Anatomy and Physiology- Final Exam
Attachment to and penetration of the endometrium by the blastocyst is referred to as placentation. cleavage. implantation. embryogenesis. fertilization.
implantation
Cervical dilation is caused by which of the following placental hormones? progesterone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) human placental lactogen (hPL) relaxin
relaxin
Which gestational period is dominated by the development of organs and organ systems? third trimester second trimester first trimester postnatal development
second trimester
During metabolic alkalosis, the renal tubule cells __________. respond by secreting hydrogen ions pump HCǑ- into the tubular fluid in exchange for hydrogen ions secrete bicarbonate ions into the tubular fluid transport the hydrogen ions by diffusion into the ECF
secrete bicarbonate ions into the tubular fluid
Sperm production occurs in the epididymis. rete testis. seminiferous tubules. seminal glands. ductus deferens.
seminiferous tubules.
What intermediate compound formed from water and carbon dioxide directly affects the pH of the ECF? (Module 25.7B) carbonic acid hydrogen hydroxide bicarbonate carbonic anhydrase
carbonic acid
Which buffer system is most important in the ECF? hemoglobin buffer system carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system amino acid buffers phosphate buffer system
carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are sodium and chloride. calcium. magnesium. potassium. phosphorus.
chloride
The extra-embryonic membrane that forms the fetal portion of the placenta is the amnion. allantois. yolk sac. chorion.
chorion
How do recently released secondary oocytes reach the uterine tube? (Module 26.11A) axonal transport vesicular endocytosis vesicular exocytosis ciliary fluid currents smooth muscle contractions
ciliary fluid currents
What process involves a series of mitotic cell divisions without an increase in the size of the daughter cells? pronuclei development cleavage amphimixis blastomeres
cleavage
Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis? consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to COPD consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness consequence of prolonged vomiting
consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness
Contraction of which structure compresses the urinary bladder and expels its contents into the urethra? internal urethral sphincter trigone external urethral sphincter detrusor muscle
detrusor muscle
What is the term for painful or difficult urination? (Module 24.18A) anuria oliguria pyelonephritis dysuria renal calculi
dysuria
Contractions of the bulbospongiosus muscles result in ejaculation. erection. detumescence. emission. impotence.
ejaculation
Contraction of the dartos muscle moves sperm through the ductus deferens. elevates the scrotal sac. produces an erection. propels sperm through the urethra. initiates seminal emission.
elevates the scrotal sac.
The ________ is the inner lining of the uterus. endometrium perimetrium myometrium uterine lumen germinal epithelium
endometrium
Spermatozoa functionally mature within the seminiferous tubules. rete testes. ductus deferens. seminal gland. epididymis.
epididymis.
Which pathogen is associated with most cases of cervical cancer? (Module 26.17B) human papillomavirus Syphilis human immunodeficiency virus Chlamydia rhinovirus
human papillomavirus
How many sperm will eventually be produced from each primary spermatocyte? (Module 26.3B) 1 2 3 4 6
4
In an adult male, the body consists of about ________ percent water. 10 80 90 60 40
60
The normal pH range for extracellular fluid is 7.15-7.25. 7.45-7.55. 7.25-7.35. 6.95-7.00. 7.35-7.45.
7.35-7.45
The extra-embryonic membrane that forms a fluid-filled sac is the yolk sac. allantois. amnion. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.
amnion
Which of the following statements is most accurate in explaining the value of the large numbers of sperm ejaculated to cause fertilization? View Available Hint(s) A single sperm does not possess enough acrosomal enzymes to penetrate the oocyte by itself. Hundreds of sperm contacting the oocyte membrane triggers oocyte activation. Normally, thousands of sperm reach the site of fertilization. A male who ejaculates less than 100 million sperm is functionally sterile.
A single sperm does not possess enough acrosomal enzymes to penetrate the oocyte by itself.
Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism? epinephrine norepinephrine natriuretic peptides ADH aldosterone
ADH
Which of the following statements concerning oogenesis is false? About half the oogonia complete mitosis between birth and puberty. Ova develop from stem cells called oogonia. Oogenesis begins before birth. By the time of their birth, girls have already lost about 80 percent of their oocytes. An ovum completes meiosis II after it is fertilized.
