Anatomy and Physiology: Blood (Reviewer)
Arrange the following events of coagulation in proper sequence. 1) Prothrombin → thrombin 2) Fibrinogen → fibrin 3) Activation of clotting factors 4) Formation of prothrombinase A. 1, 2, 3, 4 B. 4, 3, 1, 2 C. 2, 4, 3, 1 D. 3, 4, 1, 2 E. 3, 2, 4, 1
D.
Clotting factor activation can start with A. clot retraction. B. Both "the contact of clotting factors with connective tissue" and "clot retraction" are correct. C. the activation of fibrinogen. D. the contact of clotting factors with connective tissue. E. the formation of fibrin.
D.
Erythropoietin A. All of the choices are correct. B. is produced in the intestines. C. requires vitamin B12 as a cofactor. D. stimulates red bone marrow to produce more red blood cells. E. is produced when high blood oxygen levels occur.
D.
Given the following compounds, which of these sequences represents the most correct order of normal clotting factor activation? 1) Fibrin 2) Fibrinogen 3) Prothrombin 4) Thrombin A. 1, 3, 4, 2 B. 1, 2, 3, 4 C. 2, 1, 4, 3 D. 3, 4, 2, 1 E. 2, 1, 3, 4
D.
Globulins in the plasma A. maintain osmotic pressure. B. act as a solvent and as a suspending medium for blood components. C. serve as a source of energy. D. function as transport molecules and clotting factors.Correct E. are involved in aerobic respiration.
D.
In contrast to red blood cells, leukocytes A. are smaller. B. have no nucleus, whereas red blood cells may have many nuclei. C. contain more iron in addition to the iron in the hemoglobin. D. can leave the blood and move by amoeboid movement through tissues. E. All of the choices are correct.
D.
In newborns, bilirubin can increase faster than the liver can break it down. The buildup of bilirubin in the circulation results in __________. A. leukemia B. thalassemia C. anemia D. jaundice E. cyanosis
D.
Platelets A. are a type of lymphocyte. B. have no cell membrane. C. are produced in the thymus. D. play an important role in hemostasis. E. All of the choices are correct.
D.
The biconcave shape of red blood cells A. enables it to pass through small blood vessels more easily. B. increases the surface area of the red blood cell. C. makes it easier for gases to move into and out of the cell. D. All of the choices are correct. E. allows for bending or folding of the cell.
D.
The major component of plasma is __________. A. gases B. ions C. proteins D. water E. nutrients
D.
Vitamin K A. can be obtained from food such as milk. B. comes from your diet. C. is produced by bacteria in the large intestine. D. All of the choices are correct. E. is important for the synthesis of clotting factors.
D.
What is the function of water in the plasma? A. It maintains osmotic pressure. B. It is a source of energy. C. It forms clots. D. It acts as a solvent and as a suspending medium for blood components. E. It destroys foreign substances.
D.
Which of these conditions must occur to produce hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)? A. The pregnancy is the first for the woman. B. The mother must be Rh-positive. C. The baby must be Rh-negative. D. The woman must have been sensitized to the Rh antigen. E. All of the choices are correct.
D.
Which of these factors would not seriously impair the blood clotting process? A. Low numbers of platelets in the blood B. Liver dysfunction C. Low levels of vitamin K in the blood D. Low levels of antibodies in the blood E. Low levels of calcium in the blood
D.
Which of these leukocytes is NOT correctly matched with its function or description? A. Neutrophils—Phagocytize microorganisms and other foreign substances. B. Eosinophils—Involved in destroying certain worm parasites. C. Lymphocytes—Important in the immune response. D. Basophils—Synthesize or produce antibodies. E. Monocytes—Become macrophages.
D.
Which of these substances dissolves clots? A. Antithrombin B. Prothrombin C. Tissue plasminogen activator D. Plasmin E. Plasminogen
D.
