Anatomy chapter 14
cranial nerves of the medulla oblongata
VII, IX,X,XI, XII
reticular formation
a netlike region of interspersed gray and white matter that extends through the brain stem sensory information sent to cerebral cortex, diencephalon and cerebellum has the reticular activating system
procedural/skill memory
a sequence of events that was performed examples are playing a piano piece or dancing a choreographed dance
sleep
a state of partial consciousness aroused by stimulation cortical activity suppressed brain stem still active most skeletal muscles are inhibited suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus responsible for sleep patterns
wernicke's area does what
ability to comprehend speech
broca's area does what
ability to speak
mechanical protection of cerebral spinal fluid for homeostasis
absorbs shock relieves weight of brain
alzheimer disease
acetycoline never problems colanergic neurons results in dementia memory loss shortened attention span disorientation language loss causes beta-amyloid plaques ( build up of gunk) and neurofibrillary tangles ( all mixed up) (tau)
glutamine and NMDA receptor in memory
act as a calcium channel normally blocked by magnesium initiates cellular changes to bring about long term potentiation glutamate is neurotrasmitter NMDA is the receptor
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
aka stroke blood circulation stops tissue dies usually due to blood clot
the continuum of consciousness
alertness then drowsiness/;;lethargy (proceeds to sleep) stupor coma
amygdala
allows for us to respond to and display anger avoidance defensiveness fear promotes the release of adrenaline part of limbic system
concussion
alteration in brain function may have temporary loss of consciousness vision and equilibrium disturbances no obvious brusing
what expands to form the primary brain vesicles
anterior end of the neural tube
premotor cortex of cerebral cortex location
anterior to the precentral gyrus
treatment for seizures
anticonvulsive drugs implanted vagus nerve stimulator or deep brain stimulator ( impulses stabilize brain activity)
reticular activating system
ascending and descending functions help maintain consciousness aids in waking you from sleep does habituation
cerebellar pedicules
attach cerebellum to the brain stem uses IPSILATERAL FIBERS
inferior colliculi
auditory startle reflex found in the midbrain
beta waves
awake and alert
alpha waves
awake but resting
pyramidal motor tract
axons that conduct nerve impulses from the superior part of the brain to the inferior part of the brain and spinal cord huge neurons
cerebral cortex sensory areas location
back part of brain
what does the vagus nerve transmit info from
baroreceptors chemoreceptors tastebuds proprioreceptors
limbic system blends what to create our emotion aspects
blends primitive emotion fear aggression pleasure with higher mental functions reasoning memory reason why emotions sometimes override logic reason why reasons can stop us fro inappropriately expressing emotions
why do we sleep
brain glycogen levels decrease atp consumption produces a metabolite adenosine which is sleep inducing as we sleep adenosine is converted back to atp
how much of the brain mass is cerebellum vs how many neurons are in it
brain mass: 10% Neurons: 50%
mesencephalon adult brain strucutes
brain stem and midbrain
atp cycle
breaks down into ADP then just adenosine is converted back to ATP during sleep this the main sort of junk that builds up in your brain
vagus nerves regulates hwat
breathing heart rate and digestive system activity
contusion
bruising due to trauma includes blood leakage loss of consiousness loss of reflexes cessation of respiration but stabilized in a few seconds permanent damage
pyramids
bulges of pyramidal corticospianl white matter tracts
roles of cerebral spinal fluid
buoyancy absorbs shock protects brain and spinal cord nutrient wast exchange
what secretes cerebral spinal fluid
by ependymal cells in the ventricle and central canal
what is inside of the ependymal cell during cerebral spinal fluid formation
capillary part of the choroid plexus
epilepsy
caused by many electrical discharges by groups of brain neurons causes loss of consciousness uncontrollable jerking from genetics or blow to head stroke infections tumors
bell's palsy
caused by partial inflammation of facial nerve paralysis of facial muscles partial loss of taste sensations lower eyelid droops corner of mouth sags difficult to eat or speak normally treatment is corticosteroids recovery is complete in 70% of cases