About half the oogonia complete mitosis between birth and puberty.
Compare benign prostatic hypertrophy with prostate cancer. (Module 26.17A) Benign prostatic hypertrophy is an enlargement of the prostate whereas prostate cancer is a malignancy. Benign prostatic hypertrophy is a malignancy whereas prostate cancer is a shrinkage of the prostate gland. Benign prostatic hypertrophy affects older men whereas prostate cancer affects young men. Benign prostatic hypertrophy affects young men whereas prostate cancer affects older men. Benign prostatic hypertrophy affects the seminal glands in addition to the prostate whereas prostate cancer just affects the prostate gland.
Benign prostatic hypertrophy is an enlargement of the prostate whereas prostate cancer is a malignancy.
What would happen to the blood PCÓ of a patient who has an airway obstruction? (Module 25.10A) Blood PCÓ would decrease, resulting in respiratory acidosis. Blood PCÓ would increase, resulting in metabolic acidosis. Blood PCÓ would increase, resulting in respiratory acidosis. Blood PCÓ would increase, resulting in respiratory alkalosis. Blood PCÓ would decrease, resulting in respiratory alkalosis.
Blood PCÓ would increase, resulting in respiratory acidosis.
Which fluids are buffered by the phosphate buffer system? (Module 25.8B) ICF, ECF, blood plasma ICF, blood plasma ECF, urine ECF, blood plasma ICF, urine
ICF, urine
The pituitary hormone that stimulates the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone is LH. FSH. ACTH. ADH. GH.
LH
The reproductive system does not include mammary glands. accessory glands and organs that secrete fluids. ducts that receive and transport the gametes. gonads and external genitalia. None of the answers is correct.
None of the answers is correct.
Describe the chorionic villi. (Module 27.6A) The chorionic villi form the yolk sac. The chorionic villi forms the interface between the embryonic/fetal system and the amniotic fluid. The chorionic villi contain fluid that surrounds and cushions the embryo or fetus. The chorionic villi are structures that extend into the maternal tissues through which maternal blood flows. The chorionic villi forms the umbilical cord
The chorionic villi are structures that extend into the maternal tissues through which maternal blood flows.
How does the urethra differ between males and females? (Module 24.15C) The male urethra is the same length as the female but also transports semen. The male urethra is shorter. The male urethra is shorter and also transports semen. The male urethra is longer. The male urethra is longer and also transports semen.
The male urethra is longer and also transports semen.
Describe the placenta. (Module 27.5C) The placenta is a layer of cells that surround the yolk sac. The placenta contains fluid that surrounds and cushions the embryo or fetus. The placenta forms the interface between the inner cell mass and the trophoblast. The placenta forms the interface between the blastocoele and the amniotic cavity. The placenta forms the interface between the embryonic/fetal system and the maternal system.
The placenta forms the interface between the embryonic/fetal system and the maternal system.
What is the primary challenge to acid-base homeostasis? (Module 25.6B) The primary challenge is the difficulty exhaling CO2 causing accumulation of acid. The primary challenge is that the body generates a variety of acids during normal metabolic operations causing a decrease in pH. The primary challenge is that blood pH must be maintained at exactly 7.0. The primary challenge is that only the lungs can increase pH. The primary challenge is that buffer systems only work within tissues not in the blood plasma.
The primary challenge is that the body generates a variety of acids during normal metabolic operations causing a decrease in pH.
________ play(s) a key role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis by eliminating carbon dioxide. Metabolically active cells Buffer systems The respiratory system The urinary system All of the answers are correct.
The respiratory system
Distinguish between the vesico-uterine and recto-uterine pouches. (Module 26.9A) The vesico-uterine pouch is between the uterus and the inferior surface of the stomach and liver and the recto-uterine pouch is between the uterus and the pelvic floor. The vesico-uterine pouch is between the uterus and the left lateral wall of the pelvis and the recto-uterine pouch is between the uterus and the right lateral wall of the pelvis. The vesico-uterine pouch is between the uterus and the posterior wall of the bladder and the recto-uterine pouch is between the uterus and the anterior surface of the colon. The vesico-uterine pouch is between the uterus and the anterior surface of the colon and the recto-uterine pouch is between the uterus and the posterior wall of the bladder. The vesico-uterine pouch is between the uterus and the right lateral wall of the pelvis and the recto-uterine pouch is between the uterus and the left lateral wall of the pelvis.
