ANATOMY Chapter 1 H.W

Which of the following important breakthroughs in biomedical history stemmed from the work of Hooke and Leeuwenhoek? -The understanding of anatomy through dissection of the human cadaver -Experimental physiology -The cell theory -The Hippocratic Oath

the cell theory

From top to bottom, place the following list of noted scientific contributors in chronological order based on their significant contributions.

-Hippocrates -Aristotle -Claudius GalenClaudius Galen -Avicenna -Maimonides -Andrew Vesalius -Michael Servetus and William HarveyMichael Servetus and William Harvey -Robert Hooke and Antony von LeeuwenhoekRobert Hooke and Antony von Leeuwenhoek -Matthias Schleiden and Theodor SchwannMatthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

Which of the following is true regarding comparative physiology? Check all that apply. -It is necessary because human experimentation is limited. -It lead to the development of imaging technology, such as ultrasound and MRI. -It is the basis for the development of new medications and medical procedures. -It has provided little to no help in pharmaceutical research. -It is the reason why surgeons may practice on animals before they work on humans.

-It is necessary because human experimentation is limited. -It is the basis for the development of new medications and medical procedures. -It is the reason why surgeons may practice on animals before they work on humans.

Which of the following statements best distinguishes a law from a theory? A law is an explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts and confirmed hypotheses, while a theory is information that can be independently verified by any trained person. A law is a generalization about the predictive ways in which matter and energy behave, while a theory is the result of inductive reasoning based on repeated, confirmed observations. A law is a generalization about the predictive ways in which matter and energy behave, while a theory represents information that can be independently verified by any trained person. A law is the result of inductive reasoning based on repeated, confirmed observations, while a theory is an explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts and confirmed hypotheses.

A law is the result of inductive reasoning based on repeated, confirmed observations, while a theory is an explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts and confirmed hypotheses.

Complete each statement below to correctly describe the elements of examination.

A patient arrives in the doctor's office complaining of pain in the chest. The physician would likely begin the physical evaluation by visually inspecting the symptomatic regions. Following the initial visual inspection, the physician might then begin the process of palpation by touching and feeling the ribs and intercostal muscles as well as adjacent areas for signs of abnormality. In some cases, procedure would require auscultation, using a stethoscope placed over the chest and back in order to magnify the internal sounds of respiration. Additional insight can be gained regarding deviation from normalcy of elasticity and compliance through percussion, or tapping on the structures of the body

Which of the following is not an example of a physiological variation? An exercise-induced low heart rate An increase in red blood cell count due to pregnancy A declining metabolic rate due to age A spleen on the right side of the body An increase in oil production in an adolescent

A spleen on the right side of the body

Which of the following statements describes the holism theory? Human beings are more than the sum of their parts. It would be difficult to predict the workings of a car merely by looking at its transmission. A patient's perceptions, emotional responses to life, and confidence in the nurse, therapist, or physician profoundly affect the outcome of treatment. Psychological factors often play a greater role in a patient's recovery than the physical treatments administered. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Most anatomical terms can be traced back to __________ and __________. Greek; Italian Arabic; Latin Greek; Arabic English; Latin Greek; Latin

Greek; Latin

Place a single word into each sentence regarding the evolution of physical traits to make it correct.

One example of a favored trait in natural selection is opposablethumbs. In arboreal animals, opposition allowed the thumb to cross the palm and touch all fingers on the same hand. This adaptation allowed the primates to move easily in the treetops. Opposable thumbs also made the hands more prehensile, giving them the ability to encircle branches.

Complete each of the statements regarding the experimental design by placing the proper word or phrase in the blank.

Placing a greater value on a research project that included 10,000 participants, as opposed to one investigating the same hypothesis where only 24 participants are used, demonstrates the concept of sample size Assigning every research participant a random number and keeping these secret from all persons involved with the acquisition and handling of the data is an example of the double-blind method . In order to best elicit the cause of any changes due to the exercise, one group will perform the exercise program and the other will not. This demonstrates the concept of including research controls in order to determine differences due to experimental variables. If possible, participants should be given a placebo in order to decrease the effects of the mind on the body. Prior to publishing a finding from a research project, a manuscript must be submitted for peer-review where field-experts will have a chance to evaluate the methods and conclusions of the research with the intent to clarify and improve the quality of the works that are dispersed to the public.

