Anatomy Chapter 12 Lymphatic System and Body Defenses

How do plasma cells assist with humoral immunity?

Plasma cells secrete highly-specific antibodies

The inflammatory process begins with release of chemicals, which do all of the following EXCEPT ________.

Stimulate release of lysozyme

The lymph tissues found within the walls of the small intestine are called ________.

Peter's patches

Located in the wall of the small intestines

Peyer's patches

Which one of the following is NOT true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies?

The constant regions form an antigen-binding site

Lymph is largely composed of water that has escaped from ________.

blood

B cells develop immunocompetence in the ________.

bone marrow

Due to a recent respiratory illness from a viral infection , Jennifer has now developed ________.

naturally acquired active immunity

Chemical released by natural killer cells to cause cell lysis

perforins

Cell that produces huge numbers of the same antibody (immunoglobulin)

plasma cell

The body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms is ________.

skin and mucous membranes

Vaccines are NOT for ________.

snake bites

Filters and cleanses the blood of bacteria, viruses, and other debris

spleen

Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity

spleen

What lymphoid organ stores platelets and acts as a blood reservoir?

spleen

Which lymphatic organ's major job is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver?

spleen

Chemotaxis is best described as ________.

the movement of cells along

Which of the following is NOT one of the four most common indicators of the inflammatory response?

chills

Troublesome small molecules or incomplete antigens that may mount an attack that is harmful rather than protective are called ________.

haptens

The lymphoid organ that destroys worn-out blood cells is indicated by

label C

The spleen is indicated by

label C

A lymph capillary is indicated by

label D

The Peyer's patches are indicated by

label D

Blood capillaries are indicated by

label E

Lymph from the left arm returns to the heart through the ________.

left subclavian vein

Lymphatic collecting vessels are indicated by

label C

List and describe the cells and chemicals the body uses as its second line of defense.

1. Phagocytes, such as neutrophils or macrophages, engulf foreign particles. These cells are in nearly every body organ and confront pathogens that make it through the surface membrane barriers.2. Natural killer cells, found in blood and lymph, are lymphocytes. They can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells.3. The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response that occurs when body tissues are injured.

Let's suppose scientists have discovered a new disease that arises when antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are not made by the body. How do you think our immune response will be impacted?

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) engulf an antigen and present part of it on the membrane in combination with one of the APCs' own glycoproteins. T cells require the presentation of the antigen for activation and clonal selection. Without the presentation of antigens by APCs, the immune process would be severely impaired. T cell clone classes provide for cell-mediated immunity and include helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells, and memory cells.

Progeny (clone members) of this cell form plasma cells and memory cells

B cell

Lymph fluid and some plasma originate (escape) from the

Blood vascular system

What does fever accomplish?

Fever inhabits bacteria reproduction and speeds the repair process

Explain the origin and pathway of lymph.

Lymph fluid arises from blood plasma that has been forced out of the capillary beds by osmotic and hydrostatic pressures. The fluid left behind is called interstitial fluid. The interstitial fluid is then picked up by lymph capillaries, after which it is called lymph. Lymph is routed up the lymphatic vessels until it is finally returned to the venous system through either the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct.

Peyer's patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as ________.

MALT or mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

Describe how the lymphatic and cardiovascular systems are similar in structure and function.

Structurally, lymphatic vessels and the veins of the cardiovascular system are both thin-walled and operate under low-pressure. Some of the larger vessels in each system have valves. Functionally, both systems return fluids back to the heart. The lymphatic system is assisted by the same techniques as the cardiovascular system to return lymph (and venous blood) back to the heart: milking action of skeletal muscles, pressure changes in the thorax during breathing, and smooth muscles in the walls of the vessels.

Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of ________.

T cells

Identify the four most common indicators and major symptoms of an acute inflammatory response and explain their origins.

