Anatomy Ch. 21

enamel dentin pulp activity pulp

-- A hard tissue called ___________ covers the crown. -- The bulk of the tooth consists of a firm, yellowish tissue called ___________. -- The _____________ contains a mass of connective tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves called _____________. (This also fills the root canals of each root)

-- cementum -- root canal

-- A periodontal ligament lines the socket; fibers from the ligament infiltrate both the root and the socket to anchor the tooth in place. ****-- A connective tissue called ____________ covers the dentin in the root. -- Nerves and blood vessels enter the tooth through an opening at the end of the ___________.

incisors canine Premolars/ molars

-- Chisel-like ___________ have sharp edges for cutting food. -- Pointed __________ teeth are designed to tear food. -- ___________ have large, flat surfaces for crushing or grinding.

cephalic phase gastric phase intestinal phase

-- Nervous impulse to stomach = ______________ -- Stretching triggers release of gastric juice = ______________ -- Duodenum inhibits gastric secretion = ______________

Chief cells

-- ___________ secrete digestive enzymes, such as pepsinogen.

-- crown -- neck -- root

--The ___________ is the portion of the tooth above the gum (gingiva) -- The root and crown meet the gum line-- a location called the _________. -- The _________ is embedded in a socket in the jawbone.

-- Mucous cells -- Parietal cells

--_____________ secrete mucus, which protects the stomach lining and keeps the stomach from digesting itself. -- ___________ secrete hydrochloric acid and instrinsic factor. Hydrochloric acid helps kill microbes in swallowed food.

central vein sinusoids canaliculi

A ______________ passes through the core of each lobule. Sheets of hepatic cells (called hepatocytes) fan out from the center of the lobule. In between the sheets of cells are passageways filled with blood called _____________. Tiny canals called ______________ carry bile secreted by hepatocytes.

uvula

A cone-shaped process called the ___________ hangs downward from the soft palate.

lingual frenulum

A fold of mucous membrane called the ____________ anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth. Numerous superficial blood vessels populate the floor of the mouth, making this an ideal site for soluble drugs to be absorbed quickly into the circulation.

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

A muscular sphincter called the ______________ helps prevent the backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus.

five times

A network of nerves called the enteric nervous system innervates the digestive system. Consisting of 500 million neurons -- ____________ as many as in the spinal cord -- the ENS is part of the autonomic nervous system and regulates digestive tract motility, secretion, and blood flow.

hepatopancreatic sphincter

A sphincter called the ________________ controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum.

deciduous teeth

After developing beneath the gums, teeth erupt beginning at about age 6 months. Twenty of these early teeth, called _____________ emerge in a predictable order until about the age of 2 and a half years.

rate

Alcohol is also absorbed mostly by the small intestine. However, the ___________ at which alcohol is absorbed depends on how quickly the stomach empties its contents into the intestine.

intestine.

Although enzymes in the stomach partially digest protein as well as small amount of starch and fat, most of the digestive process, and the absorption of nutrients, take place in the __________.

crucial role

Although the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are accessory organs of the digestive system, they play a _____________ in the digestive process. Each of these organs secretes digestive fluids or enzymes into the digestive tract at the junction of the stomach and small intestine.

Helicobacteria pylori

Although there is no single cause of ulcers, an acid-resistant bacterium called _____________ is often implicated.

intestinal phase

As chyme moves into the duodenum, the ______________ begins. At this point, duodenum triggers nerve impulses and secretes hormones, both of which inhibit gastric secretion.

1. portal vein 2. hepatic artery

BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE LIVER: 1. Nutrient rich blood from the stomach and intestine enters the lobule through small branches of the ______________. 2. Oxygen-rich blood enters the lobule through small branches of the _____________.

3. sinusoids

BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE LIVER: 3. The blood filters through the ______________, allowing the cells to remove nutrients as well as hormones, toxins, and drugs. At the same time, the liver secretes substances --- such as clotting factors, albumin, angiotensinogen, and glucose -- into the blood for distribution throughout the body.

Kupffer cells

BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE LIVER: 4. Also, phagocytic cells called _____________ remove bacteria, worn-out red blood cells, and debris from the bloodstream.

5. central vein 6. Canaliculi.

BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE LIVER: 5. The _______________ carries the processed blood out of the liver. 6. _____________ carry bile secreted by hepatic cells and ultimately drain into the right and left hepatic ducts.

ascites

Because the peritoneal cavity contains empty space, it can fill with fluid from disease or trauma. The accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity is called ______________.

mesenteries

Because the stomach and intestines vigorously contract as they digest, they need to be free to move. At the same time, they need to be anchored enough so that the intestines don't twist or kink when the body changes position. Layers of visceral peritoneum called ___________ suspend the digestive organs within the abdominal cavity while anchoring them loosely to the abdominal wall.

omentum omenta

Besides helping to prevent friction, the ___________ also helps localize infection. If areas of inflammation develop in the stomach or intestines, the ___________ adheres to the area to keep the infection from spreading to the rest of the abdomen.

common hepatic duct cystic duct

Bile reaches the gallbladder through a series of ducts. It leaves the liver by the right and left hepatic ducts. These two ducts converge to form the __________________, which goes on to become the common bile duct. Bile from the liver first fills the common bile duct before backing up into the gallbaldder through the ______________.

pyloric sphincter

Chyme leaves the stomach and enters the duodenum by passing through the ______________.

esophagus

Connecting the pharynx to the stomach is the ______________: a muscular tube about 10 inches long.

peptic ulcers

Crater-like sores, or ulcerations, in the lining of the stomach or duodenum are called ____________. Typical symptoms include gnawing or burning pain in the middle or upper stomach between meals or at night, bloating and heartburn.

regenerate

Dentin and cementum can _____________ if damaged; enamel cannot.

Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion

Digestion breaks down food -- both physically and chemically -- and transforms it into a substance that cells can use. 2 distinct phases of this process:

bilirubin bile salts

Each day, the liver secretes up to 1 liter of bile: a yellow green fluid containing minerals, phopholipids, bile salts, bile pigments, and cholesterol. The main bile pigment is _____________, which results from the breakdown of the hemoglobin. However, the most important component of bile is ___________, formed in the liver from cholesterol, these aid in digestion and absorption of fat in the small intestine.

nutrient-rich oxygenated

Each liver lobule receives ____________ venous blood from the intestines as well as ___________ blood from the celiac trunk.

amylase lipase

Enzymes contained in saliva begin the digestion process: _____________ breaks down starch while ___________ begins the digestion of fat.

sodium bicarbonate

Epithelial cells in pancreatic ducts secrete _______________, which buffers the highly acidic chyme entering the duodenum from the stomach. Ducts converge on the main pancreatic duct, which joins the bile duct at the hepatopancreatic ampulla.

greater omentum

Extending from the greater curvature of the stomach and hanging down over the small intestines like an apron is a portion of the mesentery called the _______________. Deposits of fat scattered throughout the omentum give it a lacy appearance.

external

Food material inside the digestive tract is considered to be ___________ to the body.

3 liters

Gastric glands produce up to __________ of gastric juice each day.

mucus

Glands within the wall of the esophagus secrete __________ that helps lubricate the food bolus as it passes through. When a bolus enters the esophagus, it triggers wave-like muscular contractions (peristalsis) that propel the food toward the stomach.

gallstones

Hard masses, called ____________, can form inside the gallbaldder, often because of excessive cholesterol in the bile.

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

Lying posterior to the trachea, the esophagus travels through the mediastinum, penetrates the diaphragm, and enters the stomach. A muscular sphincter called the ____________ helps prevent the backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus.

small intestine

Most chemical digestion, and most nutrient absoprtion, occurs in the ______________. Filling most of the abdominal cavity and held in place by mesentery, this structure consists of 3 divisions: duodenum, the jejunum, and ilium.

the duodenum, jejunum ilium

Most chemical digestion, and most nutrient absorption, occurs in the small intestine. Filling most of the abdominal cavity below the stomach, and held in place by mesentery, the small intestine consists of 3 divisions:

exocrine

Most of the pancreas consists of _____________ tissue. Each day, the pancreas secretes about 1.5 liters of pancreatic juice -- essentially digestive enzymes and an alkaline fluid-- into the small intestine.

1. Cephalic phase 2. gastric phase 3. intestinal phase

Name the 3 different phases of gastric secretion =

the mucosa submucosa muscularis serosa

Name the 4 layers of tissue that make up the walls of the digestive tract:

large intestine large intestine

Once the food has been processed and its nutrients absorbed, the remaining residue is ready to leave the small intestine for the _____________. In fact, about 500 ml of residue -- consisting of undigested food, sloughed off epithelial cells, minerals, salts, and bacteria -- enter the _____________ each day.

soft palate larynx

Pharynx: Food moves through these 2 divisions 1. After food has been broken down by the teeth and moistened by saliva, the tongue manipulates the bolus to the back of the oral cavity. 2. At this point, the ___________ lifts while the _________rises and food moves through the oropharynx and laryngopharynx on its way to the esophagus.

bolus

Saliva moistens the mouth and lubricates and protects the teeth. It also plays an important role in taste. One of its main roles, though, is to moisten food and transform it into a mass called a ___________ that can be swallowed easily.