Which of these transfusions would be least likely to cause a transfusion reaction? A. Type AB+ blood transfused into a type O+ patient B. Type A+ blood transfused into a type B+ patient C. Type A+ blood transfused into a type O+ patient D. Type O+ blood transfused into a type B+ patient E. Type B+ blood transfused into a type AB- patient
D.
Which of the following would inhibit the activation of platelets or the formation of the platelet plug? A. Increased levels of fibrinogen B. Aspirin (which inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins) C. All of the choices are correct. D. Increased levels of von Willebrand factor E. Increased amounts of thromboxanes
B.
Which of these statements concerning gases in the blood is true? A. Almost all of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported by hemoglobin. B. Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin 210 times as fast as oxygen does. C. Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes a reaction that converts oxygen into a bicarbonate ion. D. Most oxygen is transported dissolved in the plasma. E. Hemoglobin transports a small percentage of the oxygen transported by the blood.
B.
Which of these statements concerning the differential white blood cell count is NOT correct? A. In allergic reactions, the eosinophil and basophil counts are elevated. B. In normal counts, the second largest percentage is basophils. C. None of the choices are incorrect. D. In bacterial infections, the neutrophil count is often greatly increased. E. In normal counts, the largest percentage is neutrophils.
B.
__________ is the spread of microorganisms and their toxins by the blood. A. Thalassemia B. Septicemia C. Ischemia D. DIC C. Anemia
B.
Hemophilia is an inherited abnormality in A. one or more of the clotting factors. B. platelet membrane receptors. C. intrinsic factor production. D. the globin portions of the hemoglobin. E. antibody production.
A.
Inadequate vitamin B12 can cause __________ anemia. A. pernicious B. hemolytic C. sickle-cell D.hemorrhagic E. aplastic
A.
Individuals who undergo chemotherapy often experience anemia. Which substance could be used to help alleviate this condition? A. Erythropoietin B. Bilirubin C. Vitamin D D. Glucose E. Fibrinogen
A.
Persons with impaired kidney function may develop anemia. This is likely because A. less erythropoietin is released from the kidneys. B. proerythroblasts are destroyed. C. white blood cells break down red blood cells. D. red blood cells are broken down by the kidneys. E. waste products destroy red blood cells.
A.
The most abundant substance in blood is __________. A. water B. hemoglobin C. red blood cells D. proteins E. glucose
A.
The white blood cells that help provide immunity and produce antibodies are called ______, while macrophages are derived from the white blood cells known as ______. A. lymphocytes; monocytes B. basophils; neutrophils C. monocytes; lymphocytes D. neutrophils; eosinophils
A.
Which of the following best describes the structure of platelets? A. Cytoplasmic fragments B. A biconcave disk C. Star-shaped cell with central nucleus D. Large cell with a bilobed nucleus E. Long fiber
A.
Which of the following could cause an abnormal prothrombin time? A. All of the choices are correct. B. Decreased levels of von Willebrand factor C. Drug therapy D. Vitamin K deficiency E. Liver disease
A.
__________ are the most common leukocytes and their dead cells are part of pus. A. Neutrophils B. Lymphocytes C. Monocytes D. Eosinophils E. Basophils
A.
Blood is a type of __________ tissue. A. areolar B. glandular C. connective D. epithelial
C.
Hematocrit A. is the percentage of total blood volume composed of formed elements. B. is the percentage of total blood volume composed of plasma. C. is the percentage of total blood volume composed of red blood cells. D. is the percentage of total blood volume composed of leukocytes. E. is the percentage of total blood volume composed of platelets.
C.
In response to ____ blood oxygen levels, the ________ release(s) erythropoietin (EPO). A. high; adrenal medulla B. high; lungs C. low; kidneys D. high; kidneys E. low; adrenal medulla
C.
One of the unhealthy effects of blood doping is that it causes a(n) A. decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. B. increase in the carbon-dioxide-carrying capacity of the blood. C. increase in the viscosity of the blood. D. increase in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. E. decrease in blood pressure in the arteries.