spinal cord adult neural canal regions
central canal
what enlarges to become ventricles
central cavity enlarges to become four ventricles
which has more wrinkles cerebrum or cerebellum
cerebellum
mesencephalon adult neural canal regions
cerebral aqueduct
three basic regions of cerebrum
cerebral cortex, internal white matter, basal nuclei
hydrocephalus
cerebral spinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles and does not drain properly this increased pressure can damage nervous tissue and causes swelling int he brain usually due to a blockage in the cerebral aqueduct can also be caused by a pineal tumor bacterial infection (meningitis) or inflammation
telencephalon adult brain structure
cerebrum cerebral hemispheres (cortex white matter basal nucli
long term potentiation (LTP)
chemical process that enhances synapse to store memories
cerebrospinal fluid
clear fluid secreted
what does the cerebral white matter do
communicate between cerebral areas and between cortex and lower central nervous systems centers classified according to the direction the fibers run
thalamus
composed of oval masses of gray matter organized into nuclei major relay station for most sensory impulses mediates sensation motor actives cortical arousal learning and memory
projection fibers/tracts
conduct nerve impulses back and forth from cerebrum to the lower parts of cns
association fibrers/tracts
conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the smae hemisohere
commissural fibers/tracts
conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other hemisphere examples are corpus callosum anterior commsiure posterior commissure
inferior cerebellar peduncles
connect medulla and cerebellum sensory info from proprioceptors and vestibular nuclei
cerebral peduncles
connects brainstem to pedicels it contains he pyramidal motor tract
vestibular cortex of cerebral cortex
conscious awareness of balance
consciousness
conscious perception of sensation voluntary initiation control of movements higher mental processing capability involves simultaneous activity of large areas of the cerebral cortex superimposed on other types of neural activity neurons and neuronal pools involved in localized activities and cognition holistic and interconnected info can be claimed from many different locaitons
visceral sensory area of cerebral cortex
conscious perception of visceral sensations
what do pons contain
contains centers that control breathing
cerebellum
contains the cerebellar cortex, arbor vitae, purkinje cells
functions of hypothalamus
control of the Autonomic nervous system ( main visceral control center) production of hormones regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns eating and drinking water balance and thirst body temperature circadian rhythms
posterior and anterior lobe of cerebellum
control subconscious aspects of skeletal movements examples are respiratory muscles
cerebral cortex motor areas
control voluntary movement primary somatic motor cortex premotor cortex broca's area
frontal eye field
control voluntary movement of the eyes
functions of the cerebellum
coordinate movements regulate posture balance compares intended movements with executed movements day to day movements helps correct if you are falling
what connects the cerebral hemispheres internally
corpus callosum which is white matter
making use of the homonculus with amputation
cortex is still wired for sensory for hand (phantom sensations) other sites can claim what was taken away ( face part can take over the hand part)
what cranial nerves does the midbrain contain
cranial nerves III-IV
hipocampus
creates new memories part of limbic system communicates with the prefrontal area of the brain learning memory spatial navigation
severe seizures are treated by doing what
cutting the corpus callosum which separates the two cerebral hemispshres
categories of mememories
decalative and nondeclarative
superior cerebellar peduncles
deep cerebellar nuclei to cerebral motor cortex via thalamus
stage 4 of non rapid eye movement sleep
deep sleep sleepwalking
fissure
deep sulci
cerebral white matter is located where
deep to the cortical gray matter inside the brain
parkinson disease
degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantial nigra dopamine deprived basal nuclei become overactive leading to "pill-rolling" movements shuffling gait antagonistic muscles not inhibited
diencephalon adult brain structures
diencephalon (thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus) retina
ataxia
