Anatomy Exam 2

The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats. 22 to 24 16 to 20 12 to 18 4 to 6 10 to 12

12 to 18

Place the following steps of phagocytosis in the order that they occur: Endosome fuses with lysozome Dendritic cell engulfs Rhinovirus Epitopes are attached to MHC-II Digestion of the Rhinovirus MHC-II plus the attached epitope move to the outside of the dendritic cell 2,1,4,3,5 2,1,3,4,5 1,2,4,3,5 2,4,1,3,5

2,1,4,3,5

Correctly order the steps involved cellular immunity: The Tc recognizes the infected host cell The Tc interacts with epitope presented by MHC-I on the dendritic cell The Tc secretes perforin and granzyme, causing apoptosis The helper T cell activates the Tc cell 2,1,3,4 4,2,1,3 1,2,4,3 2,4,1,3

2,4,1,3

What is perforin? A) a protein produced by NK cells B) a type of antibody synthesized by B cells C) a toxin expressed by some pathogens that is capable of damaging healthy cells D) a destructive enzyme secreted by sebaceous glands E) a type of interferon

A) A protein produced by NK cells

Complement: A) is a system of circulating proteins that assists antibodies in the destruction of pathogens. B) is a specific defense. C) is a chemical messenger that coordinates the defenses against viral infections. D) involves the destruction of abnormal cells by NK cells in peripheral tissues.

A)is a system of circulating proteins that assists antibodies in the destruction of pathogens

An inflammatory response is triggered when A) blood flow to an area increases. B) mast cells release histamine and heparin. C) T cells release interferon. D) neutrophils phagocytize bacteria. E) red blood cells release pyrogens.

B) mast cells release histamine and heparin

Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as A) red pulp. B) white pulp. C) adenoids. D) lymph nodes. E) Peyer's patches.

B) white pulp

Which pair of molecules do NOT directly interact with one another? CD8 and MHC-I BCR and epitope BCR and TCR CD4 and MHC-II

BCR and TCR

Antigen presentation occurs when an antigen-glycoprotein complex capable of activating T cells appears in a plasma membrane. Place the steps in the correct order to outline how most body cells find and present antigens. the endoplasmic reticulum incorporates abnormal peptides as it synthesizes Class I MHC body cell becomes infected by a virus or bacterium class I MHC displays abnormal peptides on the plasma membrane the Golgi apparatus packages class I MHC into secretory vesicles body cell becomes infected by a virus or bacterium

Body cell becomes infected by a virus or bacterium abnormal peptides appear in the cytoplasm the endoplasmic reticulum incorporates abnormal peptides as it synthesizes class I MHC the Golgi apparatus packages class I MHC into secretory vesicles Class I MHC displays abnormal peptides on the plasma membrane

The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the complement protein binds to A) an antibody attached to an antigen. B) a plasma protein. C) a cell surface antigen. D) the plasma membrane of bacteria. E) the cell wall of bacteria.

A) an antibody attached to an antigen

A substance that provokes an immune response is called a(n) A) antigen. B) thymosin. C) irritant. D) complement. E) chemotoxin.

A) antigen

The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called A) diapedesis. B) involution. C) phagocytosis. D) chemotaxis. E) apoptosis.

A) diapedesis

Lymph nodes do all of the following except A) remove excess nutrients from the lymph. B) remove debris and pathogens from the lymph. C) monitor the contents of lymph. D) detect pathogens. E) produce antibodies.

A) remove excess nutrients from the lymph

T is to ________ as B is to ________. A) thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived B) non-thymus-dependent; bottom C) thyroid; bowel D) top; bottom E) None of the answers is correct.

A) thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived

The role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity is to activate T cells. process antigens. display antigen fragments. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

all of the answers are correct

What happens to a carbon dioxide molecule once it enters the bloodstream? It is converted to a molecule of carbonic acid, It binds to the protein portion of hemoglobin molecules within red blood cells It dissolves in plasma All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

all of the answers are correct

Breathing through the nose rather than the mouth is advantageous because air is humidified on inhalation. heat loss is reduced on exhalation. air is warmed on inhalation. water loss is reduced on exhalation. All of the answers are correct.

all of the answers are correct.

