Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 10

The pituitary hormone that stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the bloods is

GH.

Which statement is true about the pituitary?

The pituitary hormones all work by activating G proteins and triggering cAMP within cells.

Which statement is true regarding steroid hormones?

They can alter the rate of mRNA transcription.

Steroid hormones

are structurally similar to cholesterol.

An important second messenger in hormonal action is

cAMP.

Cells of the adrenal cortex produce

corticosteroids

The hormone that inhibits osteoblasts is

parathyroid hormone.

The endocrine system

relies on the release of chemicals that bind to target cells.

(Organs and Tissues of the Endocrine System) These organs labeled M produce hormones involved in

reproduction.

Which endocrine gland stores its hormone in follicle cavities?

thyroid

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids is

ACTH.

Two hormones referred to as gonadotropins are

FSH and LH.

Marissa has had her entire thyroid gland removed because of a malignant tumor. She takes synthetic thyroid hormone to replace the thyroxine that her thyroid gland would have produced, but she is worried about her blood calcium. Does she need to worry about this problem?

Possibly, it depends on whether the parathyroid glands were taken with the thyroid by accident.

(Organs and Tissues of the Endocrine System) Which statement is true regarding structure H? A) This organ produces only one hormone. B) This organ produces many hormones. C) This organ is an important endocrine gland. D) This organ is the thyroid gland. E) This organ is the pancreas.

This organ produces only one hormone.

Hormone-producing cells of the testes produce

testosterone.

(Organs and Tissues of the Endocrine System) Structure I is

the thymus.

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids causes

Cushing disease.

The release of parathyroid hormone is controlled by

blood calcium ion levels.

Peptide hormones are

composed of chains of amino acids.

The hormone that is released by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in kidney tissues is

erythropoietin.

Which of the following primarily targets the gonads (ovaries and testes)?

follicle-stimulating hormone

Where are the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary made?

hypothalamus

The highest level of endocrine control is provided by the

hypothalamus.

The hormone oxytocin

is involved in the milk "letdown" reflex.

Cyclic AMP often causes activation of

kinase enzymes

Which of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative?

melatonin

Aldosterone is the principal

mineralocorticoid.

Regarding pancreatic hormones,

parasympathetic stimulation enhances insulin release, and sympathetic stimulation inhibits it.

Melatonin is the hormone produced by the

pineal gland.

Hypothalamic hormones that stimulate the synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones in the anterior lobe are called

releasing hormones.

Target cells of hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones are located in the

anterior pituitary.

Which of the following is released by the posterior pituitary?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Which of the following could cause ineffective synthesis of calcitriol?

decreased availability of vitamin D3

Hypothalamic signals reach the anterior pituitary through the

hypophyseal portal system.

Hormones from the ________, which travel in the hypophyseal portal vessels, alter the activity of the anterior pituitary.

hypothalamus

Which of the following is the pancreatic hormone that is released when blood glucose levels rise?

insulin

Excessive urine production, which is a characteristic symptom of all forms of diabetes, is known as

polyuria.

Preparation of the uterus for implantation results from stimulation by

progesterone.

The Exhaustion Phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is characterized by

the inability to produce glucocorticoids.

Hormones from which of the following glands are responsible for the calorigenic effect?

thyroid gland

Another name for antidiuretic hormone is

vasopressin.

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the human pituitary during fetal development in very young children and in pregnant women, but is not usually found in adults?

MSH

The hormones that dominate during the Resistance Phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) are the

glucocorticoids.

Hormone concentration levels are most commonly controlled by

negative feedback.

The posterior pituitary gland stores

oxytocin (OT).

(Organs and Tissues of the Endocrine System) Structure E is the

pancreas.

(Organs and Tissues of the Endocrine System) Structure C is the

thyroid gland.

Triiodothyronine is a hormone secreted by the

thyroid gland.

Thyroid hormone insufficiency in infancy results in which of the following?

cretinism

The alpha cells of the pancreas produce

glucagon.

Essay Questions. When you visit your 85-year-old grandmother, you always wonder why she keeps the temperature of her apartment so high. You sweat the entire time you are there while she wears a sweater. In addition, you notice that she seems to have no energy and never wants to go out with you. You know that it is not because she is not getting enough food because she seems to be gaining weight. What is the likely endocrinological problem that she has? Explain why each symptom is occurring, relative to the hormone that is related to the disorder.

Your grandmother has hypothyroidism due to a deficiency of thyroxine, perhaps due to an autoimmune problem. The thyroxine deficiency means that the metabolic rate of the body will be lower than normal. Her cells will be burning fewer calories and producing less heat (byproduct of metabolism). The weight gain is representative of the fewer calories being used by her cells, so the nutrients not being used are being stored as fat. This also relates to her lack of energy. Because her cells are metabolizing slower, they make less heat to be dispersed throughout her body. So, her body temperature is lower, and she is cold all of the time.

When a protein or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell,

a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.

(Organs and Tissues of the Endocrine System) Structure J is

adipose tissue.

The hormone leptin is secreted by (the)

adipose tissue.

Increased sodium ion concentrations in the body can be caused by which adrenal hormone?

aldosterone

Which hormone's secretion promotes the loss of sodium ions and water by the kidneys and inhibits renin release?

atrial natriuretic peptide

Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to decreased levels of calcium ions in the blood.

calcitonin

One adrenal hormone that affects glucose metabolism is

cortisol.