disruption of muscle coordination due to cerebellum impairment trauma to cerebellum alcohol inhibits cerebellum
why is substantia nigra dark
due to melanin
tourette's syndrome
due to problems with basal nuclei coprolalia (bad mouth), echolalia (copy what other people say) echopraxia (mimicking movements) motor and verbal ticks ( you cannot control it)
why do we react emotionally to things we consciously understand
due to the fact that the limbic system interacts with prefrontal areas we are consiously aware of the emotional richness of our lives
cranial meninges in order from superficial to deep
dura matter arachnoid matter and pia matter
what are stem cells are neuro cells made out of
ectoderm
cephalization
elaboration of the rostral/anterior portion of the central nervous system increase int eh nueron number in the head
limbic system
emotional brain section and also involved in olfaction and memory and it interacts with prefrontal areas complex network of tracts and nuclei incorporates portions of the cerebral lobes the basal nuclei and the diencephalon
what helps to form the tight junctions of the blood brain barrier
end feet of astrocytes help to form these tight juncitosn
what are the choroid plexuses covered by
ependymal cells
midbrain
extends from the pons to the diencephalon cerebral aqueduct found here has cerebral peduncles, pyramidal motor tract, and corpora quadrigemina
diencephalon
extends fromt eh brian stem to cerebellum surroudns the thrid ventricle
syncope
fainting due to inadequate cerebral blood flow due to low blood pressure causes are hemorrhage sudden emotional stress
habituation
filters out repetitive stimuli
why is rapid eye movement sleep important
for brain maturation gets rid of by products that accumulated through out the day
prosencphalon
forebrain
development of the spinal cord and brain
form from a neural tube
corpora quadrigemina
found in the midbrain situated posteriorly and contains 4 hills: superior colliculi and inferior colliculi
metencephalon adult neural canal regions
fourth ventricle
central sulcus
front vs. back of brain
five lobes of the brain
frontal parietal temporal occipital insula
medulla oblongata and fasciculi
gracile and cuneate fasciculi end in gracile and cuneate nuclei these fibers synapse with second order fibers that form the medial lemniscus
cerebral cortex structure
gyri and sulci
arachnoid matter
has cerebral spinal fluid has tinny little extensions
what do you need in the brain
have to have glucose and oxygen
function of basal nuceli
help initiate and terminate movements suppress unwanted movements regulate muscle tone
premotor cortex of cerebral cortex action
helps plan movements staging area for skilled motor sequences sequences basic movements into complex tasks playing music typing controls voluntary actions that depend on sensory feedback
cerebellar cortex
highly folded gray matter called folia increases surface area in the cerebellum
folia
highly folded gray matter in cerebellum
gyri
hills
caudal
hind
rhombencephalon
hindbrain
pia mater
hugs brain and spinal fluid it is very delicate
what controls the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
what is the master gland
hypothalamus
where do most dreams occur
in rapid eye movements
long term potentiation beginning
increase in synaptic strength for memory formation neuronal RNA content is altered newly synthesized mRNAs delivered to axons and dendrites dendritic spines change shape then unique extracellular proteins are deposits at synapses involved in long term memory
melatonin does what
induces sleep helps set circadian rhythms
hypothalamus
inferior to the thalamus consists of mammillary body (olfaction) median eminence infundibulum and a number of nuclei
trigeminal neuralgia aka tic douloureux
inflammation of CN V most excruciating pain known stabbing pain for few seconds minutes but occurs 100x a day provoked by sensory stimulus teeth brushing passing gas treatment analgesics surgery nerve destruction
what returns blood from the brain
inner jugular vein
internal white matter
inside and white matter
what does the somatosensory association cortex in the cerebral cortex do
integrates sensory info to produce an understanding of an object being felt it is why you can fish in your pocket without looking and know what each item is
what do connects with limbic system and other parts of the brain allow for
integration
association areas prefrontal cortex
intellect complex learning recall personality necessary for abstract ideas judgement reasoning per planning develops slowly in children