During swallowing, the epiglottis folds back over the glottis. solids and liquids are prevented from entering the respiratory tract. the larynx is elevated. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

all of the answers are correct.

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are allergies. signs of a weak system. the result of stress. autoimmune diseases. immunodeficiency diseases.

allergies

The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the falciform ligaments. bronchioles. alveoli. pleural spaces. terminal bronchioles.

alveoli

If the fluid bond between the parietal and visceral pleura is broken and the lung collapses, the resulting condition is termed emphysema. atelectasis. anaplasia. metaplasia. apnea.

atelectasis

The measure of how easily the lungs expand and contract is termed inflation index. compliance. rebound response. resistance. elasticity.

compliance

The conchae form part of the soft palate. provide an opening to paranasal sinuses. divide the nasal cavity into a right and a left side. provide an opening into the pharynx. create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.

create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus

Our bodily defenses can take advantage of the presence of viral hemagglutinins by Creating antigens to recognize and combat the hemagglutinins Creating white blood cells that seek out the hemagglutinins Creating an allergic reaction based on the hemagglutinins Creating complement proteins specific to antigens on the hemagglutinins

creating white blood cells that seek out the hamagglutinins

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells. cytotoxic T helper T B suppressor T plasma

cytotoxic T

Helper T cells do all of the following except destroy target cells using perforins. secrete cytokines to stimulate production of plasma cells. enhance cell-mediated immunity. activate sensitized B cells by costimulation. enhance antibody-mediated immunity.

destroy target cells using perforins

External respiration involves the binding of oxygen by hemoglobin. diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood. exchange of dissolved gases between the blood and the interstitial fluid. movement of air into and out of the lungs. utilization of oxygen by tissues to support metabolism.

diffusion of gasses between the alveoli and the circulating blood

Autoantibodies are important in tissue rejection reactions. the first step in immunological competence. produced during an allergic reaction. directed against the body's own antigens. produced by activated T cells.

directed against the body's own antigens

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. less than intrapulmonic pressure. greater than intraalveolar pressure. less than the pressure in the atmosphere. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the soft palate. internal nares. cribriform plate. pharyngeal septum. hard palate.

hard palate

The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their asymmetry. antigen specificity. light-chain variable segments. heavy-chain constant segments. both light-chain variable segments and heavy-chain constant segments.

heavy-chain constant segments

Cells that help regulate the antibody-mediated immune response are ________ cells. plasma NK helper T B cytotoxic T

helper T

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes the disease known as AIDS, selectively infects ________ cells. cytotoxic T suppressor T plasma B helper T

helper T

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of antibodies. helper T cells. antigens. plasma cells. macrophages.

helper T cells

What is the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response? Helper T cells phagocytize bacteria and viruses. Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells. Helper T cells produce and secrete antibodies. Helper T cells directly kill infected host cells.

helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells.

The ________ is a depression in the lung that allows attachment of the primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and other structures. hilum cardiac notch base root apex

hilum

The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as hypoventilation. hypoxia. anoxia. hypercapnia. hyperoxia.

hypoxia

Which statement best expresses Boyle's Law? If the volume of a gas-filled container increases, the pressure of the gas in the container decreases. If the pressure of a gas in a sealed container increases, the volume of the container will increase. If the temperature of a gas increases, the volume of the gas will increase. If the volume of a gas in a sealed container increases, the pressure of the gas increases.

if the volume of a gas-filled container increases, the pressure of the gas in the container decreases.

Which property of immunity exists because cell divisions of activated lymphocytes produce two groups of cells? tolerance versatility immunologic memory specificity

immunologic memory

Dalton's law states that the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure. gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume. gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional.

in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gasses in the mixture.

Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport. uncontrollable laryngospasms. inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus. inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus and production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport All of the answers are correct.

inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus and production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport

Which of the following is NOT a possible result of antigen presentation? infection of body cells by antigens T-cell activation destruction of pathogens antibody production

infection of body cells by antigens

Suppressor T cells act to suppress antigens. erase memory T cells. limit antigen proliferation. produce antibodies involved in autoimmunity. inhibit T and B cell activities.

inhibit T and B cell activities

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity. innate auto passive natural passive active

innate

In quiet breathing, inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions. inspiration and expiration are both passive. inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive. inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions. None of the answers is correct.

inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive

________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume. Inspiratory reserve volume Expiratory reserve volume Enhanced tidal volume Inspiratory capacity Residual inhaled volume

inspiratory reserve volume

Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as internal respiration. alveolar ventilation. gas diffusion. pulmonary ventilation. external respiration.

internal respiration

Antibodies may bind to superficial sites on bacteria or other toxins, making the toxin incapable of attaching itself to a cell. This mechanism is known as opsonization. agglutination. costimulation. neutralization. phagocytosis.

neutralization

Which mechanism results in a coating of antibodies and complement proteins that increases the effectiveness of phagocytosis? agglutination activation of complement neutralization opsonization

opsonization

In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of alloimmunity. active immunization. natural immunity. innate immunity. passive immunity.

passive immunity

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the larynx. glottis. trachea. pharynx. vestibule.

pharynx

Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces phonation. articulation. speech. whistling. ululation.

phonation

During inhalation: thoracic volume decreases. pressure inside the lungs is less than pressure outside. the diaphragm moves superiorly. pressure rises inside the lungs.

pressure inside the lungs is less than pressure outside

What branches from the trachea? alveolar ducts primary bronchi secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi terminal bronchioles

primary bronchi

The inflation reflex functions to increase ventilation with changes in blood pressure. is an important aspect of normal, quiet breathing. alters pulmonary ventilation when the PCO2 changes. alters pulmonary ventilation when the PO2 changes. protects the lungs from damage due to overexpansion.

protects the lungs from damage due to overexpansion

The respiratory mucosa of the conducting airways consists of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. simple squamous epithelium. moist cuboidal epithelium. surfactant cells. ciliated squamous epithelium.

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Which of the following is NOT a step used by cytotoxic T cells to kill infected host cells? Recognition of infected host cell using its TCR Recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein Secretion of perforin Secretion of granzyme

recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein

Which is defined as the amount of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal exhalation? residual volume minimal volume tidal volume expiratory reserve volume

residual volume

The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is pneumothorax. respiratory distress syndrome. pulmonary embolism. COPD. anoxia.

respiratory distress synrome

Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known? anatomic dead space minimal volume inspiratory reserve volume respiratory minute volume expiratory reserve volume

respiratory minute volume

During a choking episode, most foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle. left primary right primary right secondary left secondary None of the answers are more likely.

right primary

In the lower respiratory tract, cartilage plates first appear at the tertiary bronchi. primary bronchi. secondary bronchi. bronchioles. terminal bronchioles.

secondary bronchi

Choose the correct statement pertaining to allergies. Allergic rhinitis is an example of systemic allergic reactions. The tendency to produce IgG antibodies in response to specific allergens may be genetically determined. An example of localized allergic reactions is anaphylaxis. Sensitization to an allergen during the initial exposure leads to the production of large quantities of IgE.

sensitization to an allergen during the initial exposure leads to the production of large quantities of IgE

The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of surfactant cells. simple squamous epithelium. ciliated squamous epithelium. moist cuboidal epithelium. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

simple squamous epithelium

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by specific immunity. nonspecific immunity. skin defenses. fever. immunological surveillance.

specific immunity

Which of the following is not a method in which antibodies work with features of innate immunity to destroy a pathogen? complement activation phagocyte attraction neutralization agglutination stimulating interferon production

stimulating interferon production

Which type of epithelium lines the inferior portions of the pharynx? pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium simple squamous epithelium stratified squamous epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium

stratified squamous epithelium

The unit of measurement for pressure specifically preferred by many respiratory therapists is torr. cm H2O. mm Hg. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct

torr

The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi is the alveolar duct. bronchiole. bronchus. laryngopharynx. trachea.