1 liter

Salivary glands secrete about_________ of saliva daily. The pressure and taste of food in the mouth stimulates the secretion of saliva. The smell or sight of food -- or even just the thought of food -- also stimulates salivation.

chyme. ** pyloric sphincter ***

Specifically, the muscles of the stomach contract and churn to break food into small particles and to mix it with gastric juice. What results is a semifluid mixture called ____________. Chyme leaves the stomach and enters the duodenum by passing through the _____________.

22 muscles

Swallowing requires the coordination of ___________ in the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus, all controlled by nerve impulses sent from the medulla oblongata and pons.

relax

Swallowing signals the stomach to __________ so as to allow food to enter. Once the food has entered, the stomach goes to work, mixing the food with gastric juices and propelling it toward the duodenum.

myenteric nerve plexus submucosal nerve plexus

The ENS consists of the : ______________ = which resides between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscle in the muscularis layer. _____________ = which is embedded in the submucosa

mesocolon lesser omentum

The ___________ fixes the colon to the posterior abdominal wall. The ____________ extends from the lesser curve of the stomach to the liver.

parotid gland mumps

The ___________ lies just underneath the skin anterior to the ear. Its duct drains saliva to an area near the second upper molar. The __________ virus causes swelling and inflammation of this structure.

serosa

The ___________-- the outmost layer-- covers the portion of the digestive tract within the peritoneal cavity. (The outer covering of the esophagus and rectum is called the adventitia)

hard palate soft palate

The ____________ -- formed by portions of the maxillae and palatine bones-- separates the mouth from the nasal cavity. The ___________, which consists of mostly skeletal muscle, forms an arch between the mouth an nasopharynx.

mucosa

The ____________ -- the innermost layer-- consists of three layers of its own: an inner layer of epithelium, a layer of loose connective tissue, and a thin layer of smooth muscle.

muscularis

The ____________ consists of two layers of smooth muscle: the inner layer encircles the tract and the outer layer runs longitudinally. This layer regularly contracts and relaxes to propel food through the digestive tract.

submandibular gland sublingual gland

The ____________ empties into the mouth on either side of the lingual frenulum. The ____________ drains through multiple ducts onto the floor of the mouth.

submucosa

The ____________ is a thick layer of connective tissue. It contains glands, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.

digestive tract

The ____________ is basically a tube that extends from the mouth to the anus; It contains several distinct sections. The accessory organs are separate organs that aid digestion.

tongue lingual papillae

The _____________ is a skeletal muscle covered by a mucous membrane. It repositions food in the mouth during chewing; it also contains taste buds within projections called ____________.

pancreas

The _____________ lies behind the stomach; its head is nestled in the curve of the duodenum and its tapered tail sits below the spleen and above the left kidney.

jejunum

The ______________ constitutes the next 8 feet of small intestine. Many large, closely spaced folds and millions of microscopic projections give this structure an enormous surface area, making it an ideal location for nutrient absorption.

hepatic artery portal vein

The ______________ delivers oxygenated blood from the aorta to the liver. The _____________ carries oxygen- poor but nutrient rich blood from the digestive organs and spleen to the liver.

teeth tongue salivary glands liver pancreas gallbladder

The accessory organs include the =

crisscross pattern

The addition of the oblique muscle gives the muscles of the stomach wall a ____________; this allows the stomach to contract and churn vigorously as it processes food.

hepatopancreatic ampulla major duodenal papilla

The bile duct merges with the duct of the pancreas to form the _________________. The ampulla enters the duodenum at a raised area called the _________________.

liver

The body's largest gland, the____________ fills the upper right abdomen below the diaphragm. Each more impressive than its size is its function: it performs more than 250 tasks, including storing and releasing glucose, processing vitamins and minerals, filtering toxins, and recycling old blood cells.

digestive tract accessory organs

The digestive system consists of the ______________ (also called the alimentary canal) as well as ____________.

enteric nervous system (ENS)

The digestive system has its own nervous system, called the ______________.

mouth pharynx esophagus stomach large intestine small intestine rectum anus

The digestive tract includes the =

myenteric nerve plexus submucosal nerve plexus

The enteric nervous system (which means the nervous system of the digestive system). consists of the =

gastric pits gastric glands

The gastric mucosa contains depressions called ____________. Several different glands (called _________) open into the bottom of each gastric pit. ^^ These glands secrete the various components of gastric juice.

water

The large intestine absorbs large amounts of __________ from the residue before passing the resulting waste material out of the body.

