Anatomy Chapter 5 part 2

When the arrector pili muscles contract, "goose bumps" are formed. sweat is released from sweat glands. the skin changes color. hairs are shed. shivering occurs.

"goose bumps" are formed

Why does hair turn white or gray with age? The hair is no longer producing carotene. The epidermis is dividing faster, making the hair white or gray. Sebaceous gland activity increases, making the hair well lubricated during growth and turning it white or gray. The melanocyte activity declines, making the hair white or gray. The keratinocytes have been damaged.

The melanocyte activity declines, making the hair white or gray.

Define hyponychium. An area of epidermis that is covered by the nail. The thickened stratum corneum underlying the free edge of the nail. A portion of the stratum corneum of the nail root that extends over the exposed nail. An epidermal fold not visible from the surface where nail production occurs. The visible portion of the nail.

The thickened stratum corneum underlying the free edge of the nail.

Why does the free edge of a nail appear white? The keratinocytes have been damaged as the nail grew out. The epidermis is dividing faster there than at the root. The melanocytes are no longer living in the nail. The nail is dryer and more brittle there than at the root. There are no underlying blood vessels.

There are no underlying blood vessels.

________ are fine hairs that lack pigment and cover much of the body surface. Terminal hairs Follicular hairs Velvet hairs Vellus hairs

Vellus hairs

The effects of aging on the skin include an increased number of sweat glands. thickening of the epidermis. a decline in the activity of sebaceous glands. an increased blood supply to the dermis. increased production of vitamin D.

a decline in the activity of sebaceous glands.

A thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called a scab. a clot. a keloid. a lesion. granulation tissue.

a keloid

A fibrin clot that is formed over a skin wound is called a clot. granulation tissue. a keloid. a lesion. a scab.

a scab

Rickets can be prevented by adequate sunlight. dietary intake of cholecalciferol. dietary intake of cholecalciferol and avoiding sunlight. adequate sunlight and dietary intake of cholecalciferol. avoiding sunlight.

adequeate sunlight and dietary intake of cholecalciferol

The ________ glands in the axilla become active at the time of puberty. axillary sebaceous merocrine sweat ceruminous apocrine sweat

apocrine sweat

Deodorants are used to mask the effects of secretions from which type of skin gland? apocrine sweat glands eccrine sweat glands mucous glands merocrine sweat glands sebaceous glands

apocrine sweat glands

From what structure does merocrine secretion occur? apocrine sweat gland eccrine sweat gland mammary gland ceruminous gland sebaceous gland

eccrine sweat gland

The repair of the epidermis after a wound begins as basal cells produce new collagen fibers. epidermal cells. dense connective tissue. elastic fibers. reticular fibers.

epidermal cells

At the base of a nail, keratinized skin called the cuticle is also called the cerumen. phalanx. lunula. hyponychium. eponychium.

eponychium

Vitamin D3 formed within the skin has all of these effects on other organ systems except that it is essential for bone maintenance. is essential for bone growth. functions in the activation of plasma cells by the lymphatic system. is essential for absorption of calcium and phosphorus by the digestive system. functions as a precursor for the hormone calcitriol in the endocrine system.

functions in the activation of plasma cells by the lymphatic system.

The combination of fibrin clot, fibroblasts, and extensive capillary network that is formed in injured skin is called granulation tissue. a scab. a lesion. a clot. a keloid.

granulation tissue

List some hormones that are necessary for maintaining a healthy integument. ADH, oxytocin, and prolactin aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide, insulin, and glucagon sex hormones, mineralocorticoids, gonadocorticoids, and calcitonin growth hormone, sex hormones, growth factors, glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormones growth hormone, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and melatonin

growth hormone, sex hormones, growth factors, glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormones

Which of the following is not an effect of ultraviolet radiation? increased activity by melanocytes wrinkles production of cholecalciferol within epidermal cells chromosomal damage in basal cells or melanocytes hair growth

hair growth

Describe the secretory method and functions of sebum. apocrine; sebum lubricates hair and skin, protects the keratin of the hair shaft, and inhibits bacterial growth endocrine; sebum is important in thermoregulation and excretion of wastes holocrine; sebum lubricates hair and skin, protects the keratin of the hair shaft, and inhibits bacterial growth merocrine; sebum lubricates hair and skin, protects the keratin of the hair shaft, and inhibits bacterial growth merocrine; sebum is important in thermoregulation and excretion of wastes

holocrine; sebum lubricates hair and skin, protects the keratin of the hair shaft, and inhibits bacterial growth

Identify the first stage in skin repair. scarring keloid formation proliferation inflammation migration

inflammation

Dandruff is a disorder that results in dry skin flakes forming in the scalp. A common cause of dandruff could be inactive apocrine sweat glands. inactive merocrine sweat glands. overactive arrector pili muscles. lack of lamellated corpuscles. inflammation around sebaceous glands.

inflammation around sebaceous gland

Scar tissue is the result of a lack of sebaceous glands in the injured area. a thickened stratum basale in the area of the injury. increased numbers of fibroblasts in the injured area. large numbers of collagen fibers and relatively few blood vessels in the injured area. increased numbers of epidermal layers in the area of the injury.

large numbers of collagen fibers and relatively few blood vessels in the injured area.

Wrinkles in elderly individuals are the result of increased keratinization of the epidermis. the loss of glands and hair follicles from the skin. increased production of epidermis. loss of elastic filaments in the reticular layer of the dermis. decreased thickness of the dermis.

loss of elastic filaments in the reticular layer of the dermis.

Milk is produced by ________ glands. mammary ceruminous eccrine sweat merocrine sweat sebaceous

mammary

Perspiration is produced by ________ glands. merocrine sweat ceruminous sebaceous mammary holocrine sweat

merocrine sweat

Name the type of cell that assists the discharge of merocrine secretions, and list the glands in which such cells are present. arrector pili cell; apocrine and eccrine sweat glands myoepithelial cell; apocrine and eccrine sweat glands myoepithelial cell; apocrine and eccrine sweat glands, mammary glands, lacrimal glands, and salivary glands arrector pili cell; apocrine and eccrine sweat glands, mammary glands, lacrimal glands, and salivary glands goblet cell; apocrine and eccrine sweat glands

myoepithelial cell; apocrine and eccrine sweat glands, mammary glands, lacrimal glands, and salivary glands

The highest concentration of merocrine sweat glands is found on the palms of the hands. on the upper back. on the chest surrounding the genitals. in the axillae.

on the palms of the hand

All of the following are true of perspiration produced by merocrine sweat glands except that it contains electrolytes and waste products. helps cool the body when it evaporates. produces the body odor characteristic of "sweating." helps prevent bacteria from colonizing the skin. is very watery.

produces the body odor characteristic of "sweating."

Nail production occurs at the nail root. cuticle. bed. body. hyponychium.

root

Each of the following statements concerning hair is true except terminal hairs are heavy and more darkly pigmented than other types of hair. the cortex of the hair is composed of hard keratin. scalp hairs grow constantly throughout life. the medulla is the soft core of the hair. club hair is hair that has ceased growing.

scalp hairs grow constantly throughout life.

Which of the following is a holocrine exocrine gland? ceruminous merocrine apocrine mammary sebaceous

sebaceous

Merocrine sweat glands are compound alveolar glands. increase in number and activity with aging. produce organic secretions that are metabolized by bacteria to produce body odor. secrete a watery fluid directly onto the surface of the skin. primarily function in lubricating the hairs.

secrete a watery fluid directly onto the surface of the skin.

The substance called sebum is commonly known as regular sweat. milk. odiferous sweat. skin oil. earwax.

skin oil

Skin can regenerate effectively even after considerable damage has occurred because cells of the stratum basale cannot migrate to other positions in the skin. stem cells persist in both epithelial and connective-tissue components of the skin even after injury. fibroblasts in the dermis can give rise to new germinal cells in the epidermis. the epidermis of the skin has a rich supply of small blood vessels. contraction in the area of the injury brings cells of adjacent strata together.

stem cells persist in both epithelial and connective-tissue components of the skin even after injury.

Epidermal growth factor exerts all of the following effects on the epidermis except stimulating melanin production. stimulating keratin synthesis. accelerating tissue repair. promoting cell division. speeding up glandular function.

stimulating melanin production

If the papilla of a hair follicle is destroyed, the follicle will lose its blood supply. the texture of the hair will become coarser. hair production will not be affected. the hair produced by the follicle will change from terminal to vellus. the color of the hair will become lighter.

the follicle will lose its blood supply.

All of the following are correct regarding hair growth cycle except that the hair becomes club hair during regression phase. a hair in the scalp grows for 2 — 5 years. a healthy adult with full head of hair may lose up to 100 hairs each day. during the active phase, the hair grows continuously. club hair is shed during follicle reactivation.

the hair becomes club hair during regression phase.

The following are stages in the regeneration of skin following an injury. 1. blood clot/scab formation 2. cellular migration 3. epidermis covers granulation tissue 4. epidermis covers scar tissue Which of the following places the steps in the correct order? 4, 3, 1, 2 4, 3, 2, 1 2, 4, 1, 3 1, 2, 3, 4 3, 4, 1, 2

1, 2, 3, 4

Describe a typical strand of hair. A small connective tissue peg filled with blood vessels and nerves. A bundle of smooth muscles attached to a hair follicle. A layer of epithelial cells surrounding a deep layer of connective tissue. Many layers of dead, tightly compressed cells arranged in 5 stratum layers. A keratinous strand produced by basal cells within a hair follicle.

A keratinous strand produced by basal cells within a hair follicle.

Granulation tissue is composed of fibroblasts. clotted blood. an extensive capillary network. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Why would an elderly person be more prone to skin infections than a younger person? There are fewer dendritic cells in the skin of the elderly. Skin repairs take longer in the elderly. The epidermis is thinner in the elderly. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Where does nail production occur? At the nail root At the cuticle At the hyponychium At the eponychium At the lunula

At the nail root

Vitamin ________ is formed in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight. A B C D E

D

What are epidermal derivatives? Epidermal derivatives are accessory structures that originate from the epidermis during embryonic development, including hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands, and nails. Epidermal derivatives are the different cell types found in the epidermis, including epithelial cells and melanocytes. Epidermal derivatives are pigment molecules produced by the epidermis, including carotene and melanin. Epidermal derivatives are chemicals produced by the epidermis, such as heparin and prostaglandins. Epidermal derivatives are secretions produced by the epidermis, including sweat and sebum.

Epidermal derivatives are accessory structures that originate from the epidermis during embryonic development, including hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands, and nails.

In a penetrating wound, ________ divide to produce mobile cells that repair the dermis. macrophages muscle cells granulation cells fibroblasts dendritic cells

Fibroblasts

Describe granulation tissue. Granulation tissue is a raised, thickened mass of scar tissue. Granulation tissue is a combination of blood clots, fibroblasts, and capillaries in healing tissue. Granulation tissue is thick, non-elastic tissue dominated by collagen fibers. Granulation tissue is newly formed epithelial tissue. Granulation tissue is all three layers of the integument forming, subcutaneous, dermis, and epidermis.

Granulation tissue is a combination of blood clots, fibroblasts, and capillaries in healing tissue

________ is a small connective tissue peg that contains nerve endings and blood vessels. Hair matrix Hair papilla Hair bulb Hair cuticle Hair medulla

Hair papilla

________ sweat glands are widely distributed across the body surface, ________ glands are located wherever hair follicles exist, and ________ sweat glands are found only in a few areas. Apocrine; merocrine; sebaceous Sebaceous; merocrine; apocrine Merocrine; apocrine; sebaceous Apocrine; sebaceous; merocrine Merocrine; sebaceous; apocrine

Merocrine; sebaceous; apocrine

The nail body covers the nail root. hyponychium. nail bed. free edge. lunula.

Nail bed

Which exocrine glands are in the integument? Mucous glands and sweat glands Mucous glands and sebaceous glands Mammary glands and salivary glands Sweat glands and sebaceous glands Sweat glands and salivary glands

Sweat glands and sebaceous

Identify and describe the general functions of the exocrine glands found in the skin. Sweat glands and salivary glands; the glands help with thermoregulation and dissolve particles on the skin. Mucous glands and sebaceous glands; the glands help lubricate hairs and epidermis and provide waterproofing. Sweat glands and sebaceous glands; the glands help with thermoregulation, excrete wastes, and lubricate hairs and the epidermis. Mucous glands and sweat glands; the glands excrete wastes and provide waterproofing. Mammary glands and salivary glands; the glands help with reducing bacterial colonization and dissolve particles on the skin.

Sweat glands and sebaceous glands; the glands help with thermoregulation, excrete wastes, and lubricate hairs and the epidermis.

________ hairs are coarse pigmented hairs. Dense Follicular Keratinous Terminal Vellus

Terminal

What happens when an arrector pili muscle contracts? The hair grows approximately 0.33mm. The sebaceous gland secretes oil onto the surface of the hair. The hair falls out of the hair bulb. The sweat gland secretes sweat out of the pores next to the hair. The hair follicle becomes erect, producing "goose bumps."

The hair follicle becomes erect, producing "goose bumps."