Anatomy Chapter 3: The Cellular Level of Organization

There are two types of proteins commonly associated with the cell membrane. Name them and what they are.

1. Integral proteins: a protein embedded in the membrane 2. Peripheral proteins: typically found on the inner or outer surface of the lipid bilayer, but can also be attached to the surface of an integral protein

What are the 3 protein based filaments that the cytoskeleton is made up of?

1. microfilaments 2. intermediate filaments 3. microtubules

What multipotent stem cells from children are sometimes banked by parents? A. cells from the umbilical cord and from baby teeth B. fetal stem cells C. embryonic stem cells D. hematopoietic stem cells from red and white blood cells

A

What is a polyribosome?

A cluster of ribosomes translating the same mRNA, but positioned at different sites along the mRNA

Describe the Golgi Apparatus and its function

A group of fluid-filled membrane-bound flattened sacs. Vesicles are often seen at the edges of the sacs. Has a cis and trans face. It is responsible for sorting, modifying, and shipping off the products that come from the RER.

The nucleus and mitochondria share which of the following features? A. the synthesis of ribosomes B. a double cell membrane C. protein-lined membrane pores D. the production of cellular energy

B

What happens to the small and large ribosomal subunits at the end of translation? (a) They separate to form DNA (b) They separate and move and are free to join translation of other segments of mRNA. (c) They stay together to form amino acids. (d) The stay together to form larger molecules

B

Ion pumps and phagocytosis are both examples of ________. A. endocytosis B. passive transport C. active transport D. facilitated transport

C

Describe the RER

Covered in ribosomes (the site of protein synthesis) and its main function is the synthesis and modification of proteins destined for the cell membrane or export from the cell

Describe intermediate filaments

Cytoskeletal element specialized for bearing tension. Made up of keratin

Arrange the following terms in order of increasing specialization: oligopotency, pleuripotency, unipotency, multipotency. A. multipotency, pleuripotency, oligopotency, unipotency B. pleuripotency, oligopotency, multipotency unipotency C. oligopotency, pleuripotency, unipotency, multipotency D.pleuripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, unipotency

D

Place the following structures in order from least to most complex organization: chromatin, nucleosome, DNA, chromosome A. DNA, chromatin, nucleosome, chromosome B. nucleosome, chromatin, DNA, chromosome C. nucleosome, DNA, chromosome, chromatin D. DNA, nucleosome, chromatin, chromosome

D

Which of the following is a feature common to all three components of the cytoskeleton? A. They all serve to scaffold the organelles within the cell. B. They all help the cell resist compression and tension. C. They are all characterized by roughly the same diameter. D. They are all polymers of protein subunits.

D

Organelles of the endomembrane system include:

ER, Golgi, Lysosomes (Vesicles)

Every type of cell goes through Mitosis? T or F

FALSE

What is intersitial fluid?

Interstitial fluid is the fluid between cells inside tissues; it makes up part of extracellular fluid. Not contained with blood vessels

Describe the endoplasmic reticulum

It is a system of channels that is continuous with the nuclear membrane covering the nucleus. It helps transport, synthesize, and store materials

There is typically a lower concentration of O2 or CO2 inside the cell?

O2 and vice versa for outside of the cell

What is the glycocalyx?

Portion of glycolipids and glycoproteins form an extensive sugary coat called glycolayx. Act like a molecular signal that enables cells to recognize on another and binding

During what phase of the cell cycle is the DNA replicated?

S phase

What are totipotent cells?

Stem cells in an early embryo that have the potential to become any cell type. They can differentiate into any cell needed for an organism to grow

What is a proteome?

The full range of proteins produced by the genome

What is facilitated diffusion?

The passive movement of a particle across a cell membrane via a channel protein. Does not require ATP

Describe microtubules

The thickest filament in the cytoskeleton. Helps maintain cell shape and structure and resists compression. It is made up of tubulin. these filaments also make up cilia and flagella

The primary mechanism by which genes are turned on or off is by ??

Transcription factors

What is function of the cytoskeleton?

a network of fiberous proteins extending throughout the cytoplasm that provide structural support for cells as well as useful for cell motility, reproduction and transportation.

What is exocytosis?

a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

What is a nucleosome?

a single-wrapped DNA histone complex

Describe lysosomes and their function

an organelle that contains enzymes that breakdown unneeded cell materials. Also break down foreign materials. (Autophagy and autolysis)

What are antiporters?

carry 2 substances across the membrane in opposite directions. Secondary active transport (Sodium-hydrogen antiporter)

Name two other types of integral proteins

channel and recognition proteins

Describe the SER

lacks ribosomes. Main function is the synthesis of lipids, especially phospholipids and steroid hormones. Also regulates and sequesters Ca2+. Can metabolize carbs and detoxes the cell

To whom does the DNA give instructions to build a protein?

mRNA

What are the two organelles used for energy production and detox?

mitochondria and Peroxisomes

What are symporters?

move two or more ions or molecules in the same direction across the membrane. This is secondary active transport

The cell membrane consists of two adjacent layers of ________?

phospholipids

What is endocytosis?

process of a cell ingesting material by enveloping in a portion of its membrane

What is cyclin?

protein that regulates the cell cycle

What is a glycoprotein?

protein with carbohydrate attached. the carb helps aid cell recognition

What is the nucleolus' function?

region of the nucleus that produces the RNA needed for constructing ribosomes

What does splicing do?

removes non-coding regions of pre-mRNA and is done through spliceosomes intron = non coding exon = coding

Describe Peroxisomes and their function

similar to lysosomes in that they are membrane bound organelles that contain mostly enzymes. They function in lipid metabolism and chemical detox. They serve to transfer hydrogen from various molecules to oxygen which produced hydrogen peroxide and neutralized poisons

What materials can move through the lipid bilayer?

small nonpolar materials (O2, other lipids, CO2, etc)

What are pluripotent stem cells?

stem cells with the ability to differentiate to many, but not all tissues types. They develop from totipotent cells and can differentiate into any type of human tissue. Next are mutlipotent then oligopotent and unipotent cells

What is phagocytosis?

the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans. This is endocytosis

Describe microfilaments

thinner filaments within the cytoskeleton that are made up of actin

What is a STEM cell?

unspecialized cell that can divide without limit as needed