4 hepatic

The liver has __________ lobes. The term ____________ refers to the liver.

oral, buccal

The mouth is also called the _________, or ________, cavity. It's surrounded by lips and bordered on each side by the cheeks. The palate forms the roof of the mouth and the tongue and its muscles form the floor.

lesser curvature greater curvature

The normal curvature of the stomach creates two anatomical landmarks: the _____________ (along the upper surface of the stomach) and the _____________ (along the lower surface).

endocrine exocrine

The pancreas is both an ___________ gland and an ___________.

intestinal phase

The phase of gastric secretion caleld the ______________ begins as the chyme moves into the duodenum. At this point, the duodenum triggers nerve impulses and secrete hormones, both of which inhibit gastric secretion.

Gastric phase

The phase of gastric secretion called the ___________ = begins when food enters the stomach. The stretching of the stomach as it fills with food triggers nerve reflexes that increase the secretion of gastric juice and gastrin.

falciform ligament hepatitis

The right and left lobes are separated by the _________________, which also serves to anchor the liver to the abdominal wall. Swelling and inflammation of the liver is called ______________. It is a symptom, rather than a condition, although the term is often used to refer to a viral infection of the liver.

visceral layer parietal layer

The serosa is actually the visceral layer of the peritoneum. As you may recall, the ___________ of the peritoneum covers the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity; the _________ of the peritoneum attaches to the walls of the cavity.

cephalic phase

The stimulation of gastric secretion occurs in 3 phases. Each phase is activated by a different part of the body. 1.) The mere thought of food -- as well as its sight, smell, or taste -- creates neural impulses that are relayed to the brainstem. The parasympathetic nervous system then signals the stomach to secrete gastric juice as well as gastrin. Gastrin further stimulates gastric secretion. Because the brain controls this phase of gastric secretion, it''s called the _______________.

muscularis

The stomach contains the same layers as the rest of the digestive tract. (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa). However, the __________ layer of the stomach has an extra layer of oblique muscle in addition to longitudinal and circular layers.

cardia fundus body pylorus

The stomach itself is divided into 4 regions =

gastroenterology

The study of the digestive tract and the diagnosis and treatment of its diseases is called _______________.

deciduous teeth 32

Then, between the ages of 6 and 13 years, the ___________ fall out and are replaced by __________ permanent teeth.

hepatic lobules

Tiny, six-sided cylinders called _______________ fill the interior of the liver. These are the functional units of the liver.

caudate lobe quadrate lobe

Two additional lobes of the liver -- the ____________ (near the inferior vena cava) and the ___________ (next to the gallbladder)-- are visible from behind.

rugae rugae

When the stomach is empty, the mucosa and submucosa are wrinkled into folds called ___________. As the stomach fills with food, the _________ flatten and the stomach expands. To illustrate: an adult's empty stomach has a volume of about 50 ml; after eating, it typically expands to 1 to 1.5 liters.

saliva

__________ = a clear fluid consisting mostly of water, but also containing mucus, an enzyme that kills bacteria, antibacterial compounds, electrolytes, and two digestive enzymes. Besides the major salivary glands, the. mouth also contains minor salivary glands in the tongue, inside the lips, and on the inside of the cheeks.

Mesenteries

___________ also contain blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes that supply the digestive tract.

Enamel

___________ is the hardest substance in the body.

Chemical digestion

____________ = The second phase of digestion uses digestive enzymes produced in the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and small intestines to break down particles into nutrients that cells can use.

Mechanical digestion

____________ = This is the first phase of digestion. It involves physically breaking down food into smaller pieces, beginning with chewing in the mouth and continuing with contractions and churning in the stomach and small intestine.

duodenum

_____________ = Most digestive processes occur here than any other part of the intestine.

Pharynx

_____________ = after food leaves the oral cavity, it moves into the pharynx. Whereas air moves through all 3 divisions of the pharynx, food moves through only the last two of those divisions.

ileum

_____________ = is the last 12 feet of intestine. The wall of it is thinner and has less blood supply than other areas of the small intestine. Clusters of lymphatic nodules called Peyer's patches are scattered throughout it.

Mucous cells

_____________ secrete mucus, which protects the stomach lining and keeps the stomach from digesting itself.

Gallbladder

______________ = a sac attached to the underside of the liver -- it stores and concentrates bile. It's about 3 to 4 inches long and holds 30 to 50 ml of bile.

Chief cells

_______________ = secrete digestive enzymes,, such as pepsinogen.

Parietal cells

_______________ secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. Hydrochloric acid helps keep microbes in swallowed food.

Acinar cells

_______________- secrete digestive enzymes in an inactive form; once activated in the duodenum, the enzymes help break down lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.