what does LSD do
interferes with sensory dampers so you do not get habituation leading to sensory overload so you notice everything
what carries the blood to the brain
internal carotid and vertebra arteries carry blood to the brian
what is caffeine
is an adenosine receptor antagonist
declarative memory
is fact
amygdala job in regards to memory
is responsible for emotions associated with some memories
learning
is the ability to retain and apply past memories
basal nuclei basic
islands of gray matter located deep within white matter
how much of the body weight is the brain and what amount of the blood does it take
it is 2% of the body weight and it takes 20% of the total blood supply
what does melanin do
it is a precursor to dopamine/ it makes dopamine
what happens to waste or uncessary solutes in the ventricles
it is absorbed back into the choroid plexus blood
how is the amount of sensory cortex devoted to the body region
it is based on that region's sensitivity not size
how is glucose supplied to thebrain
it is supplied by the blood
what does adenosine do
it makes us sleepy as it builds up through the day
purkinje cells
large neurons extensively branched dendrites the only cortical neurons that send axons through white matter to synapses with the central nuclei of the cerebellum
telencephalon adult neural canal region
lateral ventricles
what hemisphere controls the rights side of the body
left
pons
lie superiorly to the medulla anterior to the cerebellum acts a as bridge that connects different parts of the brain consists of nuclei sensory tracts and motor tracts has cerebellar peduncles too
stage 2 of non-rapid eye movement sleep
light sleep dream fragmetned
cerebrum motor and sensory functions locations
localized in discrete areas- domains
olfactory cortex of cerebral cortex
located at piriform lobe within temporal lobe afferent fibers from nasal cavities send impulses along olfactory tracts to brain
cerebral cortex motor area is what part of the brain
located in posterior part of frontal lobes front part
cerebellar peduncles
located on posterior side connect cerebellum to pons and midbrain
superior colliculi
looks like eyes so vision it control vision found in the midbrain
medulla oblongota
lowest part of brainstem white matter contains all sensory ascending tracts and motor descending tracts between the spinal cord and the rest o the brain it has pyramids
somatotophy
mapping of the body in CNS
where is the 4th ventricle found
medulla oblongota
long term memory storage
memories are stored in bits and pieces in association areas
temporal lobe is where what is stored
memories of sounds stored for reference
mesencephalon
midbrain
parts of the brain stem in order from superior to anterior
midbrain then pons then medualla
absence (petit mal) seizures
midl form blank expression for seconds until consciousness disappears typically seen in young children
trigeminal V nerve
mixed nerve three branches: ophthalmic maxillary and mandibular deal with sensation of touch pain and temperature motor axons supply muscles of masticaiton
glossopharyngeal nerve IX
mixed nerve sensory axons carry signals from the taste buds of the posterior one-third of the tongue motor neurons arise from the medulla and deal with swallowing and the release of saliva
vagus nerve X
mixed nerve sensory neurons deal with a variety of sensations such a as proprioception and stretching most motor fibers are parasympathetic effectors \distributed from the head and neck into the thorax and abdomen motor neurons arise from the medulla and supply muscles of the pharynx larynx and soft palate that are involved in swallowing and vocalization
facial nerve VII
mixed nerve sensory portion extends form the taste buds of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue motor portion arises from the pons innervates muscles of facial expressions
stage 3 of non rapid eye movement sleep
moderately deep sleep
calcium influx activates enzymes in memory which
modify proteins in postsynaptic terminal and presynaptic terminal via retrograde transmission genes activated to stimulate synthesis of synaptic protein via CREB ( cAMP response element binding protein) creates more NMDA
tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures
most severe convulsive seizure can break bones loss of consciousness and bowel/ bladder control lasts for minutes before muscles relax
rapid eye movement sleep
most skeletal muscle inhibited vital signs and O2 consumption higher than when awake dreaming
