Anatomy & Physiology II: Endocrine System

Events of Second Messenger Cyclic AMP Signaling Mechanism

1. Water-soluble hormone binds to receptor 2.Receptor activates G protein 3. G protein activates adenylate cyclaste 4. Adenylate cyclase generates cAMP 5. cAMP activates protein kinases

Falling blood glucose levels will stimulate which endocrine cells of the pancreas to secrete glucagon?

Alpha Cells

Which endocrine structure synthesizes hormones involved with fluid balance and smooth muscle contraction?

Hypothalamus

Choose the correct statement regarding the mechanism of interaction for steroid hormones.

The hormones diffuse across the lipid part of the plasma membrane and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus.

Cushing's disease is a result of which of the following?

hypersecretion of glucocorticoids

Which of the following enzymes are important in the deactivation of cAMP and termination of signaling?

phosphodiesterase

Natriuretic peptides __________.

promote the loss of sodium and water at the kidneys

Which is an effect of parathyroid hormone on peripheral tissues?

Mobilizes calcium from bone

Tanya received some unsettling news at a recent checkup with her doctor. It had been a while since she had a physical examination, and some recent changes in her body prompted her to check in with her doctor. It seemed like she felt thirsty all the time, and her vision didn't seem as clear as it was earlier in life. The problems were relatively minor, but as a 50-year old woman who was admittedly a little out of shape, Tanya felt it was worth seeing the doctor. Tanya's doctor asked her to come in early in the morning and without eating anything for breakfast. She said that was important for some blood tests they'd do. The doctor did a full examination, including blood tests, and told Tanya she was showing signs of diabetes mellitus. The doctor said this is unfortunately a very common disease in the United States, and though Tanya might not be experiencing major symptoms now, they needed to take steps to treat the problem. She said Tanya has lots of sugar in her blood, but her cells are starved for sugar. This is bad, she said, because we don't want our cells to be starved of the sugar they need to harness energy. The doctor said she would work with Tanya to modify her diet and start her on a reasonable exercise program. She said there also might be some medications to consider if diet and exercise don't do enough to correct the problem. Part A: Which of the following is the best evidence that Tanya has Type 2 (not Type 1) diabetes mellitus? Part B: Why are Tanya's cells starved for sugar (glucose) if there is so much glucose in the blood? Part C: What other symptom is Tanya likely experiencing as a result of diabetes that accounts for her high level of thirst?

Part A: She is 50-years old and out of shape Part B: Tanya's cells don't recognize the messages telling them to let the glucose inside Part C: Increased urination

Part complete Which is a function of melatonin in humans?

Sets circadian rhythms

The development of pubic hair in boys and girls before puberty is an effect of hormones produced by which adrenal region?

Zone reticularis of the adrenal cortex