Anatomy and Physiology Midterm SG

92)Intercalated discs found in cardiac muscle tissue are ________.

1. help to maintain the three-dimensional structure of the heart 2. forms a bridge linking cells together so they all pull as a unit 3. allows for direct electrical connections of all cells

26)Which one of the following is the correct sequence of events that correlate to the sequence of events of a nerve impulse? 1. the membrane becomes depolarized 2. sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward 3. the membrane becomes polarized 4. potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward while sodium is actively transported out of the cell

2, 1, 4, 3

14)A needle pierces through the epidermal layers of the forearm in the following order: 1. stratum basale 2. stratum corneum 3. stratum granulosum 4. stratum lucidum 5. stratum spinosum

2, 4, 3, 5, 1

17)There are four stages in the healing of a bone fracture. Which of the following best illustrates the sequence of these stages? 1. bony callus formation 2. bone remodeling 3. fibrocartilage callus formation 4. hematoma formation

4, 3, 1, 2

3) Which of the following systems is matched most accurately to the life function it provides? A. Nervous system - responsiveness B. Integumentary system - movement C. Nervous system - excretion D. Muscular system - maintaining boundaries E. Respiratory system - digestion

A

30)The A band within a skeletal muscle fiber is indicated by ________.

A

33)The epimysium is represented by ________.

A

45)Which one of the following muscles is involved in abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint? A) deltoid B) biceps brachii C) triceps brachii D) latissimus dorsi E) pectoralis major

A

48)Which of the following muscles are antagonists? A) biceps brachii and triceps brachii B) biceps femoris and biceps brachii C) vastus medialis and vastus lateralis D) masseter and temporalis E) gastrocnemius and soleus

A

58)The femur, tibia, humerus, and radius are all classified as ________. A. long bones B. sesamoid bones C. irregular bones D. flat bones E. compact bones

A

78)Which of the following is a vital function of the skin? A) It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism. B) It aids in the transport of materials throughout the body. C) The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy. D) It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases.

A

23)The I band within a skeletal muscle fiber is indicated by ________.

B

36)The endomysium that wraps individual muscle fibers is indicated by ________.

B

87)Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________.

Endocrine

64)Which of the following is only found associated with a child's bone?

Epiphyseal plate

10)In reference to the relationship between the patellar and popliteal regions, which of the following statements is correct?

Patella is ventral/anterior to the dorsal/posterior popliteal bone.

11)Which region is associated with the lower limb?

Popliteal Region (back of knee) OR Sural Region (back of lower leg) OR Calcaneal Region (heel) OR Plantar Region (sole of the foot)

37)Which muscle helps compress the abdominal contents during defecation or childbirth?

Rectus abdominis OR External and Internal obliques OR Transversus abdominis

86)Identify the type of connective tissue that is found in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow.

Reticular connective tissue

13)Which membrane is constructed of a visceral and parietal layer?

Serous membrane

12)A tissue constructed of a single layer of flattened cells is known as ________.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

89)The type of muscle found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach, and in the walls of blood vessels is ________.

Smooth Muscle

7)Which of the following elements of a control system detects a change?

Stimulus

96)Which type of section could be used to separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

Transverse

97)Which cavity houses the mediastinum?

Ventral cavity

47) While doing jumping jacks during an exercise class, your arms and legs move laterally away from the midline of your body. This motion is called ________.

abduction

49)Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are ________, whereas articulations permitting no movement are called ________.

amphiarthroses, synarthroses

59)What type of tissue covers the epiphysis of bones and reduces friction in the joints?

articular cartilage

19)The dens is a process projecting from the ________.

axis

73)Synovial fluid reduces friction ________.

between opposing surfaces of bones in movable joints

61)The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that ________.

bone length is increasing

39)A nursing infant develops a powerful sucking muscle that adults also use for whistling or blowing a trumpet called the ________.

buccinator

50)The wrist bones are actually ________.

carpals

90)The presence of chondrocytes indicates that a tissue is ________.

cartilage

9)Which of the following is the correct sequence, going from simplest to most complex, in the levels of structural organization of the human body?

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism OR Chemical Level, Cellular Level, Tissue Level, Organ Level, Organ System Level, Organismal Level

46)What is the origin of the deltoid muscle?

clavicle OR acromion process OR spine of scapula

83)The tissue that is usually well vascularized and has an extensive extracellular matrix is called ________.

connective tissue

75)The only dry membrane is the ________.

cutaneous

93)Jacinda tore her Achilles (calcaneal) tendon during a recent track meet. She has injured ________.

dense connective tissue

40)What is the main function of the quadriceps group?

extends leg OR flexes thigh

51)Which of these bones articulates with the acetabulum of the coxal bone?

femur

53)The atlas is the ________.

first cervical vertebrae (C1)

62)Each complex of central canal and matrix rings in compact bone is known as ________.

haversian system

69)What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?

hyaline cartilage

79)Although you get wet while swimming, a tough protein within the skin prevents it from soaking up moisture like a sponge. This substance is ________.

keratin

68)The small cavities in bone tissue where osteocytes are found are called ________.

lacunae

55)The sternum is the result of fusion of three bones called the ________.

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

95)The surgeon asked the surgical technician to help create an opening in the chest during open heart surgery along a plane that equally separated the right and left halves of the thoracic cavity. This section is known as a(n) ________.

median (midsaggital) section

88)Which of these characteristics best describes cardiac muscle tissue?

movement is involuntary and cells possess striations

24)Which of these neuroglial cells forms the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?

oligodendrocytes

70)What type of bone cell is primarily active when bone growth occurs?

osteoblast

63)The bone cells that respond to parathyroid hormone (PTH) to destroy bone matrix and release calcium into the blood are called ________.

osteoclasts

38)A muscle located on the ventral (anterior) side of the body is the ________.

pectoralis major

25)During the resting state, a neuron is ________.

polarized with sodium ions outside the cell and potassium ions inside the cell.