what does the substantia nigra do
motor center relays inhibitory signals to the thalamus and basla nuclei (putamen) prevents unwanted body movements
trochlear nerver IV
motor nerve origin midbrain controls movements of the eye ball
abducens VI nerve
motor nerve origin pons cause abduction of eyeball/lateral rotation
oculomotor nerve III
motor nerve originates in midbrain supply extrinsic eye muscles to control movements of the eyeball and upper eyelid
3 types of functional areas of cerebrm
motor sensory associaiton
broca's area action
motor speech area directs muscles involved in speech production
choroid plexuses
network of capillaries in the walls of the ventricles and ion content is carefully monitored
interruption in oxygen for 1-2 minutes
neuronal function imparied
are the 2 hemispheres of the brain symmetrical in function
no
does the brain store glucose
no
where do most nightmares and night terrors occur
non rapid eye movement stages 3-4
two types of sleep
non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM)
right hemisphere for most people
nonverbal visual spatial intuitive creative very global
what does the medulla oblongata do
nuclei that regulate vital body functions of cardiac center vasomotor center respiratory centers vomiting center deglutition center sneezing coughing and hiccupping
what do presynaptic terminals do and can they increase in number or/and in size
number and size of presynaptic terminals may increase release more neurotransmitters
circulation of cerebral spinal fluid for homeostasis
nutrient wast exchange
what happens if person has lesions in the prefrontal cortex
oblivious to social restraints careless with personal appearance loss of judgment attentiveness inhibitions
cerebral cortex visual areas
occipital lobe primary visual cortex and visual association area
focculonodular lobe
one of the lobes of the cerebellum equilibrium and balance
where are broca's and wernicke's area located for 90% of people
only in the left hemisphere
contralateral
oppostie
cerebral cortex
outer region and gray matter
loss of neurons here is associated with what
parkinsons diseases patients with Parkinson disease substanta nigra is lighter because they have less dopamine and it fix this they are given edopa which can travel across the blood brain barrier and then turn into dopamine
brain stem
part of the brain between the spinal cord and the diencephalon has the midbrain the pons and medulla and reticular formation
red nucleus
part of the mid brain help controls voluntary movements of the limbs embedded in reticular formation
substantia nigra
part of the midbrain large dark area
psychosomatic illness
passes through hypothalamus along with automatic nervous system information mental illness think of kendall and her hip
huntingtons chorea
patients are unable to restrain movements autosomal dominate cell death in striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen )
sleep cycles
people goes from stages 1-4 in less than an hour during a 7-8 hour sleep period there are 3-5 episodes of rapid eye movement sleep
gustatory cortex of cerebral cortex
perceive taste stimuli
dura matter layers
periosteal layer then meningeal layer
interruption for 4 or more minutes of oxygen
permanent injury
contralateral neglect syndrome
persons with lesions in the association areas of parietal and temporal assosiation areas of the cerebral cortex may refuse to wash or dress the side of the body opposite the lesion because that does not belong to me
what does the choroid plexuses do
plasma is drawn from the choroid plexuses through ependymal cells (regulates the ion content and does into allow all ions in) into the ventricles to produce cerebral spinal fluid
middle cerebellar peduncles
pons to cerebellum voluntary motor movements form motor cortex
sensory somatosensory cortex in Cerebral Cortex
postcentral gyrus
postcentral gyrus
posterior side information from sensory information is sent here neurons here receive info from somatic skin sensory receptors and proprioceptors
sensory areas somatosensory association cortex of the cerebral cortex
posterior to primary somatosensory cortex where post central gyrus is
primary motor cortex of cerebral cortex other name
pre central gyrus
cerebral cortex association areas
prefrontal cortex parietal association area temporal area
broca's area location
present in one hemisphere only
hypoglossal nerve XII
primarily motor conduct nerve impulses for speech and swallowing
accessory nerve XI
