Anatomy & Physiology: Chapters 6, 7, & 8
Which of the following statements regarding bone tissue is false?
All of the above are true: it functions in mineral homeostasis, it functions in support and protection, it is the site of blood formation, and it is one of the four main tissue types.
For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?
An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue
The growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface.
Appositional growth
The process of bones increasing in width is known as ____.
Appositional growth
The carilage found at the end of long bones to reduce friction at joint surfaces is
Articular cartilage
The canal found in the core of each osteon is the site of
Blood vessels & nerve fibers
The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of ____.
Blood vessels and nerve fibers
Osteogenesis is the process of ____.
Bone formation
Osteoblasts are ____, whereas osteoclasts are ____.
Bone-forming cells, bone-destroying cells
In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows ____.
By pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
The vitamins essential for normal adult bone maintenance and repair are
C and D
Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone
Calcitonin
The hormones that coordinate the storage, absorption and excretion of calcium ions are
Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of ____.
Calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D
The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are termed
Canaliculi
The cells responsible for the early stages of endochondral ossification.
Chondrocytes
What is the last event (of those listed) in endochondral ossification?
Chondrocytes increase in size near center of shaft
which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?
Communication
how many bones make up the wrist and hand in a normal person?
27
the ankle contains ____ bones.
7
How many bones make up the cranium?
8
There are ____ cranial bones and ____ facial bones.
8, 14
A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ____.
Diaphysis
The area of long bones where cartilage cells are replaced by bone cells.
Diaphysis
The shaft of a long bone is called the
Diaphysis
Factors in preventing (or delaying) osteoporosis include ____.
Drinking fluoridated water
The presence of an epiphyseal line indicates
E[iphyseal growth has ended
In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause?
Elevated levels of sex hormones.
Most bones of the skeletal system are formed through
Endochondral ossification
The lining of the marrow cavity in a long bone is the
Endosteum
The appearance of this structure signals the end of bone growth.
Epiphyseal line
Area where bone longitudinal growth takes place.
Epiphyseal plate
Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood, as well as shaping the articular surfaces?
Epiphyseal plate
In a typical long bone, spongy bone is found in the
Epiphysis
(T or F) All bones formed by intramembranous ossification are irregular bones.
False
(T or F) All vertebrae possess a body, a spine and transverse foramina.
False
(T or F) Compact bone is replaced more often that spongy bone.
False
(T or F) In the anatomical position, the medial leg bone is the fibula.
False
(T or F) The largest and strongest bone of the face is the maxilla.
False
(T or F) The periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect the bone because it is not supplied with nerves or blood vessels.
False
(T or F) The pituitary gland is housed in a saddle like depression in the temporal bone called the sella turcica.
False
(T or F) Closure of the epiphyseal plate stops all bone growth.
False
(T or F) Ribs numbered 11 and 12 are true ribs that have no anterior attachment.
False
Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of____.
Fat
The flat bones of the skull develop from
Fibrous connective tissue
Fibrous connective tissue called ____ allow for brain growth in infants.
Fontanels
Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is important for bone growth during infancy and childhood?
Growth hormone
The most abundant skeletal cartilage type is ____.
Hyaline
What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?
Hyaline cartilage
The term "diploe" refers to the ____.
Internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones
Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ____.
Interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates
Ossification of the ends of long bones ____.
Is produced by secondary ossification centers
What are the small spaces in bone tissue that are holes in which osteocytes live called?
Lacunae
The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ____.
Osteoblast
Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ____.
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Intramembranous ossification begins when
Osteoblasts differentiate within a mesenchymal or fibrous connective tissue.
Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?
Osteoclast
Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?
Parathyroid hormone
The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called.
Perforating (Sharpey's) fibers
Which of the following is a bone marking name that indicates a projection that helps to form joints?
Ramus
The universal loss of mass seen in the skeleton, which begins about the age of 40, ____.
Reflects incomplete osteon formation and mineralization
The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress?
Spongy bone
what is the structural unit of compact bone?
The osteon
Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth?
The secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage.
Wolff's law is concerned with ____.
The thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it.
Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium levels?
Thyroid
Spongy bones are made up of a framework called ____.
Trabeculae
(T or F) A long bone forms by a process known as endochondral ossification.