The hormone that dominates during the Alarm Phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is

epinephrine.

When blood glucose levels fall,

glucagon is released.

Unlike other hormones, T3 and T4 hormones require ________ for production.

iodine

The hormone responsible for daily changes in physiological processes that follow a day-night pattern is

melatonin.

(Organs and Tissues of the Endocrine System) Structure B is the

pituitary gland.

Essay Questions. Explain the interactions of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.

Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are antagonistic hormones, which are released in response to blood calcium levels. In other words, PTH acts on the same target organs as calcitonin, but produces the opposite effects. Parathyroid hormone is released from the parathyroid glands, and calcitonin is released from the thyroid gland. If blood calcium concentration is high, calcitonin is released. Calcitonin activates osteoblasts and causes calcium to be deposited in bone and thus removed from the blood, restoring normal concentration levels. Parathyroid hormone is released when blood calcium concentration is too low. PTH activates osteoclasts in bone. This causes reabsorption of calcium from the bone and release into the blood, restoring normal blood levels of calcium.

(Organs and Tissues of the Endocrine System) Which statement is true regarding organ K or the organ system to which it belongs? A) This organ is a major endocrine gland. B) This organ is the pancreas. C) This organ system makes only one hormone. D) This organ belongs to the digestive system. E) This organ system has both digestive and endocrine functions.

This organ system has both digestive and endocrine functions.

(Organs and Tissues of the Endocrine System) Which statement is true regarding structure L? A) This is the adrenal gland. B) This organ is a major endocrine gland. C) This organ makes no hormones. D) The organ is labeled just because the adrenal gland sits upon it. E) This organ has a secondary endocrine function.

This organ has a secondary endocrine function.

You are a 24-year-old woman who loves to run about 5 miles per day, every day. You are eating regularly and have the stamina to run long distances, but you are very slender. One of the problems that you might likely experience would be

becoming pregnant.

Steroid hormones

bind to intracellular receptors.

Parathyroid hormone stimulates the kidneys to form

calcitriol.

Generally, the actions of hormones

can produce complex changes in physical structure and physiological changes.

All hormones are

chemical messengers.

Insulin causes

conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles.

This condition develops when the posterior pituitary no longer releases adequate amounts of ADH.

diabetes insipidus

One hormone that is released from the adrenal medulla is

epinephrine.

Diabetes insipidus can be caused by

failure of the kidneys to respond to ADH.

In the simplest case, endocrine activity may be controlled by changes in the extracellular fluid composition called ________ stimuli.

humoral

(Organs and Tissues of the Endocrine System) Structure A is the

hypothalamus.

The hormone secreted by the pancreatic alpha cells would result in

increased synthesis and release of glucose by the liver.

Which of the following hormones is/are produced by both the testes and the ovaries?

inhibin

The nervous system

is ideal for crisis management.

The target organs for the parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are

kidneys, bone, and digestive system.

Which hormone is a very effective antioxidant, one that may protect CNS neurons from free radicals such as nitric oxide (NO) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)?

melatonin

During the Resistance Phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome, which hormones are responsible for maintaining blood volume and the conservation of salts and water?

mineralocorticoids (with ADH)

The outer zone of the adrenal cortex produces

mineralocorticoids.

During the Alarm Phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), there is

mobilization of glycogen and lipid reserves.

The hypothalamus transports hormones to the posterior pituitary by way of

neural axons, directly.

The effect of prolactin closely interacts with the hormone

oxytocin.

(Organs and Tissues of the Endocrine System) Structure G is the

parathyroid gland.

The hormone that causes the activation of osteoclasts is

parathyroid hormone.

Which of the following hormones bind to membrane receptors and activate G-proteins?

peptide hormones

The fact that epinephrine has no apparent effect on energy consumption unless thyroid hormones are present in normal concentrations is an example of a(n)

permissive effect.

(Organs and Tissues of the Endocrine System) Structure F is the

pineal gland.

Which of the following hormones enter a cell by diffusion?

steroid hormones

Peripheral structures sensitive to the presence of hormones are called

target cells.

Thyroid hormones are derived from the amino acid

tyrosine

Disorders associated with thyroid hormone excess have symptoms related to

weight loss.

Which statement is true about the adrenal glands? A) The adrenal cortex regulates the adrenal medulla. B) The hormones of the adrenal cortex rely on control by the autonomic nervous system. C) The adrenal cortex is most important in the control of sodium, potassium, and glucose blood levels. D) The adrenal androgen hormones are found only in males. E) The main hormone of the adrenal medulla is norepinephrine.

The adrenal cortex is most important in the control of sodium, potassium, and glucose blood levels

(Organs and Tissues of the Endocrine System) Structure D is the

adrenal gland.

Which statement regarding growth hormone (GH) is true? A) GH stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the blood. B) Liver cells respond to GH by releasing prostaglandins. C) Skeletal muscle cells and chondrocytes are extremely insensitive to GH. D) GH production is regulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones from the thyroid. E) In epithelial tissues, GH inhibits stem cell division.

GH stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the blood.

The pituitary hormone that promotes testosterone release in males and ovulation in females is

LH.