The vesico-uterine pouch is between the uterus and the posterior wall of the bladder and the recto-uterine pouch is between the uterus and the anterior surface of the colon.
Define vasectomy. (Module 26.16C) Vasectomy is the surgical sterilization of females by removal of the uterus. Vasectomy is the surgical sterilization of males by cutting the ductus deferens. Vasectomy is the surgical sterilization of females by blocking the uterine tubes. Vasectomy is the surgical sterilization of males by the removal of the testes. Vasectomy is the surgical sterilization of males by the removal of the prostate gland.
Vasectomy is the surgical sterilization of males by cutting the ductus deferens.
The vagina is similar to the inner lining of the uterus. lined by simple columnar epithelium rich in goblet cells. a muscular tube extending between the uterus and the external genitalia. another term for the cervix. a muscular tube extending between the uterus and the anus.
a muscular tube extending between the uterus and the external genitalia.
Regarding fluid shifts and dehydration, when ADH secretion increases to regulate sodium balance by means of increased water retention without additional water consumption (i.e., you lost water but retained electrolytes and didn't drink water], the end result is: a. increased Na+ levels in ECF compared to the original condition. b. decreased ECF volume compared to the intermediate condition. c. decreased sodium concentrations. d. water shifting into the ICF.
a. increased Na+ levels in ECF compared to the original condition.
The ________ of a sperm contains the enzymes essential for fertilization. flagellum middle piece neck acrosomal cap None of the answers is correct.
acrosomal cap
When does the placenta become sufficiently functional to continue the pregnancy? (Module 27.7C) after the second trimester after nine weeks after the first trimester after one month after one week
after the first trimester
A secondary oocyte, not a mature ovum, is ejected from the ovary during ovulation. Oocyte activation brings about all of the following changes except: View Available Hint(s) prevention of fertilization by more than one sperm an increase in stored nutrient levels of the oocyte increase in the metabolic rate of the oocyte completion of meiosis II
an increase in stored nutrient levels of the oocyte
Interstitial cells produce androgen-binding protein. nutrients. androgens. sperm. inhibin.
androgens
The pigmented skin that surrounds the nipple is the fornix. peripapilla. areola. zona reticularis. zona pellucida
areola
Which statement is true regarding fluid balance in the digestive tract? a. Once within the interstitial fluid, the absorbed water is slowly distributed throughout the ICF. b. All the water movement in the digestive tract involves passive water flow down osmotic gradients. c. As the solute concentration drops in the lumen of the digestive tract, water moves across the epithelium and out of the interstitial fluid. d. Intestinal epithelial cells continuously absorb nutrients and ions, and these activities gradually increase the solute concentration in the lumen
b. All the water movement in the digestive tract involves passive water flow down osmotic gradients.
What is a pyelogram? (Module 24.15B) a. A laparoscopic evaluation of the inside of the bladder and ureters. b. An x-ray image of the urinary system taken after a radiopaque dye was administered. c. A graph of the 24 hour glomerular filtration rate. d. An ultrasound of the kidneys to detect solid masses such as renal calculi. d. A study of the components of urine.
b. An x-ray image of the urinary system taken after a radiopaque dye was administered.
The individual cells produced by cleavage are called blastocytes. embryos. blastocysts. blastomeres. zygotes.
blastomeres
The trophoblast has many of the characteristics of ________ cells. cancer infectious smooth muscle cardiac None of the answers is correct.
cancer
The clitoris is protected by the vesico-uterine pouch. is derived from the same embryonic structures as the scrotum in males. contains erectile tissue comparable to the corpora cavernosa of the penis. is encircled by the mons pubis. is topped by vestibular glands.
contains erectile tissue comparable to the corpora cavernosa of the penis.
Which of the following is required as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis? copper zinc phosphorus manganese None of the answers is correct.
copper
The paired erectile bodies in the penis are the prepuce. membranous urethra. corpora cavernosa. corpus spongiosum. penile urethra.
corpora cavernosa
The erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra is the corpus spongiosum. glans penis. membranous urethra. penile urethra. corpus cavernosum.
corpus spongiosum.