Complete each statement below to correctly describe the concept of a negative feedback mechanism, then click and drag the sentences to arrange them in the order these events occur.

Situation: During a hot day, water lost through sweat produces a condition of decreasing blood (fluid) volume. Trend : Blood (fluid) volume decreases; can also be stated as increasing the osmolarity (or concentration of solutes) of blood. Detection: Increasing osmolarity of the blood is detected by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus. Response : The sense of thirst is enhanced partially as a result of antidiuretic hormone. Effect: Drinking fluids reverses the declining water volume.

Propose whether each of the following traits included would be theorized to be the result of adaptations to an arboreal or terrestrial environment.

Terrestrial Adaptations: foot arches and widened pelvis Arboreal Adaptations: prehension , opposable thumbs ,shallow , flexible shoulder

Complete each statement below by placing the proper word in the appropriate position to explain the scientific criteria for life.

The definition of life can be interpreted as meeting a set of criteria including: organization, cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness, homeostasis, development, reproduction, and evolution. All living things exhibit organization or complexity far greater than their inanimate surroundings. The inability to maintain this characteristic of life leads to disease and death. Made up of the simplest structures meeting the criteria of life, cellular composition is a requirement of all living things. In order to carry out many of the other characteristics of life, organisms must exhibit metabolism. This is the ability to bring in nutrients, produce energy, build necessary components, and eliminate waste products. All living things must also be able to interact with their respective environments and are thus said to display responsiveness. In interacting with their respectively often dynamically and radically changing environments, living things must be able to maintain a relative homeostasis, or set of stable internal conditions. Characterized by both differentiation and growth, development is the characteristic of life that explains increased size and functional complexity. The ability to make additional copies of themselves describes the necessary life characteristic of reproduction . Species of living organisms will all demonstrate evolution over time as a result of gene mutations and rate of success with the environment.

Which of the following is/are true regarding variations of human physiology? Check all that apply. Variation in a person's physiology is abnormal. The physiological function of organ systems can be different due to age. Men and women vary in their physiology. Failure to recognize variations in physiology can lead to medical mistakes. All human beings of the same age have the same physiological processes.

The physiological function of organ systems can be different due to age. Men and women vary in their physiology. Failure to recognize variations in physiology can lead to medical mistakes.

Complete each statement below regarding the body's structural hierarchy, then arrange them in order (top to bottom) from smallest to largest.

The smallest particles with unique chemical properties, called atoms, are composed of neutrons and protons in a centralized nucleus with electrons in surrounding concentric clouds. Two or more atoms make up a(n) molecule and are exemplified by groups of macromolecules known as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Together, molecules form much larger complexes like mitochondria, lysosomes, and centrioles. These are collectively referred to as organelles . The smallest unit of life is the cell, which is comprised of multiple organelles and macromolecules.

Which of the following describes or represents a property exclusive to all "living" things? They take in molecules from the environment and chemically change them into molecules that form their own structures. An individual physically evolves over the course of his/her life. They are able to grow crystals from a saturated sugar solution as the water evaporates. Living matter is rarely compartmentalized into one or more cells.

They take in molecules from the environment and chemically change them into molecules that form their own structures.

Which of the following statements best describes a scientific theory? It is the result of inductive reasoning, based on repeated and confirmed observations. It is a generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave. It is information that can be independently verified by a trained individual. It is a summary of conclusions drawn from a large body of observed facts. All of the choices are correct.

all of the choices are correct

Failure to identify complete situs inversus could have negative consequences when __________. Check all that apply. diagnosing appendicitis diagnosing a hormone deficiency auscultating heart valves recording an ECG

diagnosing appendiciti sauscultating heart valve srecording an ECG

A physiological __________ is a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variable between one point and another. solution barrier gradient feedback system imbalance

gradient

About 90% of today's medical terms are formed from just 1,200 Greek and Latin roots. True False

true

Eponyms provide little or no clue as to what a structure or condition is. True False

true

The Nomina Anatomica was replaced by the Terminologia Anatomica, which prescribes both Latin names and accepted English equivalents. True False

true

The theory that a large, complex system, such as the human body, can be understood by studying its simpler components is called reductionism. True False

true