True
(T or F) All the bones of the skull except the mandible are united by sutures and are therefore immovable.
True
(T or F) An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only.
True
(T or F) Appositional growth is growth in the diameter of long bones.
True
(T or F) Bones are classified by whether they are weight bearing or protective in function.
True
(T or F) Cartilage has a flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis of chondrocytes.
True
(T or F) Costal cartilages join most ribs to the sternum.
True
(T or F) Each consecutive bone lamella has collagen fibers that wrap in alternating directions.
True
(T or F) In the anatomical position, the lateral forearm bone is the radius.
True
(T or F) Infants have more bones than adults.
True
(T or F) Sixty-five percent of the mass of bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite.
True
(T or F) The gripping of the trochlea by the trochlear notch constitutes the hinge for the elbow joint.
True
(T or F) The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress.
True
(T or F) The vertebral column is held in place primarily by the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments.
True
(T or F) The vomer forms part of the nasal septum.
True
(T or F) There are seven cervical, twelve thoracic and five lumbar vertebrae.
True
(T or F) Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones.
True
(T or F) The term "osteoid" refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones.
True
Cranial bones develop ____.
Within fibrous membranes
A bone fracture that generally occurs in children where the bone does not completely break is
a greenstick fracture
While playing softball, Cathy is struck in the frontal squama by a wild pitch. Which of the following complaints would you expect her to have?
a headache
melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting in the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes
accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer
Deep socket in coxal bone that receives head of the femur
acetabulum
Which of the following is not a cranial bone?
all of the above are cranial bones: frontal, temporal, occipital, maxilla
bone remodeling normally involves which of the following?
all of the above: changes in bone architecture and the skeleton's total mineral deposits, activity at both the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of a bone, and continual deposition and removal of bone tissue.
the endosteum
all of the above: covers all internal surfaces of a bone such as the medullary cavity, is active during bone growth, repair, and remodeling, and is an incomplete cellular membrane.
An osteon has
all of these: a central canal carrying blood vessels, a concentric lamellae, osteocytes in lacunae, and canaliculi that connect lacunae to the central canal.
the ulna exhibits which of the following
all of these: a coronoid process, a styloid process, a radial notch, and a distal head
Structural characteristics of most cervical vertebrae are
all of these: small body, bifid spinous process, transverse foramina, and costal facets
In interstitial bone growth, what happens when the zone of ossification overtakes the zone of resting cartilage?
all of these: the epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line, lengthwise growth of the bone terminates (at least at one end), and the metaphysic converts from hyaline cartilage to bone.
The costal groove along the inferior border of the internal surface of a rib marks
all of these: the path of nerves and blood vessels, the attachment of intercostal muscles, and the position of inferior articular facets
____ is a continual, hormonally controlled process that is essentially a race between osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
appositional growth
the subcutaneous layer consists mostly of ____.
areolar and adipose tissues
all of the following are characteristics of the maxillae except
articulate with all other facial bones
Which vertebra does not have a body
atlas
shaking one's head form side to side (as in "no") is the primary action facilitated by the articulation of which bones?
atlas and axis
Three tiny bones called____ are housed within each temporal bone.
auditory bones
the vertebra that articulates with the skull is the
axis
Where is the odontoid process?
axis vertebra
order of " strata" of the epidermal layer of your skin from internal to external is:
basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
hematopoiesis is the process of
blood cell production
The two main components of a typical vertebra are the
body and vertebral arch
Ben, age 16, was skating on rollerblades when he was accidentally hit by an automobile. His injury was splinted, and he was transported immediately by the emergency medical services to the nearest hospital emergency department. After x-ray examination, emergency department personnel determine that Ben has a complete compound fracture of his femur. Which one of the following best describes this fracture?
bone fracture projecting outside the skin and across the entire bone
burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolyes from the body. how do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?
by observing the tissues that are usually moist
Heel bone
calcaneus
which of the following is a thyroid gland hormone that encourages calcium deposition from blood into bone and inhibits osteoclast activity?
calcitonin
bones of the wrist
carpals
by interconnecting the lacunae and the blood supply, ____ allow osteocytes to transfer nutrients and wastes through an otherwise impenetrable solid matrix.
central canals
transverse foramina disgtinguish ____ vertebrae from all other types.
cervical
which sequence proceeds down the vertebral column from the skull?