43)Which muscle group includes the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus?

posterior compartment of the thigh

27)Immediately after an action potential is propagated, which one of the following ions rapidly diffuses out of the cell into the tissue fluid ________.

potassium

99)Which body cavity is part of the dorsal cavity?

spinal cavity and cranial cavity

66)Which of the following bones is considered part of the axial skeleton?

sternum

60)In adults, the function of the yellow marrow is to ________.

store adipose(fat) tissue

80)The epidermis is composed of ________.

stratified squamous epithelium

84)Which of the following epithelial tissues is composed of many layers of cells?

stratified squamous epithelium

71)The layer of the epidermis in which cells die because of their inability to get nutrients and oxygen is the clear layer called _________.

stratum lucidum

74)Which of the following is a connective tissue membrane?

synovial membrane

22)Which of these muscles is a synergist to masseter?

temporalis

8)Positive feedback systems ________.

tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body's controlled conditions.

15) The effect (darkening of the skin) that occurs when a person is exposed to the sun is due to ________.

the pigment: increased production of melanin that helps to block ultraviolet lights.

100)The lungs and heart are situated in the ________ body cavity.

thoracic cavity

42)Which muscle is an antagonist to gastrocnemius?

tibialis anterior

82)Which type of tissue is situated in the lining of the urinary bladder and urethra where stretching occurs?

transitional epithelium

18)What feature is uniquely associated with cervical vertebrae?

transverse foramina

54)Which is the correct order of ribs, from superior to inferior?

true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs

65)Which of these bone markings is a projection that serves as a site for muscle or ligament attachment?

tubercle

98)Which set of regions in the abdominopelvic cavity is medial?

unbilical

72)The deepest layer of the serous membrane covering the outer surface of the heart is the ________.

visceral pericardium

32)The myofilament composed of actin is indicated by ________.

C

34)The perimysium wraps a fascicle of muscle cells and is represented by ________.

C

4)Which of the following is the correct order of elements in a control system? A. receptor, stimulus, efferent pathway, control center, afferent pathway, effector, response B. receptor, stimulus, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, effector, response C. stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, effector, response D. effector, stimulus, efferent pathway, control center, afferent pathway, receptor, response E. stimulus, receptor, efferent pathway, control center, afferent pathway, effector, response

C

41)A muscle group that works with and assists the action of a prime mover is a(n) ________. A. antagonist B. fixator C. synergist D. protagonist

C

56) The arrangement of bone tissue shown in Figure 5.3 consists of ________. A) articular cartilage B) yellow marrow C) the diaphysis D) the epiphysis E) short bones

C

6)Which of the following orientation and directional terms have the same meaning (in humans)? A. superior and caudal B. inferior and cranial C. anterior and ventral D. inferior and dorsal

C

16)The most important minerals stored in bones are ________. A. calcium and iron. B. sodium and phosphorus. C. sodium and potassium. D. calcium and phosphorus. E. calcium and potassium.

D

21)A structure found on the femur is the ________. A. anterior crest B. trochlea C. lateral malleolus D. intercondylar fossa E. medial malleolus

D

31)The H zone, located within the A band, lacks thin filaments and is represented by ________.

D

35)The muscle fiber (cell) is indicated by ________.

D

44)Paralysis of which of the following would make an individual unable to flex the hip ________. A. biceps femoris B. vastus medialis C. vastus intermedius D. iliopsoas and rectus femoris E. vastus lateralis

D

5)When correctly situated in anatomical position, where are your feet in relation to your knees? A. proximal B. medial C. superior D. distal E. deep

D

52)Four of the five answers listed below are parts of the same anatomical area. Select the exception. A) humerus B) radius C) scapula D) fibula E) clavicle

D

67)The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (Haversian system) contains ________. a) cartilage and interstitial lamellae b) osteoclasts and osteoblasts c) yellow marrow and spicules d) blood vessels and nerve fibers

D

1) Identify the structure that separates the thoracic cavity from the rest of the ventral cavity.

D. (diaphragm)

2) Which of the following activities represents a physiological study? A. viewing muscle tissue through a microscope B. making a section through the heart to observe its interior C. observing the parts of a reproducing cell D. examining the surface of a bone E. drawing blood from laboratory animals to determine their blood sugar levels

E

20) The type of joint shown in Figure 5.4 is ________. A. suture B. fibrous joint C. amphiarthrotic joint D. Cartilaginous joint E. synovial joint

E

85)Bone is best described as ________. A. dense connective tissue B. epithelial tissue C. adipose tissue D. areolar tissue E. osseous tissue

E

77)The skin and its derivatives (nails, glands, and hairs) form the ________.

Integumentary system

76)Where are mucous membranes found?

Mucus membranes line all body cavities that open to the exterior, such as those of the hollow organs of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

94)Which of these regions is NOT associated with the ventral (anterior) portion of the head?

Occipital

57)Where does hematopoiesis occur?

red bone marrow -- myeloid tissue

91)Damaged tissues that are repaired by the same kind of cells experience a replacement process known as ________.

regeneratioin

29)Nerve impulse transmissions occurring along myelinated neurons are called ________.

saltatory conduction

81)Which of the following is NOT classified as a connective tissue?

skeletal

28)An action potential is caused by an influx of these ions into the cell ________.

sodium