C.
Platelet adhesion A. allows for the platelets to change shape and release chemicals. B. results in platelets sticking to collagen exposed by blood vessel damage. C. All of the choices are correct. D. causes the activation of the platelets. E. is mediated through von Willebrand factor.
C.
Red blood cells A. have several nuclei in each cell. B. are biconvex disks. C. contain large quantities of hemoglobin. D. divide frequently. E. All of the choices are correct.
C.
When you are in a cold environment, your nose and ears turn red because blood flow increases A. in the nose and ears to increase oxygen delivery to overactive tissue. B. All of the choices are correct. C. to carry warmth to the cold tissue, reducing tissue damage. D. in the nose and ears to deliver hormones that enhance the senses. E. in the nose and ears to deliver nutrients to overactive tissue.
C.
Which of these does NOT help to prevent blood loss? A. Formation of a platelet plug B. Synthesis of thromboxanes C. Release of heparin D. Formation of a network of fibrin E. Blood vessel constriction
C.
Which of these statements concerning white blood count is correct? A. Excess production of white blood cells has no effect on red blood cell production. B. There are normally 50,000 to 100,000 leukocytes per cubic millimeter of blood. C. Leukemia is a type of cancer that results in abnormal production of one or more types of leukocyte. D. Leukopenia is an abnormally high WBC resulting from a tumor of the red marrow or a bacterial infection. E. Leukocytosis is an abnormally low WBC count.
C.
__________ are the largest of the leukocytes. A. Neutrophils B. Basophils C. MonocytesCorrect D. Lymphocytes E. Eosinophils
C.
__________ is a hereditary disease that produces abnormal hemoglobin. A. Hemorrhagic anemia B. Hemolytic anemia C. Sickle-cell anemia D. Aplastic anemia E. Pernicious anemia
C.
__________ perform phagocytosis, especially when out of the blood and in tissues. A. Eosinophils B. Basophils C. Monocytes D. Lymphocytes E. Neutrophils
C.
__________ release histamine and heparin. A. Eosinophils B. Monocytes C. Basophils D. Lymphocytes E. Neutrophils
C.
Normally, the volume of the blood plasma A. fluctuates wildly throughout the day, with water intake through the digestive tract exceeding water loss through the kidneys, lungs, GI tract, and skin. B. is determined solely by the concentration of dissolved substances. C. Both "fluctuates wildly throughout the day, with water intake through the digestive tract exceeding water loss through the kidneys, lungs, GI tract, and skin" and "is determined solely by the concentration of dissolved substances" are correct. D. fluctuates wildly between hours with water loss through the kidneys, lungs, GI tract, and skin exceeding water intake through the digestive tract. E. remains fairly constant, with water intake through the digestive tract roughly equaling water loss through the kidneys, lungs, GI tract, and skin.
E.
Antithrombin is A. an activator for prothrombin. B. a clotting factor. C. an activator for fibrinogen. D. a plasminogen factor. E. an anticoagulant.
E.
Each hemoglobin molecule A. contains red-pigmented globin molecules. B. is bluish in color when bound to oxygen. C. can carry 1 oxygen molecule. D. contains 1 iron atom. E. consists of 4 protein chains and 4 heme groups.
E.
In __________, red blood cells rupture or are destroyed at an excessive rate. A. aplastic anemia B. pernicious anemia C. sickle-cell anemia D. hemorrhagic anemia E. hemolytic anemia
E.
Long ago, one cure for anemia was to feed a patient beef jerky soaked in the gastric juices of a pig. In cases in which this cure worked, the type of anemia was most likely __________. A. hemorrhagic anemia B. sickle-cell anemia C. aplastic anemia D. iron-deficiency anemia E. pernicious anemia
E.
Plasma makes up about ______ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood. A. 75 B. 35 C. 45 D. 25 E. 55
E.