The four most common indicators of the inflammatory response are redness, heat, swelling, and pain. Redness and heat are a result of dilation of blood vessels that increase blood flow to the injured area. Swelling occurs when increased permeability of the capillaries allows plasma to leak from the bloodstream into the tissue spaces. The excess fluid, or edema, triggers the activation of pain receptors in the area, accounting for the pain associated with an injury.

Explain how the innate and adaptive immune systems differ in their responses to foreign substances.

The innate immune system is the system we have when we're born. This system includes the skin and mucous membranes, the inflammatory response, and proteins already present in our cells. This system is the first one to come into contact with a foreign substance and thus is always prepared to defend the body. Therefore, we think of the innate system as the nonspecific body defense and the first line of defense to protection from invaders. The adaptive immune system is the second line of defense which defends us from specific invaders. This system consists of molecules like pyrogens and immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages. This system differs from the innate system since it must be exposed to the invader before it can form a response.

Contrast the primary humoral response with the secondary humoral response.

The primary humoral response occurs during the first encounter with an antigen. An antigen binds to a specific receptor on a specific B cell. The activated B cells proliferate to form a clone. While most of the B cell clone members become plasma cells that will secrete antibody molecules, B cells that do not become plasma cells will become memory cells. Memory cells exist for years and are capable of responding to the same antigen at a later meeting (immunological memory). Secondary humoral responses are the later immune responses that are faster, more prolonged, and more effective than the primary humoral response because preparations for this attack have already been made.

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the four most common indicators of ________.

acute

The thymus is most active during ________.

adolescence

What structure carries lymph into a lymph node?

afferent lymphatic vessel

Which antibody-antigen interaction results when a foreign blood type is transfused and clumped?

agglutination

What is the best graft to have so as to avoid rejection of a transplanted tissue?

an autograft

Systemic (body-wide) acute allergic response caused by allergens that directly enter the blood, as with certain bee stings or spider bites, is called ________.

anaphylactic

Humoral immunity is provided by ________.

antibodies

Protein secreted by activated B cells in response to an antigen

antibody

Which one of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses?

antibody production

A(n) ________ is any substance capable of mobilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response.

antigen

Any substance capable of provoking an immune response

antigen

The major role of ________ cells is to engulf antigens and present pieces of them to the cells that will deal with those fragments.

antigen-presenting

Engulfs and presents parts of antigens on the membrane for recognition by T cells bearing receptors for the same antigen

antigen-presenting cell (APC)

Which of the following is often used to treat allergies?

antihistamines

Where is the thymus located?

beneath sternum overlying heart

Membrane attack complexes (MAC) form holes in attacked cells causing them to burst; this is a result of ________.

complement fixation

The binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cell's surface is called ________.

complement fixation

What is the chief way the body responds to antigens?

complement fixation

Which portion of the antibody's structure determines the antibody's class?

constant region

Chemical released by macrophages and dendritic cells to activate many other immune cells

cytokines

Kills virus-infected cells, cancerous cells, and is involved in graft rejection

cytotoxic T cell

Killer T cells, which kill virus-invaded body cells, are also called ________.

cytotoxic T cells

The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary walls during the inflammatory process is called ________.

diapedesis

Excess accumulation of fluid, which impairs the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called

edema

The study of immunity is called ________.

endocrinology

Allergies, or hypersensitivities, are normal immune responses.

false

As people age, they become more resistant to the development of autoimmune and immunodeficiency diseases.

false

B cells become immunocompetent in the thymus.

false

The constant region of the antibody joins heavy and light chains to form an antigen-binding site specifically made to fit an antigen.

false

The final disposal of cell debris as inflammation subsides is performed by neutrophils.

false

The lymph nodes filter bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells from blood on its way back to the heart.

false

The most important function of the thymus gland is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver.

false

The study of immunity and the immune system is called endocrinology.

false

The two main structures of the lymphatic system are the lymphatic vessels and the blood vessels.

false

Xenografts are ideal donor organs or tissues since they rarely cause rejection.

false

Binds with a specific antigen presented by an antigen-presenting cell (APC)

helper T cell

What type of T cell releases cytokines to indirectly rid the body of antigens?