Describe a fluid shift. (Module 25.2B) a. A fluid shift is a slow transfer of water from the ECF into the ICF. b. A fluid shift is a slow transfer of water from the ICF into the ECF. c. A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water from the ECF and ICF into the solid components in response to an osmotic gradient. d. A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water between the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient. e. A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water from the solid compartments into the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient.
d. A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water between the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient.
Peristaltic contractions, beginning at the renal pelvis, sweep along the ureter, forcing urine toward the urinary bladder. In a normal, healthy person, how often do these contractions occur? every 2 minutes 12-15 times a minute every 30 seconds or so once every minute It is not known how often these contractions occur.
every 30 seconds or so
When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys excrete more bicarbonate ions. excrete more hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions. reabsorb bicarbonate ions. excrete more hydrogen ions. excrete more hydrogen ions and excrete more bicarbonate ions.
excrete more hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions.
The ability to consciously control urination depends on your ability to control which muscle? (Module 24.17B) internal urethral sphincter trigone external urethral sphincter detrusor bulbospongiosus
external urethral sphincter
The period of gestation when the rudiments of all major organ systems are established is the ________ trimester. first second third
first
Part A Part complete The presence of which placental hormone (in blood or urine samples) provides a reliable indication of pregnancy? relaxin human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) human placental lactogen (hPL) progesterone
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Secretion of potassium into the urine is increased when the exchange pump binds H+. decreased by aldosterone. increased by aldosterone. associated with the secretion of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts. None of the answers is correct.
increased by aldosterone.
The primary role of FSH in males is to stimulate the interstitial cells to produce testosterone. develop and maintain secondary sex characteristics. influence sexual behaviors and sex drive. initiate sperm production in the testes. stimulate the nurse cells to produce inhibin.
initiate sperm production in the testes.
The opening connecting the uterus to the cervical canal is the ampulla. isthmus. internal os. external os. uterine lumen.
internal os
Testosterone is secreted by the adenohypophysis. interstitial cells. nurse cells. hypothalamus. suprarenal cortex.
interstitial cells.
About two-thirds of the body's fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid. interstitial vital extracellular intercellular intracellular
intracellular
Near the nipple, each lactiferous duct enlarges, forming an expanded structure called a: lactiferous sinus. lobule. secretory alveoli. pectoral fat pad.
lactiferous sinus.
All of the following are true of the vagina except that it holds spermatozoa prior to their passage to the uterus. serves as a passageway for the elimination of menstrual fluids. loses a portion of its lining during menses. forms the lower portion of the birth canal. receives the penis during coitus.
loses a portion of its lining during menses.
A mature follicle releases an ovum in response to a surge in progesterone. follicle-stimulating hormone. oxytocin. estrogen. luteinizing hormone.
luteinizing hormone.
The onset of the first uterine cycle is called menstrual cycle. menses. menopause. menstruation. menarche.
menarche
A pre-embryo that consists of a solid ball of cells is known as what type of structure? (Module 27.3A) trophoblast morula blastocyst cytotrophoblast blastomere
morula
The mesoderm forms epidermis. respiratory epithelium. the brain. muscle. the lining of the digestive tract.
muscle
The external marking of the boundary between the two testes is the tunica albuginea. dartos muscle. spermatic cord. raphe. acrosome.
raphe.
Metabolic complications of the urinary system associated with diabetes result in: dysuria polyuria urinary retention anuria
polyuria
Which ovarian structure remains in a state of suspended development until the individual reaches puberty? primary oocyte oogonia polar body secondary oocyte
primary oocyte
What are the functions of the gonads? (Module 26.1A) produce and store gametes control acid-base regulation secrete digestive enzymes activate the parasympathetic nervous system regulate body temperature
produce and store gametes
Functions of the accessory glands of the male reproductive system include all of the following except meeting the nutrient needs of spermatozoa for motility. activating the spermatozoa. producing buffers. producing spermatozoa. propelling spermatozoa and fluids along the reproductive tract.
producing spermatozoa.
Menstruation is triggered by a drop in the levels of relaxin. progesterone. FSH. LH. inhibin.
progesterone.
The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is LH. FSH. progesterone. estrogen. luteosterone.
progesterone.