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal, sacral
one of the main differences between the two growth patterns of cartilage is the source of new
chondroblasts
what is the earliest event (of those listed) in endochondral ossification?
chondrocytes enlarge and die leaving cavities in cartilage
adipose cells (diagram)
circles at the bottom
The only direct connection between the pelvic girdle and the axial skeleton is where the
clavicle articulates with the manubrium and sternum
The only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton is where the
clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum
which of the following does not accurately describe spongy bone
contains slightly larger osteons
a needle would penetrate the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order
corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
the four largest sutures that form the boundaries between the cranial bones are the
coronal, lambdoid, sagittal, and squamosal
the mandible exhibits which of the following
coronoid process, mandibular condyle and alveolar margin
During bone remodeling, if the rate of osteolysis (breakdown) exceeds the rate of osteogenesis, the bone becomes
demineralized
What is a fossa?
depression
if i have a cut on my finger that is bleeding i know that the cut is at least as deep as the ____.
dermis
vascular region
dermis as a whole
nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of
diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the epidermis
in flat bones of the skull, a region of ____ is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone.
diploe
Chondrocytes die and stem cells in the perichondrium form osteoblasts during which of these processes?
endochondral ossification
lengthwise bone growth involves the final steps of
endochondral ossification
major skin area that produces derivatives (nail and hair)
epidermis as a whole
which types of fractures are inherently more likely in children than in adults
epiphyseal and greenstick
Jack gets into a fight and is punched in he nose. Which of the following bones might be fractured?
ethmoid
The superior nasal concha is a part of which bone?
ethmoid
Where is the cribriform plate?
ethmoid bone
Which set includes only bones of the cranium?
ethmoid, temporal, and occipital bones
Thoracic vertebrae differ from the other vertebrae in that they have ____.
facets for attachment of ribs
yellow bone marrow contains a large proportion of
fatty tissue
Largest, strongest bone in the body
femur
Markings such as the fovea capitis, linea aspera and intercondylar notch are found on the
femur
greater trochanter is located
femur
which of the following exhibits a proximal head and greater and lesser tubercles
femur
which of the following make up the leg in anatomical terms
femur
Lateral bone of the leg
fibula
Which of the following bones is not weight bearing?
fibula
lateral malleolus is located
fibula
non-weight bearing bone of the leg
fibula
which of the following exhibits a lateral malleolus
fibula
Where is the superior protion of the eye orbit?
frontal bone
which set includes only bones that compose the nasal complex?
frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones
The paranasal sinuses are located in which bones?
frontal, sphenoid, maxilla, and ethmoid bones
the dermis ____
has two layers
Ribs 11 and 12 are called floating ribs because they
have no connection to the sternum
damage to the temporal bone would most likely impair the sense of
hearing
Jane has an upper respiratory infection and begins to feel pain above her eye. This is a good indication that the infection is located in
her frontal sinuses
Which bone contains diaphysis and epiphysis areas, a tuberosity near its middle, and is proportionally more compact than spongy bone?
humerus
articulates with the scapulae, the radius and ulna
humerus
deltoid tuberosity is located
humerus
the olecranon process would be found on the
humerus
which bone(s) make up the arm in anatomical position
humerus
through the process of endochondral ossification, a fetal ____ model transforms into bone.
hyaline cartilage
Which bone has no direct attachment with any other bone?
hyoid
some muscles that control the tongue and larynx are attached to the
hyoid bone
Upper margin of the iliac bones
iliac crest
Which forms the largest portion of the coxal bone?
ilium
greater sciatic notch is located
ilium
iliac crest is located
ilium
the bone that supports your body weight when you are sitting down is the
ilium
What change in physical structure would result from an excess of organic components relative to the amount of hydroxyapatite in the matrix of a bone?
increased flexibility
The ethmoid bone is composed of all of the following except
inferior nasal concha
making up approximately one-quarter of the entire vertebral column, ____ act as shock absorbers between adjacent vertebral bodies.
intervertebral discs
____ ossification produces the flat bones of the skull, some of the facial bones, the mandible, and the central part of the clavicle.
