastructure

View detail under electron microscope

medical imaging

Viewing the inside of the body without surgery Radiology—branch of medicine concerned with imaging

Law of nature

a generalization that describes recurring facts or events in nature

Inductive method

a process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them "proof beyond reasonable dout"

Responsiveness

ability to sense and react to stimuli (irritability or excitability)

Integrating (control) center

control center that processes the sensory information, 'makes a decision', and directs the response

Development

differentiation and growth

Down Gradient

high to low concentration

Self-amplifying cycle

leads to greater change in the same direction feed back loops are repeated

Cellular composition

living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells

Organization

living things exhibit a higher level of organization than nonliving things

Homeostasis

maintaining relatively stable internal conditions

arboreal (tree dwelling)

mobile shoulders, opposable thumbs, forward facing eyes, depth and color vision. large brain

Sample size

number of subjects in study

Movement

of organism and/or of substances within the organism

Primates

order of mammals to which humans, monkeys, and apes belong

The Hypothetic-Deductive Method

process of forming hypothesis, and using an experiment to reach a conclusion

Reproduction

producing copies of themselves; passing genes to offspring

Science and scientific mdethods

set standards for truth

Bipedalism

standing and walking on two legs

Gross anatomy

study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

up the gradient

substance moving low to high

Metabolism

sum of all internal chemical change: anabolism (synthesis) and catabolism (digestion)

Anatomical Variation

when no two humans are alike