The organ that surrounds the urethra and secretes an antibiotic protein is the prostate gland. bulbourethral gland. vestibular gland. seminal gland (seminal vesicle). Bartholin's gland.
prostate gland
Which solid component makes up most of the body mass? (Module 25.1C) carbohydrates vitamins proteins minerals lipids
proteins
Contraction of the cremaster muscles relaxes the scrotal sac. propels sperm through the urethra. moves sperm through the ductus deferens. pulls the testes closer to the body cavity. both relaxes the scrotal sac and propels sperm through the urethra.
pulls the testes closer to the body cavity.
Which fertilization event occurs immediately after the formation of the male and female pronuclei? release of a secondary oocyte and the first polar body spindle formation and cleavage begins oocyte activation begins cytokinesis begins
spindle formation and cleavage begins
________ arteries supply blood to the functional zone of the endometrium. Spiral Straight Radial Arcuate None of the answers is correct; the functional zone of the endometrium is not vascularized.
spiral
Increased sodium levels in the ECF result in which of the following outcomes? reduced ECF volume increased water losses at the kidneys thirst inhibition stimulation of osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
stimulation of osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
The ________ ligament extends from the lateral surface of the ovary to the pelvic wall. broad suspensory inguinal tunica albuginea ovarian
suspensory
On which of the following days would the level of LH be highest in a female? the day of ovulation the day before ovulation the first day of menses 3 days after ovulation 3 days before ovulation
the day before ovulation
If you have to urinate, but have to "hold it" until you can find a bathroom, what structure are you "holding it" with? the trigone the pyloric sphincter the external urethral sphincter the internal urethral sphincter the internal anal sphincter
the external urethral sphincter
During the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle, the fertilized ovum implants. menses occurs. the corpus luteum is forming. the uterine glands enlarge. the functional zone of the endometrium is restored.
the functional zone of the endometrium is restored.
In the hemoglobin buffer system: the bicarbonate reserve in body fluids plays a significant role. the hydrogen ions are buffered by hemoglobin proteins as the carbonic acid dissociates in the tissues. CÓ diffuses into the alveoli for inhalation. an acid, which dissociates into water and carbon dioxide, is generated.
the hydrogen ions are buffered by hemoglobin proteins as the carbonic acid dissociates in the tissues.
During amphimixis, sperm become capacitated. the male and female pronuclei fuse. the zygote is formed with 46 chromosomes. gametes are formed. meiosis occurs.
the male and female pronuclei fuse.
A fetus undergoes its largest absolute weight gain during which trimester? (Module 27.8C) first trimester second trimester third trimester
third trimester
During gastrulation, the blastomeres fuse. the neural tube closes. three germ layers are formed. blastomeres form. the placenta penetrates the endometrium.
three germ layers are formed
The ________ is formed by a portion of the allantois, blood vessels, and remnants of the yolk sac. body stalk umbilical cord amnion chorion placenta
umbilical cord
The endoderm forms blood. the urinary bladder. muscle. skin. neural tissue.
urinary bladder
The main organs of the female reproductive tract include all of the following except the uterus. ovaries. mammary glands. vagina. urinary bladder.
urinary bladder
Fertilization of an ovum usually takes place in the ovary itself. uterus. cervix. uterine tube. vagina.
uterine tube
Where in the female reproductive system does fertilization normally occur? View Available Hint(s) uterine tube vagina ovary uterus
uterine tube
Metabolic water is water consumed as liquid. water consumed in food. water produced through catabolic processes. water produced through anabolic processes. the combination of all water consumed per day
water produced through catabolic processes
The embryonic heart starts beating as blood begins to flow through chorionic vessels at approximately ________ of development. day 12 the second trimester week 2 day 3 week 3
week 3
Name the four extra-embryonic membranes. (Module 27.5A) endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm, gastroderm yolk sac, amnion, allantois, and the chorion yolk sac, amnion, blastocoele, and the trophoblast blastodisc, embryonic disc, cytotrophoblast, and syncytiotrophoblast amnion, placenta, umbilical stalk, and chorion
yolk sac, amnion, allantois, and the chorion
Which structure is associated with the formation of primary follicles? corona radiata antrum zona pellucida corpus luteum
zona pellucida