intramembranous
vertebrae are classified as
irregular bones
which of the following statements about functions of the integumentary system is not true?
it absorbs water and salts
in addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier) the skin serves other functions. which of the following is another vital function of the skin?
it converts a modified epidermal lipid to a vitamin D precursor important in calcium metabolism
the duct that drains tears into the nasal cavity is most closely associated with which bone?
lacrimal
What suture goes with the parietal bones and occipital bone?
lambdoidal suture
a compression fracture resulting from a hard fall would most likely involve the
last thoracic and first two lumbar vertebrae
arrector pili muscle (diagram)
looks like a muscle in skin
the femur is located
lower extremity
the fibula is located
lower extremity
the patella is located
lower extremity
the tibia is located
lower extremity
if a splinter penetrated the skin into the second epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which cells would damaged
lucidum
dermis (diagram)
main body of skin
The mental foramen is located on the
mandible
Where is the mental foramen?
mandible
The unpaired facial bones are the
mandible and vomer
the only unpaired bones of the face are the
mandible and vomer
the temporomandibular joint is the articulation between the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the ____ of the mandible.
mandibular condyle
Osteocytes are ____, whereas osteoclasts are ____.
mature bone cells, bone-destroying cells
Paranasal sinuses are found in which of these facial bones?
maxillae
The bony roof of the mouth is formed by
maxillae and palatine
Sites of hematopoiesis include all but
medullary cavities in bones of healthy adults
this cell protects the skin from damage due to UV radiation
melanocytes
bones of the hand (palm)
metacarpals
the cuboid bone is a
metatarsal
in addition to humidifying and warming inhaled air, the ____ lining the paranasal sinuses provides protective functions typical of all such tissues.
mucous epithelium
of the three pairs of scroll-like ____ located in the lateral walls of the nasal cavity, only the inferior pair are separate bones.
nasal conchae
the parietal bones have which of the following?
none of these: boardered by four sutures
Large opening formed by rami of pubis and ischium
obturator foramen
The foramen magnum is located on the
occipital bone
Where is the foramen magnum?
occipital bone
the atlas articulates with which structures
occipital condyles
a bony landmark found on the distal end of the humerus would be the
olecranon fossa
What is a fissure?
opening/passage
What is a foramen?
opening/passage
What is a meatus?
opening/passage
the inadequate mineral deposition in bone caused by vitamin D deficiency during childhood is called
osteomalacia
Which of the following bone diseases is characterized by loss of bone mass, especially spongy bone and results in brittleness and susceptibility to fractures?
osteoporosis
which bones form the hard palate
palatine bones and mixillae
dermal layer responsible for fingerprints
papillary layer
The two hormones that have opposite effects on the rate of osteolysis (breakdown) are
parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
The axial skeleton includes all but which of the following components?
pelvic girdle
The bony portion of the nasal septum is formed by the
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the vomer
keratinocytes are an important epidermal cell because they
produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective properties
What is a condyle?
projection/process
What is a crest?
projection/process
What is a spine?
projection/process
What is a trochanter?
projection/process
What is a tuberosity?
projection/process
What is tubercle?
projection/process
which of the following is not a function of periosteum?
provides a smooth surface for articulation between bones
Stimulated by sex hormones, bone growth accelerates dramatically at the time of
puberty
Point where the coxal bones join anteriorly
pubic symphysis
articulates at its proximal end with the humerus and ulna
radius
ulnar notch is located
radius
The antebrachium is composed of which of the following bone(s)?
radius and ulna
Costal grooves are located on
ribs
Which of the following bone diseases is caused defective mineralization of bone n children as a result of insufficient vitamin D?
rickets
The pelvic girdle does not include the ____.
sacrum
What suture goes with the parietal bones?
saggital suture
From lateral to medial, the proximal carpal bones include the
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
articulates with the humerus and clavicle
scapula
superior, inferior, and lateral borders are located
scapula
the glenoid cavity (fossa) is found on the ____ and articulates with the ____.
scapula, humerus
the bony enclosures that houses the pituitary gland is the
sella turcica
bony landmarks of the sphenoid bone are
sella turcica and hypophyseal fossa
Ironically, high levels of ____ at puberty not only accelerate lengthwise bone growth but also trigger its ultimate end.
