Anatomy and Physiology II

The total blood volume is ____ plasma.

55%

Case study:Dale Fremore was back home after spending the day at a picnic where he ate some "spoiled" potato salad. He developed severe abdominal pain and cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea. After about ten to twelve episodes of water diarrhea, Mr. Fremore became so pale and weak he could hardly walk. His wife took him to the hospital where he was diagnosed with severe dehydration (decreased plasma volume). Mr. Fremore was suffering from shock.The body has several mechanisms that can come into play to try to maintain blood pressure and blood flow when a person goes into shock. Compensatory shock is characterized by a narrowed pulse pressure. Which of the following blood pressure readings is an example of a narrowed pulse pressure?

92/64

Tolerance to antigens is induced by

A. blocking costimulation.

What is the purpose of lacteals?

Absorb lipids from the digestive tract.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

Aiding in erythropoiesis of red blood cells.

Which of the following will stimulate intestinal motility?

All of the choices will stimulate intestinal motility

A patient has been diagnosed with mild heart disease. Tests show that some of the coronary arteries are partially occluded. Which of the following is the best course of action to treat the disease?

Angioplasty

Whose law explains that an increase in volume causes a decrease in pressure?

Boyles Law

The hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed by the union of the

Cholecystokinin stimulates the pancreas to release an enzyme-rich solution.

Which of the following is NOT an aging effect of the lymphatic system and immunity?

Fluid removal by the lymphatic capillaries is reduced.

Which of the following is true? Select one: a. Blood enters the right and left atria only during diastole. b. Most ventricular filling occurs before the atria contract. c. During ventricular systole, the AV valves open. d. The semilunar valves remain closed throughout ventricular systole. e. Most of end-diastolic volume comes from active filling.

Most ventricular filling occurs before the atria contract.

An adult patient is brought into the emergency room of a local hospital. The EMTs report the patient lost about 300 cc (cubic centimeters or milliliters) of blood. Is this life-threatening?

No; most adults have 4-6 liters of blood so a loss of 300 cc would not be life threatening

Why does the superior part of the esophagus contain skeletal muscle instead of smooth muscle?

The first phase of swallowing is under voluntary control.

Which of the following statements regarding the lungs is correct? Select one: a. The left lung is larger than the right lung. b. The left lung contains two lobes while the right lung contains three lobes. c. The left lung has more bronchopulmonary segments than the right lung. d. Only the right lung has a hilum. e. The left lung contains three lobes while the right lung contains two lobes.

The left lung contains two lobes while the right lung contains three lobes.

Which blood type is considered the universal recipient?

Type AB

What type of alveolar cells produce surfactant?

Type II pneumocytes

Edema can occur when there is

a blockage of the lymphatics

Which of the following individuals will have the highest vital capacity?

a well-trained athlete (male or female)

An individual develops a cold from a co-worker. This is an example of ______ immunity.

active natural

Which of the following plasma proteins is most abundant?

albumin

The highest level of exercise that can be performed without causing a significant change in blood pH is called the

anaerobic threshold.

Blood vessels enter and exit from the _____ of the heart.

base

When carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase, the

blood becomes more acidic.

A force that causes the movement of fluid out of the capillary is Select one:

blood pressure.

Angina pectoris is chest pain caused by reduced

blood supply to cardiac muscle.

Most oxygen is carried in the blood ______; but most carbon dioxide is ________.

bound to hemoglobin; associated with bicarbonate ions in the plasma

The exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of

capillaries.

Anticipation of eating food causes an increase in secretion of gastric juice. This phase of gastric secretion is called the _____ phase.

cephalic

Which of the following might increase the risk for cardiovascular disease?

chronic stress

Lymph containing a high lipid content is called

chyle

The hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed by the union of the

common bile duct and pancreatic duct

Lymphocytes with a CD8 glycoprotein on their surface are called ______ cells and lymphocytes with a CD4 glycoprotein on their surface are called ______ cells.

cytotoxic T; helper

Pulmonary edema will cause the rate of gas diffusion to

decrease.

The intense inflammatory response seen in poison ivy is due to activity of the

delayed hypersensitivity cells.

Which of the following functions is associated with the blood

delivery of oxygen to tissue cells

Which of the following would result from a reduced function of the sodium channels in the SA node?

depolarization would be delayed and the heart rate would decrease

What is the function of enteric sensory neurons?

detect changes in chemical composition of digestive tract contents and detect stretch of the digestive tract wall

The HIV virus can be transmitted

during unprotected sexual intercourse.