Platelets A. are produced in the spleen. B. are also called lymphocytes. C. All of the choices are correct. D. have no cell membrane. E.play an important role in hemostasis.
E.
Red blood cell production A. is stimulated by erythropoietin. B. occurs from cells called proerythroblasts. C. is stimulated when blood oxygen levels increase. D. requires vitamin C and amino acids. E. Both "occurs from cells called proerythroblasts" and "is stimulated by erythropoietin" are correct.
E.
Serum A. makes up 58% of the plasma proteins. B. is a type of formed element. C. is a type of plasma protein which act as antibodies. D. is a type of clotting factor. E. is blood plasma without the clotting factors.
E.
The healing process after clot formation involves A. clot retraction. B. repair of the damaged vessel by fibroblasts. C. repair of the wound by division of epithelial cells. D. conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. E. All of the choices are correct.
E.
Which of the following constituents of the blood plasma help maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood? A. Albumins B. Dissolved waste products C. Nutrients and dissolved waste products D. Sodium chloride E. Both "albumins" and "sodium chloride" are correct.
E.
Which of the following is NOT a function of blood? A. Protection against pathogens B. Transport of nutrients C. Regulation of body temperature D. Regulation of pH E. Transport of neurotransmitters
E.
Which of these leukocytes is not correctly matched with its function or description? A. Neutrophils — Phagocytize microorganisms and other foreign substances B. Lymphocytes — Important in the immune response C. Monocytes — Become macrophages D. Eosinophils — Participate in inflammatory responses E. Basophils — Synthesize or produce antibodies
E.
Which of these statements about antigen-antibody interactions is correct? A. Blood groups are named for the antibodies normally present in that blood. B. The surface of platelets is covered with molecules called antibodies. C. When antibodies bind to antigens, the result can be agglutination (clumping together) of cells. D. The surface of red blood cells is covered with molecules called antigens. E. Both "the surface of red blood cells is covered with molecules called antigens" and "when antibodies bind to antigens, the result can be agglutination (clumping together) of cells" are correct.
E.
Which of these statements concerning ABO blood types is correct? A. Antibodies in the blood of the donor can react with the antigens in the blood of the recipient. B. To reduce the likelihood of a transfusion reaction, all possible blood groups should be correctly typed. C. Persons with type O blood have been called universal donors. D. Persons with type B blood who receive type A blood would have a transfusion reaction. E. All of the choices are correct.
E.
An embolus is attached to the blood vessel wall, whereas a thrombus floats within the blood circulation.
FALSE
Bilirubin A. All of the choices are correct. B. can produce jaundice if the excretion of bile is hindered. C. is normally excreted into the small intestine in the bile. D. is produced from the breakdown of heme groups. E. is responsible for the brown color of feces.
A.
Blood A. has a total volume of approximately 5 liters. B. is a type of epithelial tissue. C. makes up over 50% of the body's weight. D. transports waste products to cells. E. consists of formed elements and cells.
A.
Erythropoietin stimulates A. red bone marrow to produce more red blood cells. B. the activity of the osteoblasts. C. yellow bone marrow to produce more white blood cells. D. red bone marrow to slow production of blood plasma. E. yellow bone marrow to produce more lipids.
A.
Granulocytes include A. neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils. B. monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. C. lymphocytes and monocytes. D. thrombocytes, monocytes, and macrophages. E.red blood cells, thrombocytes, and megakaryoblasts.
A.
Elliot has not been well since his last camping trip. He went to the clinic, where the physician ran several blood tests. His test results indicated elevation of the number of eosinophils. Which of following may explain Elliot's illness? A. Elliot may have contracted some type of worm parasite. B. Elliot is anemic. C. None of the choices are correct. D. Elliot may have developed an allergy to a particular food. E. Elliot most likely is suffering from a bacterial infection.
A.
