Anatomy & Physiology Ch. 1 Pt. 1
necessary life functions
BMRDGERM
basic human survival needs
TAPNOW
chemical level
atoms combined to form molecules
digestion
breakdown food
catabolism
breaking down complex molecules to simpler ones
cellular level
cells are made of molecules
metabolism
chemical reactions
levels of structural organization
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
organ system level
consists of different organs that work closely together
tissue level
consists of similar types of cells
control center
determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
homeostatic imbalance
disturbance of homeostasis (body's normal equilibrium) which overwhelms the usual negative feedback mechanisms and allows destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over
example of positive feedback mechanism
effector enhances stimuli: during childbirth pituitary gland secretes oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contractions, which pushes fetus towards cervix
example of negative feedback mechanism
effector stops stimuli: room temperature changes and nervous system regulates body temp; endocrine system regulates blood volume by ADH
principle of complementarity
function always reflects structure; what a structure can do depends on its specific form
systemic
gross anatomy of the body studied by system
growth
increase size
boundaries
internal is separated from external
movement
locomotion, propulsion, contractility (peeing)
gross anatomy
macroscopic anatomy seen with the naked eye
organ level
made up of different types of tissues
organismal level
made up of the organ systems
reproduction
make new organisms
anabolism
making complex molecules from simpler ones
receptor
monitors the environment and responds to changes
temperature of body
necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates
nutrients
needed for energy and cell building
oxygen
needed for metabolic reactions
atmospheric pressure
needed for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
branches of anatomy
pathological, radiographic, molecular
water
provides necessary environment for chemical reactions
effector
provides the means to respond to stimuli
interdependent components of control mechanisms
receptor, control center, effector
excretion
remove waste
responsiveness
sense changes and respond
molecular biology
study of anatomical structures at a subcellular level (components of cells)
homeostasis
the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment; equilibrium
anatomy
the structure of the body
regional
the study of all structures in one part of the body
cytology
the study of cells
embryology
the study of developmental changes of the body before birth
radiographic anatomy
the study of internal structures visualized by specialized scanning procedures
pathological anatomy
the study of structural changes caused by disease
physiology
the study of the function of the body's structural machinery
surface
the study of the internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin
histology
the study of tissues
developmental anatomy
traces structural changes throughout life