Lymph exits a lymph node via the

efferent lymphatic vessels

The chloride shift refers to the

exchange of chloride ions for bicarbonate ions across the red blood cell membrane.

Internal respiration refers to

gas exchange between the blood and body tissues.

Inflammation of the stomach mucosa in the area superior to the pyloric sphincter is most appropriately referred to as

gastric ulcer.

Inflammation of the gums is called

gingivitis

What structure helps to regulate body temperature?

glomus

A large amount of fat accumulates in the

greater omentum.

During expiration, the alveolar pressure must be

greater than atmospheric pressure

In which of the following would you detect a weak pulse?

hemorrhagic shock

Case study:Dale Fremore was back home after spending the day at a picnic where he ate some "spoiled" potato salad. He developed severe abdominal pain and cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea. After about ten to twelve episodes of water diarrhea, Mr. Fremore became so pale and weak he could hardly walk. His wife took him to the hospital where he was diagnosed with severe dehydration (decreased plasma volume). Mr. Fremore was suffering from shock.The body has several mechanisms that can come into play to try to maintain blood pressure and blood flow when a person goes into shock.Urine output usually decreases when a person is in shock. This is the result of Select one: a. decreased ADH secretion. b. increased renin secretion. c. increased secretion of atrial natriuretic factor. d. decreased vasoconstriction due to the stress relaxation response. e. decreased aldosterone secretion

increased renin secretion.

During hemorrhagic shock in which blood pressure is decreased, which of the regulatory mechanisms is most important is increasing cardiac output to help maintain blood pressure?

increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart

Coronary artery disease can diminish myocardial blood flow resulting in the death of myocardial cells. This condition is known as a myocardial

infarction.

Coumadin (warfarin)

is a potent anticoagulant.

The chamber of the heart that endures the highest pressure is the

left ventricle.

The lymphatic system is involved in

lipid absorption from the digestive tract.

The largest division of each lung are _____, which are divided into _____

lobes; segments

Bacteria and debris are actively removed from the lymph by _____ in the sinuses of lymph nodes.

macrophages.

What is the function of thymosin?

maturation of T-cells

A deficiency of which of the following stem cells would result in a marked increase in the clotting time of blood?

megakaryoblast

Lymphocytes

migrate to lymphatic tissue.

Macrophages are derived from

monocytes

The major types of enteric neurons include all of the following, except ______________.

neurons that suppress epithelial secretions

Fred was admitted to the cardiac unit with chest pains. No arrhythmias and no large changes in the heart rate were observable. Blood samples taken over the next few days showed no increase in enzymes such as creatine phosphokinase. A possible treatment of the condition is

nitroglycerin.

The oxygenated form of hemoglobin is called

oxyhemoglobin

For a person whose hematocrit is 45%, in which choice below are the components of blood correctly ranked in order of decreasing percent volume?

plasma, RBCs, WBCs

Air in the pleural cavity is called

pneumothorax.

Blood is moved through the vascular system by

pressure gradients created by the heart

Which of the following is NOT a function of the heart?

providing a location for gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide

All of the following are components of lymph, except

red blood cells.

The olfactory epithelium responsible for the sense of smell is located in the Select one: a. floor of the nasal cavity. b. wall of the nasal septum. c. lining of the nasopharynx. d. cavity of the paranasal sinuses. e. roof of the nasal cavity.

roof of the nasal cavity.

Which of the following components of saliva is mismatched with its function?

salivary amylase - begins protein digestion

All of the following describe ways that blood helps maintain homeostasis, except Select one: a. stabilizing body fluids. b. transporting carbon dioxide. c. limiting the spread of pathogens. d. transporting nutrients. e. secretion of neuropeptides.

secretion of neuropeptides.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach?

segmental contractions

Which type of capillaries have large fenestrae and are found in endocrine glands?

sinusoidal capillaries

Cholecystokinin is produced by endocrine cells of the

small intestine.

What is the function of the gallbladder?

stores and concentrates bile

The hepatic portal vein is formed by the union of the splenic vein and the

superior mesenteric vein.

The delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body is accomplished through ________ circulation.

systemic

In the aorta,

the blood pressure and blood velocity are both high.

In response to circulatory shock,

the renin-angiotensin mechanism is activated

As the result of an asthmatic attack,

ventilation is inadequate to oxygenate blood.

Hemoglobin that has released its oxygen

will bind more readily to carbon dioxide.