helper T cells

Regardless of whether it matures into a B cell or a T cell, a lymphocyte that is capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it is said to be ________.

immunocompetent

T cells or B cells that are capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte's surface are considered ________.

immunocompetent

The specific foreign substances that an individual's immune system has the ability to recognize and resist are determined by ________.

individual genetic makeup

Small protein that binds with receptors on healthy cells to promote protein synthesis and prevent viruses from binding

interferon

Small proteins known as ________ are secreted by virus-infected cells to help defend cells that have not yet been infected.

interferons

What inhibits viruses from entering and attacking healthy cells?

interferons

The adaptive (specific) defense system ________.

issues an attack specific to particular foreign substances

The lymph duct is indicated by

label A

The lymphoid tissues that trap and remove bacteria that enter the throat are indicated by

label A

The tonsils are indicated by

label A

A lymph node is indicated by

label B

The thymus is indicated by

label B

Bacteria and tumor cells are removed from lymph by ________.

lymph nodes

The third line of defense involves the adaptive response mediated by ________.

lymphocytes

Antigen-presenting cells behave as ________.

macrophages

May exist in the body for years and enable a quick response to subsequent meetings with the same antigen

memory cell

Sticky substance in the respiratory and digestive passageways that trap microorganisms

mucus

The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called ________.

neutralization

Antibodies provided by serum from an immune donor or an animal donor do not challenge the B cells and thus provide ________.

passive immunity

Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body are called ________.

pathogens

Large antigen-antibody complexes can become insoluble and settle out of solution, a reaction called ________.

precipitation

Chemical secreted by white blood cells and macrophages to raise the body's temperature

pyrogen

Slows or stops B and T cell activity once infection has been conquered

regulatory T cell

The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the ________.

right arm

The _______ duct drains lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax

right lymphatic

Which of the following substances is NOT likely to trigger the immune response?

self antigens

Lymphocytes are trained to be self-tolerant of ________.

the body's own cells

Which one of the following is NOT a mechanism that aids lymph return to the heart?

the pumping action of the heart

Located overlying the heart

thymus gland

Located in the pharynx (throat)

tonsils

The role of the ________ is to trap and remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat.

tonsils

Trap and remove bacteria and pathogens entering the throat

tonsils

Which lymphoid tissues trap and remove bacteria entering the throat?

tonsils

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) includes the ________.

tonsils, the appendix, the Peyer's patches

All lymph rejoins the bloodstream via the subclavian veins.

true

Anaphylactic shock, an acute systemic allergic response, causes vasodilation and difficulty breathing.

true

Antibodies are also referred to as immunoglobulins.

true

Antigen presentation is essential for the activation of clonal selection of T cells.

true

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) engulf antigens and present them to cells that will deal with them.

true

Artificially acquired passive immunity is conferred when one receives immune serum for poisonous snake bites.

true

Autoimmune disease arises when the immune system is no longer tolerant of self-antigens and antibodies are produced to attack the body's own tissues.

true

Chemicals secreted by white blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign substances that can increase body temperature are called pyrogens.

true

Cytotoxic T cells release perforins to creates pores in the target cell's membrane to kill the cell.

true

Injured cells release chemicals such as histamine and kinins that dilate vessels, attract phagocytes and activate pain receptors.

true

Like all blood cells, lymphocytes originate from hemocytoblasts contained within red bone marrow.

true

The innate (nonspecific) defense system and adaptive (specific) defense system make up the immune system.

true

The nonspecific defense by which complement proteins attach to sugars or proteins on the surface of foreign cells is called complement fixation.

true

The process that occurs when antibodies clump foreign cells is called agglutination.

true

The role of the spleen in the lymphatic system is to provide a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance.

true

Active immunity to tetanus, whooping cough, and polio can be artificially acquired when we receive ________.

vaccines

The region of the antibody that varies from antibody to antibody is called the ________ region.

variable or V

Tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species are known as ________.

xenografts