Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 Chemical Level of Organization

Lipids contain a carbon-to-hydrogen ratio of:

1 to 2

The 5 components of amino acids are:

1) central carbon atom; 2) hydrogen atom; 3) amino group (-NH2); 4) carboxylic acid group (-COOH); 5) variable group (R group or side chain)

The first energy level can hold, at most:

2 electrons

A solution with a pH below _ is said to be ____________.

7; acidic

a pH above _ is __________, and contains more _________ than __________.

7; basic; hydroxide ions; hydrogen ions.

A solution with a pH of _ is said to be _______.

7; neutral

The second energy level can hold, at most:

8 electrons

The five Nitrogenous bases in Nucleic Acids are:

Adenine; thymine; guanine; gytosine; uracil

ATP=

Adenosine Triphosphate - Energy of living things. Currency of the cell.

Organic Compounds

Always contain Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H).

R-NH2 or RNH3+ =

Amine (amino acids)

What are the two functional protein groups?

Amine group and carboxyl group

R-COOH or R-COO- =

Amino Acids, fatty acids

Sucrase is:

An enzyme that breaks down sucrose.

Types of proteins are:

Antibodies, enzymes, hormones

Smallest stable unit of matter:

Atoms

Isotopes

Atomso f the same element whose nuclei contain the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.

Covalent Bonds are:

Bonds between atoms that SHARE electrons with each other

________ systems maintain the pH in your body.

Buffer

Components of a protein are:

C, H, O, N

CHO is a ________ and CHON is a _______.

Carbohydrate or Lipid; Protein

R-C=O or R =

Carbonyl (Ketone, aldehydes; carbohydrates)

AB = A+B

Catabolic Reaction

Enzyme

Catalist - speeds up reaction time

Polysacharide

Complex carbohydrates with repeated dehydration synthesis reactions creating large molecules.

Atomic particle with a negative electrical charge

Electrons

Kinetic Energy:

Energy of motion. Energy that can be transferred to another object and perform work.

Ratio of Electrons to Protons

Equal

pH:

Hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids.

R-OH =

Hydroxyl (Alcohols; carbohydrates)

Where is water usually found in the body?

Inside the cell, blood vessels, plasma, brain, joints, extracellular fluid (ECF)

Fatty acids have __________ solubility in water due to ___________________.

Limited; their hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail.

Important energy reserves in the cell are?

Lipids

Fatty Acids are:

Long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached.

Amino Acids are:

Long protein chains made up of organic molecules.

All of the reactions in the cells of the body at any given moment constitute:

Metabolism

Peptides are:

Molecules consisting of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.

Neutral atomic particle

Neutron

Hydrophobic compounds are:

Nonpolar compounds that do not dissolve well in water.

R-H2PO4 =

Phosphate (ATP; nucleic acids; phospholipids)

Hyrophilic compounds are:

Polar compounds that dissolve well in water.

The 4 protein structures are:

Primary structure; Secondary Structure; Tertiary Structure; Quaternary Structure

________ are the most abundant organic component of the human body.

Proteins

Atomic particle with a positive electrical charge

Protons

Steroid (definition and examples):

Ring fatty acid. Cholesterol, Testosterone and Estrogen.

Monosaccharide:

Simple sugar - carbohydrate containing from 3 to 7 carbon atoms.

Potential Energy:

Stored energy. Energy that has the potential to do work.

Solute:

Substances dispersed in a solvent.

The 7 essential functions of proteins are:

Support; Movement; Transport; Buffering; Metabolic Regulation; Coordination and Control; Defense

A+B = AB

Synthesis or Anabolic Reations

Solvent:

The medium in which other atoms, ions, or molecules are dispersed.

Lipids provide roughly _________ as much energy as ___________.

Twice; Carbohydrates

Polar covalent bonds:

Unequal sharing of the electons occurs because the elements differ in how strongly they attract electrons.

What element can travel through the cell membrane due to its small size?

Water

A peptide bond is:

a covalent bond between the crboxylic acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another.

An Element is:

a pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind; it has uniform composition and properties

A free radical is:

an electrically charged atom with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell.

Amylase is:

an enzyme found in saliva. It breaks down starch.

The number of protons in an atom is known as its

atomic number

Ions

atoms or molecules that carry an electic charge, either positive or negative.

Secondary structure of proteins is:

bonds between atoms at different parts of the plypeptide chain. Creates either an alpha-helix or a flat pleated sheet.

Ionic Bonds

chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations.

Tertiary Structure of proteins is:

complex coiling and folding to give a 3-dimensional shape.

Sharing two PAIRS of electrons creates:

double covalent bond

In a saturated fatty acid:

each carbon atom in the tail has four single covalent bonds.

Law of conservative energy is:

energy is not created nor destroyed.

Nonpolar covalent bonds have

equal sharing of the electrons

Lipids form _________ _________ _________ of all cells.

essential structural components

Anions

ions with a negative charge

Cations

ions with a positive charge

Polyunsaturated fatty acids contain:

multiple double covalent bonds.

Atomic number =

number of protons

In an unsaturated fatty acid:

one or more of the single covalent bonds between the carbon atoms has been replaced by a double covalent bond.

Enzymes are:

proteins that speed up most biochemical reactions

Sharing one PAIR of electons creates:

single covalent bond

The Polysaccharide found in plants is:

starch

The atoms in a glucose molcule mya form either a ______ ______ or a _____.

straight chain; ring

Atoms are composed of:

subatomic particles

4 types of chemical reactions:

synthesis (anabolism); decompostion (catabolism); exchange; reversible

Quaternary Structure of protein is:

the arrangement of two or more plypeptide chains.

Activation Energy

the energy needed to initiate the reaction

Surface of the atom is:

the outermost energy level

Valence Shell

the outermost shell or energy level

Active site=

the part of the enzyme that fits the substrate.

Primary Structure of proteins is:

the sequence of amino acids along the length of a single polypeptide.

Cohesion =

the tendency of like particles to stay together.

Mass Number

total number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus

Nonpolar elements can:

travel through the cell membrane

Disaccharide

two monosaccharides joined together. (ex: sucrose)

Radioactive isotopes are:

unstable isotopes that emit radiation as their nuclei decay into a stable configuration.

Hydrogen Bonds are _____ bonds.

weak