anatomy and physiology unit 1

True/False: some tasks are shared by more than one organ system as exemplified by the control of acid/base balance?

True

Responsiveness

ability to sense and react to stimuli

metabolism is subsumed into two interrelated processes...

anabolism and catabolism

micrscopic anatomy

cannot be seen with unaided eye. It includes cytology and histology

The discipline parallels anatomy because it also is very broad and may be divided into smaller groups . These groups are what?

cardiovascular physiology, neurophysiology, respiratory physiology, reproductive physiology, and pathophysiology

the cellular level

consists of cells, which are the smallest living structures and serve as the basic units of structure and function. Interfaced between the chemical level and cellular level are the biochemical macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids) and the cellular substructures these macromolecules form, which are the organelles.

pathological anatomy

examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease

regional anatomy

examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit

comparative anatomy

examines similarities and the differences in the anatomy of different species

cardiovascular physiology

examines the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

reproductive physiology

explores how the regulation of reproductive hormones can drive the reproductive cycle and influence sex cell production and maturation

surface anatomy

focuses on both superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them

characteristics that describe living things:

growth, development, responsiveness, regulation, and reproduction.

radiographic anatomy

investigates the relationship among internal structures that may be visualized by specific scanning procedures, such as and ultrasound, MRI, or X-ray.

Pathophysiology

investigates the relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury to that organ system

catabolism

is a biochemical breaking down process where large molecules are broken down into smaller ones

anabolism

is a biochemical building process where small molecules are joined to make larger ones

regulation

is based on homeostasis. the ability to maintain a constant internal environment in the face of a changing external environement

the organ level

is composed of human organs that are composed of two or more tissue types that perform specific, complex functions

the tissue level

is comprised of groups of similar cells (similar embryonic origin) that collectively form common functions.

embryology

is the discipline concerned with developmental changes occurring from conception to birth

growth

is the enlargement in the size of an organism

the organism

is the highest level human structural organization, comprised of all the organ systems working in an integrated functional manner

reproduction

is the process that produces new cells for growth , maintenance and repair. The sex cells are responsible for developing a new living organism

Develpoment

is the process where cells specialize to become more sophisticated for specific functioning, like nerve cells.

the chemical level

is the simplest level involving atoms and molecules. Atoms are the smallest intact chemical units and molecules are combinations of atoms.

each organ system is assigned a certain _____ ,its name reflects that major task.

major physiological task

physiologist examine the function of various organ systems, and typically focus on the ________ or________ level to gain a complete understanding of the systems' workings.

molecular, cellular

complex ____, like the human, perform a myriad of complex metabolic processes.

multicellular organisms

Does an organ system only perform one task?

no

what branches of anatomy focus on the diagnosis of medical conditions or the advancement of basic scientific research?

pathological anatomy and radiographic anatomy

respiratory physiology

studies how respiratory gases are transferred by gas exchange between the lungs and the blood vessels

systemic anatomy

studies the anatomy of each functional body system

metabolism

sum of all chemical reactions in the body

Anatomists and Physiologists recognize several levels of increasing complex organization in humans. In increasing hierarchical order these levels include:

the chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level and organism level

organization

the complex hierarchical structuring of the body

homeostatic control is shared by what two organ systems?

the respiratory and the renal system

cytology

the study of body cells and their internal structure

Anatomy

the study of structure and form

physiology

the study of the function of body parts

histology

the study of tissue