All of the formed elements of the blood are formed from a single population of cells called __________. A. hemocytoblasts B. megakaryoblasts C. proerythroblasts D. monoblasts E. lymphoblasts
A.
An 8-year-old boy periodically has trouble breathing. A complete blood count is performed to determine if he has stress-anxiety syndrome or asthma (an allergic reaction). With which type(s) of white blood cells should you be most concerned? A. Both "lymphocytes" and "eosinophils" are correct. B. Lymphocytes C. Eosinophils D. Neutrophils E. Both "neutrophils" and "lymphocytes" are correct.
A.
When old or damaged red blood cells are removed from the circulation, the hemoglobin molecules are broken down A. and their globin groups are converted to bilirubin. B. into heme and globin molecules. C. and removed from the blood by antibodies. D. and their heme groups are converted into amino acids and recycled. E. and their iron is excreted into the small intestine as part of bile.
B.
Which of the following is not a function of the blood? A. Protection against foreign substances B. Production of hormones and neurotransmitters C. Maintenance of body temperature D. Transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products E. Regulation of pH and osmosis
B.
A red blood cell (RBC) count on an adult male showed 5 million red blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood. We should consider this to be A. an example of anemia. B. normal. C. a transfusion reaction. D. an example of agglutination. E. an example of polycythemia.
B.
A substance has been identified that stimulates the production of platelets. What is the most likely target of this substance? A. Platelets B. Megakaryocytes C. All of the choices are correct. D. Proerythroblasts E. Lymphoid stem cells
B.
An overproduction of red blood cells is known as __________. A. aplastic anemia B. polycythemia C. thalassemia D. pernicious anemia E. leukemia
B.
As platelets become "activated," they A. release endothelin. B. express surface receptors called fibrinogen receptors. C. All of the choices are correct. D. release thrombocytes. E. release von Willebrand factor.
B.
Damage to red marrow by chemicals or radiation can cause aplastic anemia. Which cell type is most likely affected? A. Hemocytoblast B. Lymphoid stem cell C. Both "hemocytoblast" and "myeloid stem cell" are correct. D. All of the choices are correct. E. Myeloid stem cell
B.
Grace was involved in car accident and was admitted to the hospital with a ruptured spleen. Which of the following conditions could result from the rupture? A. Sickle-cell anemia B. Hemorrhagic anemia C. Hemolytic anemia D. Pernicious anemia E. Aplastic anemia
B.
Neutrophils leave the circulation and enter the tissues. In the tissues, their function is to ______. A. release histamine and heparin B. phagocytize bacteria and foreign matter C. mediate allergic reactions D. produce antibodies when they encounter their antigen
B.
Plasma is __________, whereas formed elements are __________. A. lacking in protein; regulators of blood osmolality B. the liquid portion of blood; the cells C. the cellular portion of blood; acellular components D. a blood gas; blood clots E. mostly protein; the matrix
B.
Plasma proteins A. include antibodies and many other chemicals that function in immunity. B. All of the choices are correct.Correct C. are a major factor in determining osmotic pressure of blood. D. include albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. E. are responsible for clot formation.
B.
Suspected heart attack victims are routinely given aspirin en route to the emergency room as part of their treatment. This is A. to promote the formation of thromboxane which, in turn, activates platelets. B. to reduce the formation of thromboxane which, in turn, reduces platelet activation. C. to reduce the formation of thromboxane which, in turn, activates platelets. D. to promote the formation of thromboxane which, in turn, reduces platelet activation.
B.
The loss of the nucleus and most organelles in red blood cells A. allows the cell to carry more hemoglobin and therefore more oxygen. B. All of the choices are correct. C. means that RBC will have a shorter life span than average body cells. D. prevents the cells from being able to divide. E. prevents the cells from being able to repair themselves.
B.
The process of blood cell production is called __________. A. thrombocytosis B. hematopoiesis C. megakaryocytosis D. hemocytosis E. erythroblastosis
B.