Anatomy and Physiology Ch. 1

Serous Fluid

A thin lubricating fluid that separates the serous membranes

Cytology

Considers the cells of the body

Appendicular Part

Consists of appendages, or limbs, which are attached to the body's axis

Viscera

Internal organs

Effector

Provides the means for the control center's response to the stimulus

Variable

Event being regulated

Axial Part

Makes up the main axis of our body. Includes the head, neck and trunk

Describe how negative and positive feedback maintains body homeostasis

Negative feedback: Tries to prevent sudden severe changes within the body by changing the variable in a direction opposite that of the initial change Positive feedback: Control infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments

List the survival needs of the body

Oxygen, water, nutrients, normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric pressure

Histology

Study of tissues

Embryology

Subdivision of Developmental anatomy. Concerns the development changes that occur before birth

Systemic Anatomy

The study of the body structure, system by system

Developmental Anatomy

Traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span

Regional Terms

Used to designate specific areas within these major body divisions

Explain the principle of complementaritu

What a structure can do depends on its specific form

List the 11 organ systems, identify their components and briefly explain the major functions

1. Nervous system: Contains the brain, nerves, and spine and is responsible for sending signals throughout the body. generates electrical currents. 2. Cardiovascular system: Contains the heart and blood vessels and is responsible for circulating blood to carry oxygen and cells to all body cells 3. Integumentary system: contains the hair, skin and nails. responsible for protecting deeper tissues from injury 4. Skeletal system: includes bones and joints. Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework for the muscles 5. Muscular system: includes skeletal muscles. allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion and facial expressions. Produces heat. 6. Endocrine System: Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells 7. Lymphatic system: Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream 8. Respiratory system: Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Includes nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung and bronchus 9. Digestive: includes the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, rectum and anus. Breaks down food. 10. Urinary: Removes the waste from your body. includes the kidney, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra. 11. Reproductive System: Creates life.

Describe the relationship between homeostasis imbalance and disease

A disturbance in homeostasis can cause disease.

Serosa or Serous Membrane

A thin double-layered membrane that covers the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains

Directional Terms

Allow us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another

Define Anatomy and Physiology and describe their subdivisions

Anatomy- studies the structures of the body. Its subdivisions are surface anatomy, systemic anatomy and regional anatomy. Physiology- studies the functions of the body and how the body parts perform their life-sustaining activities. Its subdivisions are Renal Physiology, Cardiovascular Physiology, and Neurophysiology.

Receptor

Censor that monitors environment and responds to changes by sending information to the control center

Name the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body, and explain their relationship

Chemical level: Atoms combine to form molecules (DNA, ATP, lipids, amino acids, Carbohydrates) that then form organelles Cellular level: All cells have common functions but they vary in size and shape, reflecting their unique functions Tissue level: 4 basic types of tissue are nervous, muscle, epithelum, and connective Organ level:extremely complex functions become possible Organ System level: a group of organs working together to accomplish a common function Organism level: represent all the organization levels working together to keep us alive

Renal Physiology

Concerns kidney function and urine production

Middle Ear Cavities

Contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears

Oral or Digestive Cavity

Contains the teeth and mouth. Part of and continuous with the cavity of the digestive organs.

Define homeostasis and explain its importance

Describes the body's ability to maintain a balance in its internal conditions, even if the outer conditions change. With homeostasis, the body's needs are adequately met and it is functioning smoothly

Control Center

Determines the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained

Cardiovascular Physiology

Examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels

Neurophysiology

Explains the working of the nervous system

Visceral Serosa

Formed by the parietal serosa folding into itself, covering the organs in the cavity

Orbital Cavity

Houses the eyes and present them in an anterior position

Synovial Cavities

Joint cavities. Membranes lining synovial cavities secrete a lubricating fluid that reduces friction as the bones move across one another

Nasal Cavity

Located within and posterior to the nose, the nasal cavity is part of the respiratory system passageways

List the functional characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans

Maintaining boundaries, movement, digestion, excretion, growth, metabolism (anabolism and catabolism), responsiveness, reproduction

Parietal Serosa

The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls

Regional Anatomy

The study of all the structures in a particular region

Microscopic Anatomy

The study of body structures to small to be seen by the naked eye. Cytology and histology are its subdivisions

Gross Anatomy

The study of body structures visible to the naked eye, Its subdivisions are regional, systemic, and surface anatomy.

Surface System

The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface