Anatomy and physiology Lab #6: Appendicular Skeleton and Articulations
Capitate
(distal row) a ¨head-shaped¨ bone located in the center of the wrist, at the base of the third metacarpal
Hamate
(distal row) a ¨hook-shaped¨ bone located at the base of the fifth metacarpal
Trapezium
(distal row) a ¨table-shaped¨ bone located at the base of the first metapcarpal (base of the thumb)
Trapezoid
(distal row) ¨ table-shaped ¨ bone located at the base of the second metacarpal
Tarsals
(flat bones) have seven bones of the ankle.
Scaphoid
(proximal row) a large, ¨boat-shaped¨ bone, articulates with the radius
Triquetrum
(proximal row) a pryamid-shaped bone located between the pisiform, lunate, and hamate bones
Pisiform
(proximal row) a ¨pea-shaped¨ bone positioned on the medial, palmer surface of the wrist
Lunate
(proximal row) a¨moon-shaped¨ bone; articulates with the radius
The components of the synovial joint
1. Articular Capsule 2. Articular Cartilage 3. Fibrous layer of Articular capsule 4. Synovial Cavity 5. Synovial Fluid 6.Synovial Membrane
Flexion
A decrease in joint angle Opposite Movement: Extension
Subscapular fossa
A large depression on the anterior surface of the bone; origin of the subscapularis muscle
Scapular spine
A long ¨spiny¨ process on the posterior surface; attachment point for trapezius and deltoid muscles
Glenoid fossa
A shallow depression on the superior, lateral border; articulations with humerus
Extension
An increase in joint angle Opposite Movement: Flexion
Saddle (sellar)
Both bones have a concave and convex surface with the bones positioned at right angles to each other; biaxial Examples: Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb; ankle joint; calcaneocuboid joint Example: sella, saddle
Clavicle
Commonly known as the collarbone, is an elongated S-shaped bone that extends between the manubrium of the sternum and the acromion of the scapula
Pectoral girdle
Is an incomplete bony ring formed by the paired clavicles and scapulae
Protraction
Movement of a body paer anteriorly (especially mandible and scapula) Opposite Movement: Retraction
Rotation
Movement of a body part around its axis Opposite movement: NA
Abduction
Movement of a body part away from the midline Opposite Movement: adduction
Depression
Movement of a body part inferiorly (especially mandible and scapula) Opposite Movement: Elevation
Retraction
Movement of a body part posteriorly (especially mandible and scapula ) Opposite Movement: Protraction
Elevation
Movement of a body part superiorly (especially mandible and scapula) Opposite Movement: Depression
Adduction
Movement of a body part toward the midline Opposite Movement: abduction
Dorsiflexion
Movement of the ankle such as the foot moves toward the dorsum (back) Opposite Movement: Planter flexion
Plantar Flexion
Movement of the ankle such that the foot moves toward the plantar surface Opposite Movement: Dorsiflexion
Eversion
Movement of the ankle such that the plantar surface of the foot faces laterally Opposite Movement: Inversion
Inversion
Movement of the ankle such that the planter surface of the foot faces medially Opposite Movement: Eversion
Circumduction
Movement of the distal part of an extremity in a circle Opposite Movement: NA
Pronation
Movement of the palm from anterior to posterior Opposite Movement: Supination
Supination
Movement of the palm from posterior to anterior Opposite Movement: Pronation
Reposition
Movement of the thumb to anatomic postion after opposition Opposite Movement: Opposition
Opposition
Placement of the thumb (pollex) such that it crosses the plam of the hand and can touch all of the remaining digits Opposite Movement: Reposition
Symphysis
Structure and Description: Bone connected to bone by fibrocartilage; slightly movable joint Examples: pubic symphysis; intervertebral discs
Synchondrosis
Structure and Description: Bone connected to bone by hyaline cartilage; immovable joint Examples: sternocostal joints; epiphyseal plates
Suture
Structure and Description: Found exclusively between skull bones; consists of a small amount of connective tissue ( the sutural ligament) holding the bone surfaces together; immovable joint Example: lambdoid suture, sagittal suture
Syndesmosis
Structure and Description: consists of large suraces of bones that are anchored together by a connective tissue membrane called an interosseous membrane; slightly movable joint Examples: distal radioulnar; distal tibiofibular joint
Gomphosis
Structure and description: consists of a cone-shaped peg fitting into a socket and anchored by the periodontal membrane; immovable joint Examples: teeth articulating with alveolar processes of mandible or maxilla
Classification of synovial joints
Synovial joints are classified using several different methods, most of which involve a description of the shape of the bones and the type of movement allowed at the join. 1. Ball-and-Socket 2. Condylar (ellipsoid) 3.Hinge (gynglymoid) 4. Pivot 5.Plane (gliding) 6.Saddle (sellar)
Coracoid process
The smaller approximately C-shaped process that projects anteriorly; attachment site for several ligaments and muscles
Linea aspera
a "rough line" that runs along the posterior surface of the diaphysis; attachment site for both the adductor longus and the short head of the biceps femoris
Trochlear notch
a C-shaped groove on the proximal end of the ulna; articulates with the trochlea of the humerus (located inside of Olecranon)
Navicular
a bone shaped like a boat("ship"); located just anterior to the talus
synovial cavity
a cavity within the joint that is lined by a synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid
Fovea
a circular depression within the head of the femur; attachment site for the ligament of the head of the femur
Condylar (ellipsoid)
a convex oval surface fits into an elliptical concavity; biaxial Examples: Radiocarpal joints; metacarpophalangeal joints
Hinge (gynglymoid)
a convex surface fits into a concave surface; uniaxial Examples: knee joint; elbow joint
Cuboid
a cube-shaped bone; located at the base of the fourth metatarsal
Acetabulum
a deep bony socket; articulates with the head of the femur
Coronoid fossa
a depression for the coronoid process of the ulna
Radial fossa
a depression on the anterolateral surface of the distal end of the humerus; artiuclates with the head of the radius
Intercondylar fossa
a depression on the distal end of the femur between the two condyles; attachment site for the cruciate ligaments of the knee
Infraspinous fossa
a large depression inferior to the scapular spine; attachment for the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles
Supraspinous fossa
a large depression superior to the scapular spine; attachment of the surpraspinatus muscle
Iliac fossa
a large fossa on the anteromedial (internal) surface of the ilium inferior to the iliac crest
Greater tubercle
a large lateral projection on the proximal epiphysis; attachment for rotato cuff muscles
Radial tuberosity
a large projection on the medial surface distal to the proximal epiphysis of the radius; serves as an attachment point for the biceps brachii muscle
Lesser trochanter
a large projection on the medial surface of the proximal epiphysis; attachment site iliopsoas muscle
Olecranon
a large projection on the proximal, posterior surface of the ulna; forms the point of the elbow and is an attachment for the triceps brachii muscle
Intertrochanteric crest
a large ridge that runs between the greater and lesser trochanters on the posterior surface; landmark separating shaft and neck of femur
Obturator foramen
a large, oval hole in the inferior part of the os coxae; covered by a membrane in a living individual
Ischial tuberosity
a large, rough projection on the posterior, inferior surface of the ischium; attachment site for hamstring muscles
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
a projection at the anteriormost part of the iliac crest; attachment site for the inguinal ligament and sartorius muscle
Tibial tuberosity
a projection on the anterior surface of the proximal epiphysis; attachment site for the patellar ligament ( quadriceps femoris muscle attachment)
Lateral malleolus
a projection on the lateral surface of the distal epiphysis; attachment site for ligaments
Medial malleolus
a projection on the medial surface of the distal epiphysis
Coronoid process
a projection on the proximal, anterior surface of the ulna; articulates with the humerus
Intercondylar eminence
a prominent projection between the two condyles on the proximal epiphysis
Deltoid tuberosity
a rough projection on the proximal diaphysis; attachment for deltoid
Pivot
a round surface into a ring formed by a ligament and a depression in another bone; uniaxial Examples: Atlantoaxial joint
Head of Humerus
a rounded projection on the medial side of the proximal epiphysis; articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula
Posterior inferior iliac spine
a small projection on the posterior inferior point of the ilium; attachment site for the rectus femoris
Lesser tubercle
a small, rough projection on the anterior side of the proximal epiphysis; attachment for subscapularis
Ischial spine
a small, sharp spine on the posterior aspect of the ischium; attachment site for sacrospinous ligaments
Patellar surface
a smooth depression on the anterior surface of the distal epiphysis; articulates with the patella
Ball-and-Socket
a spherical head fits into a concave socket; multiaxial Examples: hip bone; shoulder joint
Popliteal surface
a triangular region on the posterior aspect of the distal femur
Greater trochanter
a very large projection on the lateral surface of the proximal epiphysis; attachment site both gluteal and thigh muscles
synovial fluid
a viscous, oily fluid located within the synovial joint; functions as a lubricant, to nourish the articular cartilage, and as a shock absorber
Medial cuneiform
a wedge-shaped bone; located at the base of the first metatarsal
Intermediate cuneiform
a wedge-shaped bone; located at the base of the second metatarsal
Lateral cuneiform
a wedge-shaped bone; located at the base of the third metatarsal
Movements of synovial joints
all synovial joints are classified as diarthrotic because they are freely movable.
Arcuate line
an oblique line between the ilium and ischium that composes the iliac part of the linea terminalis (pelvic brim) of the bony pelvis
Phalanges
are a total of 14 bones are present in the digits. Three ______ are found in each of the second through fifth fingers, but only two phalanges are present within the thumb, also known as the pollex.
Fibrous Joints
are charachterized by having no joint cavity. Rather, fibrous connective tissue binds the neighboring bones. Functionally these joints are classifed into two types immovabe joints ( gomphoses and sutures) and one type that is slightly movable (syndesmoses)
Cartilaginous Joints
are characterized by having no joint cavity. Rather, cartilage connects the neighboring bones. Cartilaginous joints are classified based on the type of cartilage found. Synchondroses are composed of hyaline cartilage, and symphyses are composed of fibrocartilage
Carpals
are small, short bones that form the wrist. They are arranged in two rows (a proximal row and a distal row) of four bones each and allow for the multiple movements possible at the wrist
Proximal phalanx
articulates with the head of a metacarpal.
Calcaneus
bone that forms the heel of the foot; attachment site for calcaneal tendon
Metacarpals
bones in the palm. There are five bones that articulate with the distal carpal bones and support the palm. Roman numerals I-V denote _____ bones, with located at the base of the thumb, and V located at the base of the little finger.
synovial membrane
composed primarily of areolar connective tissue that forms the inner lining of the articular capsule and covers internal joint surfaces not covered by cartilage; responsible for the formation of synovial fluid
Upper limb
consists of the brachium (arm), antebrachium (forearm), and hand. -1 humerus, located in the brachium region -1 radius and 1 ulna, located in the antebrachium region - 8 carpal bones, which form the wrist - 5 metacarpals bones, which form the palm of the hand -14 phalanges, which form the fingers
articular capsule
consists of two layers: an outer fibrous capsule and an inner synovial membrane
Fibrous layer of articular capsule
dense irregular connective tissue that anchors the periosteum of the two articulating bones to each other; thickenings of the fibrous capsule form several joint ligaments
pubis
fuses with the ilium and ischium at the acetabulum.
Synovial Joints
have a complex structure that includes a joint cavity filled with fluid. The term synovial literally means "together with egg". This term refers to the fluid inside the joint (the synovial fluid), which has the consistency and appearance of egg white. The joint cavity filled with synovial fluid allows the articulating bones to move easily past one another with very little friction between the bones.
articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage found on the epiphyses of the articulating bones
Lower Limb
include the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges. Nearly all of the projections on these bones are attachement points for the muscles that move the limbs.
Coxal Bone/Os Coxae
is commonly referred to as the hip bone (and sometimes as the coxal bone). Each ______ _______ is formed from three separate bones; the ilium, ischium and pubis. These bones fuse between the ages of 13 and 15 to form the ______ _______.
Radius
is located more laterally.
Distal phalanx
is the bone in the very tip of the finger
Fibula
is the long, thin, laterally placed bone of the leg. It doesn not bear any weight, but several muscles originate from it
Ulna
is the longer, medially placed bone of the forearm.
Femur
is the longest bone in the body as well as the strongest and heaviest.
Tibia
is the medially placed bone and the only weight-bearing bone of the crural region.
Femoral head
large, spherical structure on the proximal end of the femur; articulates with the acetabulum of os coxa
Middle phalanx
of each finger lies between the proximal and the distal phalanges; however, a middle phalanx is not present in the thumb(pollex).
Pelvic Girdle
refers to both the left and the right ossa coxae only. It articulates with the trunk and provides an attachment point for each lower limb.
Iliac crest
the superior border of the ilium, beginning at the sacrum and ending on the lateral aspect of the hip
Phalanges (foot)
the toes contains of 14 phalanges
Plane (gliding)
two flat surfaces come together; uniaxial Examples: Intertarsal joints; some intercarpal joints
Scapula
Is a broad fla triangular bone that forms the shoulder blade
Humerus
is the longest and largest upper limb bone.
Metatarsals
of the foot are five long bones similar in arrangement and name to the metacarpal bones of the hand.
Pectineal line
rough ridge on the medial surface of the superior ramus of the pubis; attachment site of pectineus muscle
Radial head
the disc-shaped proximal end of the radius; articulates with capitulum of the humerus
Acromion
the large process at the lateral tip of the scapular spine, which projects laterally and slightly anteriorly; artiuclates with the acrominal end of clavicle
ilium
the largest of the three coxal bones (os coxae)
Talus
the major weight-bearing bone of the ankle; articulates with the tibia and fibula
Anatomical neck
the narrow part between the head and the tubercles; location of the fromer epiphyseal (growth) plate
Femoral neck
the narrow portion where the head meets the shaft of the femur; this is the part of the femur that is fractured in a "broken hip"
Surgical neck
the narrowing of the shaft immediately distal to the tubercles; the most common site of fracture of the humerus
Capitulum
the rounded surface (condyle) on the distal end of the humerus; articulates with the radius
Trochlea
the rounded surface (condyle) that articulates; with the ulna
ischium
The ilium fuses with _______ near the superior and posterior margins of the acetabulum.
Radial notch
a depression on the lateral, proximal surface of the ulna; articulates with the head of the radius
Olecranon fossa
a depression on the posterior surface at the distal end of humerus; articulates with olecranon process of the ulna
Intertubercular sulcus groove
a groove between the greater and lesser tubercles; also called bicipital groove
Styloid process
a pointed process on the distal ulna; forms the medial aspect of the wrist