sex hormones
the mandible is located
skull
the occipital bone is located
skull
the zygomatic bone is located
skull
which cranial bone articulates with every other cranial bone?
sphenoid
Where is the Sella turcica?
sphenoid bone
in the posterior midline of the vertebral arch, the ____ projects posteriorly from the right and left laminae.
spinous process
What suture goes with the parietal bone and temporal bone?
squamosal suture
What suture goes with the parietal bones and frontal bone?
squamosal suture
which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule and tends to grow rapidly and metastasize?
squamous cell carcinoma
sternal end is located
sternum
suprasternal notch is located
sternum
the epidermis consits of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement.
stratum basale
scale-like dead cells, full of keratin, that constantly slough off
stratum corneum
the epidermal layer that is dead and keratinized is the
stratum corneum
epidermal region exhibiting the most rapid cell division
stratum granulosum
location of melanocytes and tactile (Merkel) cells
stratum granulosum
translucent cells in thick skin containing keratin fibrils
stratum lucidum
area where web-like pre-keratin filaments first appear
stratum spinosum
mitotic cells filled with intermediate filaments
stratum spinosum
the radius exhibits which of the following
styloid process
Ligaments that support the hyuoid bone are attached to the
styloid process of the temporal bone
major openings in the temporal bones include
styloidmastoid and jugular foramina
major markings of the frontal bone include
supraorbital margins and anterior cranial fossa
which of the following includes only tarsal bones
talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, cuneiform
bones of the foot (sole)
tarsals
the mandible articulates with the ____ bone.
temporal
The zygomatic arch is formed by the union of which 2 bones?
temporal and zygomatic
Where is the external auditory meatus?
temporal bone
Where is the mastoid process?
temporal bone
Where is the styloid process?
temporal bone
bony landmarks such as the zygomatic process, styloid and mastoid process, and mandibular and middle cranial fossae are found on the
temporal bone
the zygomatic bones have which of the following bony landmarks
temporal process
aging affects bone tissue in which of the following ways?
tensile strength decreases and bones become brittle, and demineralize and become thinner and weaker.
the reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that
the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber
The three components of the sternum, listed from superior to inferior position are
the manubrium, sternal body and xiphoid process
What makes up the axial skeleton?
the skull, vertebral column and rib cage
A major difference between compact and spongy bone is that
there are no osteons in spongy bone
which of the following is not true about thick skin compared to thin skin?
thick skin has more sensory receptors
This type of burn usually destroys nerve endings, and therefore produces less pain that the other types
third degree
most ____ vertebrae have a long spinous process that is angled inferiorly.
thoracic
The primary curves of the vertebral column are the ____ curves.
thoracic and sacral
which vertebrae articulate with the ribs?
thoracic vertebra
costal facets are located on
thoracic vertebrae
Location of medial malleolus
tibia
Medial bone of the leg
tibia
a typical example of a long bone is the
tibia
markings such as the intercondylar eminence, fibular notch and medial malleolus are found on the
tibia
tibial tuberosity is located
tibia
dermal papillary layer (diagram)
top layer of the skin
osteons are to dense bone as ____ are to cancellous bone.
trabeculae
From lateral to medial, the distal carpal bones include the
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
medial bone of the forearm
ulna
radial notch is located
ulna
which of the following exhibits a distal head
ulna
the carpals are located
upper extremity
the clavicle is located
upper extremity
the humerus is located
upper extremity
the maxilla is located
upper extremity
the metatarsals are located
upper extremity
the ribs are located
upper extremity
the scapula is located
upper extremity
the sternum is located
upper extremity
the ulna is located
upper extremity
the inferior part of the nasal septum is formed by the
vomer
sweat gland (diagram)
worm-like
The last of the sternal components to ossify, and the one most likely to damage the heart if broken is the
xiphoid
the maxillae exhibit which of the following
zygomatic and frontal processes
Where is the temporal process?
zygomatic bone
which set includes only bones of the face?
zygomatic bone, vomer and palatine bone
A blow to the cheek is most likely to break what superficial bone or bone part?
zygomatic process
The hormone calcitonin functions to
Decrease the level of calcium ions in the blood
What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?
Decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage