Anatomy Connect Ch. 3

Which membrane transport process consumes ATP and uses a carrier?

Active

Water molecules can form a loosely reversible relationship with a solute particle by assembling into what?

An osmotic particle

Which structure anchors a cilium to the cell?

Basal body

What are glycoprotein compounds on the cell surface that allow the body to distinguish the body's cells from foreign cells called?

Cell-identity markers

Water and electrolytes can cross a cell membrane through which of the following?

Channels

Bind odor molecules in the nose, form part of the light-detecting cells of retina, and propel mucus within the upper respiratory tract

Cilia

Found on the surface of the epithelial cells within the respiratory tract, uterine tubes, testes, and ventricles of the brain, aid in moving fluids or cells through these structures

Cilia

Cells that line the intestine are taller than they are wide and therefore described as what?

Columnar

Robert Hooke coined the term "cellulae" after viewing what material under his microscope?

Cork

_______ is formed from ATP and is the most common second messenger

Cyclic AMP

Cells that are ovoid and flat described as what

Discoid

The TEM uses a beam of what instead of light to see the cell's untrastructure?

Electrons

Which are types of vesicular transport

Endocytosis and exocytosis

What is the fluid located between the cells called?

Extracellular fluid

True or false: Facilitated diffusion is an active process that uses cellular energy to move substances against the concentration gradient?

False

True or false: Robert Hooke studied animal tissue and concluded that all animals are made of cells

False

Cell receptors are sometimes linked to which type of intracellular peripheral protein?

G

Which cellular structure is critical for identifying your body's own healthy cells from transplanted tissue?

Glycocalyx

Which pressure allows for the filtration of fluid from blood vessels into the extracellular fluid?

Hydrostatic pressure

A cell placed into which solution will lose water by osmosis?

Hypertonic

When cells are placed in which solution, there is no change in cell volume or shape?

Isotonic

As the molecular weight of a substance increases, what happens to its diffusion rate?

It decreases

As a membrane surface area increases, what happens to it's diffusion rate?

It increases

A second messenger ultimately might activate an enzyme that adds a phosphate to yet another cellular enzyme. What is this enzyme that causes phosphorylation of others called?

Kinase

What is the most useful unit of measurement of cell size?

Micrometer

Larger molecules diffuse through the cell membrane _______ than smaller molecules

More slowly

What are the longest human cells

Nerve and muscle

At tissue capillary beds, fluid leaves the capillaries by filtration while it moves back into the capillaries by which process?

Osmosis

What is the diffusion of water down its concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane called?

Osmosis

Which membrane protein is NOT integral to the plasma membrane and is often attached to the cytockeleton

Peripheral

What drives filtration through a membrane

Physical pressure

The plasma membrane is made up of phospholipids and _____?

Protein

When all carriers have bound ligand and no further ligand can be transported they are said to be what?

Saturated

What assures that the ECF concentration of sodium remains much higher than the ICF concentration?

Sodium-potassium pump

A carrier protein binds and transports only its particular ligand. What quality does this demonstrate?

Specificity

What are cells, like adipose cells, that are round in appearance described as?

Spheroidal

What are cells that are thin and flat, such as found in the walls of the alveoli of the lungs, called?

Squamous

Cells such as neurons have multiple cellular extensions. The shape of these cells is described as which of the following?

Stellate

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to view which of the following?

Surface features

As a solute concentration rises, its rate of transport through a membrane increases up to the point where all the carriers are saturated. This point of saturation is called what?

The transport maximum

What is a protein that extends through the cell membrane called?

Transmembrane

When all carriers are saturated, the transport of the molecule levels off at a rate called?

Transport maxium

True or false: Nearly every human cell has a single, non-motile primary cilium a few micrometers long

True

Primary active transport

a solute is moved UP its gradient using ATP

Reverse osmosis uses a mechanical pressure to drive water through a membrane ________ its concentration gradient

against

The movement of water in and out of the renal tubules can be increased or decreased. The tubular cells are able to do this, by changing the number of water channels, also called ______, in their membranes

aquaporin

The ______ is the structural basis for ciliary movement

axoneme

Amphipathic phospholipids arrange themselves into a(n) ____ bilayer to form the plasma membrane

bilayer

What is one function of the glycocalyx?

cell adhesion

Cytology is the scientific study of

cells

The type of carrier protein that moves 2 solutes, such as glucose and sodium, in the same direction across a membrane is a(n)

cotransport (symport)

If an antiport carrier moves solutes in opposite directions across a cell membrane without requiring energy, this is called _______

countertransport

The cell shape indicated by the pointer is

cuboidal

Red blood cells are examples of cells with a ____ shape

discoidal

Passive mechanisms of membrane transport

do not require ATP

The process of using a carrier to passively transport a solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient is known as ________ diffusion

facilitated

The greater/steeper the concentration gradient, the ________ the rate of diffusion.

faster

Smaller molecules diffuse _______ larger molecule

faster than

In blood capillaries, blood pressure forces fluid through gaps in the capillary wall in a process called

filtration

Coming from words that mean "sugar coat", the layer of carbohydrates coating a cell membrane is called the ________

glycocalyx

Most transmembrane proteins are ______

glycoproteins

The greaters the concentration of a non permeating solute present in a solution, the _________ the osmotic pressure of that solution.

higher

The physical force generated by a liquid, such as blood of tissue fluid, is known as _______ pressure

hydrostatic pressure

A _________ solution has a higher osmotic pressure than the intracellular fluid of cells and tends to cause the cells to undergo osmotic shrinkage

hypertonic

A _________ solution has a lower osmotic pressure than the intracellular fluid of the cell and tends to cause osmotic swelling and lysis of cells

hypotonic

Cells placed in a(n) _______ solution will swell and burst due to water moving into the cell.

hypotonic

Cells can ______ the rate of osmosis by installing more aquaporins.

increase

the rate of diffusion is increased by _______ the surface area of the cell membrane

increasing

Tissue fluid is also called

interstitial fluid

The fluid contained inside a cell is known as ________ fluid

intracellular

Squamous cells

line the esophagus

An example of cuboidal cells are

liver cells

Consider 2 solutions of different sodium concentrations separated by a selectively permeable membrane. the net movement of water across the membrane will be from the area of ________ sodium concentration to the area of ________ sodium concentration.

lower , higher

Extensions of the cell membrane that serve to increase surface area are called

microvilli

Example of stellate cells are

nerve cells

The _______ of a solution is the number of milliosmoles per liter of solution.

osmolarity

The movement of specifically water from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a semipermeable membrane is called:

osmosis

All cells trace their ancestry to what

other cells

The fluidity of the plasma membrane is primarily provided by the ___________

phospholipids

The majority of the plasma membrane can be described as a bilayer of ____ with associated proteins.

phospholipids

Examples of fusiform cells are

smooth muscle cells

Tonicity

the ability of a surrounding solution to cause osmosis, affecting volume and pressure in the cell

Why is it critical that the extracellular fluid have the same total concentration of non permeating solutes as the intracellular fluid?

to avoid changes in cell volume or pressure

The concentration of solutes in a cell affects the fluid volume and pressure within the cell. This is referred to as the ________ of the solution

tonicity

A carrier that transports only one type of solute at a time is called a(n)

uniport

A hydration sphere consists of a solute particle surrounded by ____

water

Mechanisms for moving substances across the plasma membrane that require the use of cellular ATP include ________

-Active transport -vesicular transport

Examples of passive transport include:

-Facilitated diffusion -Filtration -Passive diffusion -Osmosis

What are examples of channel proteins?

-Gate channels -Ligand-gated channels -Leak channels

Which molecules can readily diffuse through a cell membrane?

-Hydrophobic molecules -Lipid-soluble molecules -Nonpolar molecules

Which factors would increase the rate of diffusion

-Increased concentration difference -Decreased molecular weight of diffusing compound -Increased cell surface area

What cells have pseudopods

-Neutrophils -Macrophages -Blood platelets

What are the 3 mechanism of carrier-mediated transport?

-Primary active transport -Secondary active transport -Facilitated diffusion

What is a protein that participates in transmembrane transport called?

A carrier

What do voltage-gated ion channels open in response to?

A change in membrane potential

The binding of a molecule to a cell-surface receptor may result in the activation of another molecule within the cell which, in turn, causes an alteration in cell function. What is this molecule within the cell called?

A second messenger

In which process does a solute bind to a carrier in the plasma membrane that then changes shape and releases the solute to the other side of the membrane?

Carrier-mediated transport

What is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration called?

Diffusion

The heart generates pressure that drives fluid out of the capillaries and into the spaces between cells. What is the process called?

Capillary filtration

Movement of gas molecules (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the air in the lungs and the blood or between the blood and tissues is by which process?

Diffusion