primary motor nerve emerges from the spinal cord enters skull through foramen magnum supplies sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles to coordinate head movemtns
sensory areas of cerebral cortex
primary somatosensory cortex somatosensory association cortex visual areas auditory area vestibular area olfactory cortex gustatory complex visceral sensory area
non declarative memory
procedural/skills memory motor memory emotional memory
meninges
protective coverings
blood brain barrier
protects brain from harmful substances consists of tight junctions that seal together endothelial cells of blood vessels
chemical protection of cerebral spinal fluid for homeostasis
provides a good environment for neuronal signaling
trochlear meaning
pulley
what does the hippocampus do in regards to memory
pulls the bits and pieces of the memories all together to allows us to recall them all as a single event
striatum
putamen and caudate nucleus
lentiform nucleus
putamen and globus pallidus
association area of the cerebrum
puts things together
primary motor cortex of cerebral cortex fucniton
pyramidal cells allows us to consciously and precisely control skeletal muscle movements body is represented spatially in the primary motor cortex of the hemisphere contralateral control somatotopy and motor homunculus
long axons are what
pyramidal/corticospinal tract
multimodal association areas of cerebral cortex
receives input from multiple sense and send outputs to multiple areas allow us to give meaning to the info we receive store it in memory decide what action to take place where sensation thoughts and motions become conscious helps us decide what to do
parietal and temporal association area of cerebral cortex job
recognize patterns faces awareness of self and surroundings in space understanding written and spoken language
ischemia
reduced blood flow usually blood clot
long term memory
retained for along period perhaps for life short-term memory can be transferred to long term memory
short term memory
retained for short periods of time like a telephone number you lookup
primary visual cortex
revcieves visual info from retina
motor memory
riding a bike
what hemisphere controls the left side of the body
right
cerebral hemispheres
right and left haves
how are memories strengthened
same set of neurons are stimulated over and over again when you recall the memory which causes the synapse to be stronger
cerebrum
seat of intelligence conscious mind
vestibulocochlear nerve VIII
sensory cranial nerve ( limited motor function)origin inner ear vestibular branch carries impulses for equilibrium cochlear branch carries impulses for hearing
aura
sensory hallucination just before seizures beging
creation of new memories happens how
sensory input processed in associated cortices then cortical neurons send impulses to hippocampus and associated structures (medial temporal lobe) then prefrontal cortex and media temporal lobe receive input form ACh-releasing neurons then memories retrieved when the same set of neurons involved in forming a memory are stimulated
optic nerve II
sensory nerve ganglion cells in the retina of each eye join to form an optic nerve nerve of vison
olfactory nerve I
sensory nerve sense of smell olfactory cells converge to become olfactory nerve
information flow in cerebral cortex
sensory receptors to primary sensory cortex to sensory association cortex to multimodal association cortex
what does each hemisphere deal with
sensory/motor function of contralateral side of body
dura matter falx cerebelli
separates 2 cerebellar hemispheres
dura matter falx cerebri
separates 2 cerebral hemispheres
longitudinal fissure
separates cerebrum into right and left halves
tentorium cerebelli
separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
what separates the lateral ventricles
septum pellucidum
coma
significant unresponsiveness for an extended period not deep sleep oxygen uses is much lower due to cerebral or brain stem trauma brains stem tumors or infection metabolic distubances (example hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)) drug overdoes liver (gets things out) or kidney (filters out toxins) failure
motor homunculus
size of the body part reflects the amount of cerebral cortex devoted to that body part
the homunculus of the sensory regions
size of the body part reflects the amount of cerebral cortex devoted to that body part
what inhibits the reticular acting system
sleep centers, depressed by alcohol, sleep-inducing drugs and tranquilizers
delta waves
slepe waves
pineal gland/ epithalamus
small region superior to the thalamus it sends and sometimes produces the hormones secretes melatonin
what happens if you have injury to the somatosensory association cortex of the cerebral cortex
someone with damage to this area would not recognize the object without looking at them
higher mental functions of cerebrum location
spread over large area
what produces melatonin
suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
deglutition
swallowing
laceration
tear of the brain usually due to skull fracture or gunshot wound cerebral hematoma results edema increased intracranial pressure swelling causes headaches possible tissue death fatal if brain herniates through foramen magnum
auditory area of the cerebral cortex
temporal lobe wernicke's area
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
temporary reversible ischemia numbness paralysis impaired speech lasts for 5 to 50 minutes
what is the diencephalon made up of
thalamus hypothalamus and epithalamus/pineal gland
memory
the ability to hold on to or recall a piece of information
what connects the 4th ventricle and its cerebral spinal fluid
the cerebral aqueduct that is formed in the third ventricle the cerebral spinal fluid is connected with cerebral spinal fluid in subarachnoid space via lateral 2 and 1 apertures
occipital lobe is what
the largest cortical sensory area
what does the caudal end of the neural tube become
the spinal cord
structure of ventricles
they are filled with cerebral spinal fluid and lined with ependymal cells
where do the signals come from in the somatosensory association cortex of the cerebral cortex
they come from the post central gyrus
what does the post central gyrus do
they receive info from somatic skin sensory receptors and proprioceptors and use this info to identify the stimulated body region it is contralateral
diencephalon adult neural canal region
third ventricle
basal nuclei
three nuclei deep within each cerebral hemisphere consists of globus pallidus putamen caudate nucleus
where does cerebral spinal fluid circulate
through ventricles spinal cord (central canal) and subarachnoid space
rostral
towards nose
arbor vitae
tracts of white matter in the cerebellum
non-rapid eye movement sleep stage 1
transition between wakefulness and sleep lasts 1-7 minutes muscles are not paraysed
theta waves
uncommon in awake adults emotional stress
spatial discrimination
use this info to identify the stimulated body region this is done by the post central gyrus
visual association area
uses past experiences to interpret stimuli
sulci
valley
left hemisphere for most people
verbal logical analytical rational very specific
vagus means what
wandering
what can easily cross blood brain barrier and diffuse into brain tissue
water glucose CO2 alchol most anesthetics e
are the 2 hemispheres of the brain symmetrical in nature
yes
do the layers of meninges have space in between them
yes
is the dura matter tough
yes
what happens through your sleep at night
you go up and down as tim e progresses you do not sleep as deeply
cerebral spinal fluid circulation
1) cerebral spinal fluid is secreted from the choroid plexus into each lateral ventricle 2) cerebral spinal fluid flows through intervertebral foramina into third ventricle 3) choroid plexus in third ventricle adds more cerebral spinal fluid 4) cerebral spinal fluid flows down cerebral aqueduct to fourth ventricle 5) choroid plexus in fourth ventricle adds more cerebral spinal fluid 6) cerebral spinal fluid flows out two lateral apertures and one medial apertures 7) cerebral spinal fluid fills subarachnoid space and bathes external surfaces of the brain and spinal cord 8) at the arachnoid vili csf is reabsorbed into venous blood of dural venous sinuses
cranial nerves amount
12 pairs of sensory motor and mixed nerves named as well as roman numeric numbers to identify nerves
how much of the pyramidal tract fibers does the premotor cortex supply
15%
how many ventricles are there
4
decussation of pyramids
90% of axons in the pyramids cross over to the other side (each of the brain controls voluntary movement on the opposite side of the body) this is why you have contralateral output
metencephalon
Brain stem pons and cerebellum
what cranial nerves are in the pons
CN V-VII
do the right and left cerebral hemispheres have different or same functions related to language and speech
DIFFERENT
treatment of parkinson disease
L-dopa but becomes ineffective as degeneration progresses
brain
LOOK AT PICTURES OF BRAIN
right side of cerebellum triggers what side of the body
RIGHT due to ipsilateral fibers