trachea

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the upper respiratory tract. lungs. alveoli. bronchioles. lower respiratory tract.

upper respiratory tract

The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the internal chamber. nasopharynx. conchae. vestibule. nasal septum.

vestibule

If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's inspiratory reserve volume. tidal volume. reserve volume. vital capacity. expiratory reserve volume.

vital capacity

Which of these age-based changes is false? The lung's compliance changes. Costal cartilages become less flexible. Respiratory muscles weaken. Vital capacity increases. The lungs lose elastic tissue.

vital capacity increases

Which of the following statements about bronchioles is false? Extreme bronchoconstriction occurs in asthma, Pulmonary lobules branch from terminal bronchioles. Bronchiolar mucosa forms folds in the lumen, Walls are made of cartilage. Sympathetic action causes bronchodilation.

walls are made of cartilage

Which of the following are secreted by T cells and NK cells, and stimulate macrophage activity? A) interferon alpha B) interferon gamma C) interferon beta D) complement proteins

B) interferon gamma

The cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are the ________ cells. suppressor T helper T cytotoxic T NK B

B

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells. A) suppressor T B) NK C) B D) plasma E) helper T

B) NK

Lymphoid organs differ from lymphoid tissues in what way? A) They contain T lymphocytes and lymphoid tissues do not. B) They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphoid tissues are not. C) They are found in the digestive tract and lymphoid tissues are found in the thorax. D) They cannot produce antibodies, whereas lymphoid tissues can. E) None of the answers is correct.

B) They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphoid tissues are not.

Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with A) adipose tissue. B) blood vessels. C) sensory nerve endings. D) hyaline cartilage. E) both hyaline cartilage and adipose tissue.

B) blood vessels

Which class of leukocytes is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen? A) neutrophils B) free and fixed macrophages C) red blood cells D) B lymphocytes E) T lymphocytes

B) free and fixed macrophages

The primary function of the lymphatic system is A) circulation of nutrients. B) the transport of hormones. C) defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats. D) the production and distribution of plasma proteins. E) both the transport of hormones and the production and distribution of plasma proteins.

C) defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats

The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following except A) destruction of target cell plasma membranes. B) enhanced phagocytosis. C) inhibition of the immune response. D) stimulation of inflammation. E) histamine release.

C) inhibition of the immune response

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the A) T cells. B) NK cells. C) phagocytes. D) B cells. E) plasma cells.

C) phagocytes

Lymphocytes A) are primarily found in red bone marrow. B) decrease in number during infection. C) respond to antigens. D) are all actively phagocytic. E) destroy red blood cells.

C) respond to antigens

Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the A) bone marrow. B) liver. C) thymus. D) kidneys. E) spleen.

C) thymus

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a(n) ________ cell. cytotoxic T plasma suppressor T NK CD4 T

CD4 T

Class I MHC proteins are recognized by which of the following cell types (that are destined to become T cells)? CD8 CD4

CD8

________ cells provide cell-mediated immunity. Cytotoxic T CD4 T CD8 T Memory B Suppressor T

CD8 T

Which major class of lymphocytes become cytotoxic T cells? CD6 cells CD4 cells CD8 cells

CD8 cells

In response to tissue damage and infection, circulating proteins called pyrogens A) opsonize pathogens. B) cause inflammation. C) activate complement. D) produce a fever. E) activate antibodies.

D) produce a fever

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except A) basement membranes. B) body hair. C) epithelium. D) complement. E) secretions.

D)complement

In general, lymphocytes A) have one nucleus. B) have relatively long life spans. C) spend most of their time in lymphoid tissue. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers is correct.

D) all of the answers are correct

Lymphocyte production involves A) peripheral lymphoid tissues. B) thymus tissue. C) bone marrow. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers is correct.

D) all of the answers are correct

The alternative pathway for complement action: A) is the most rapid and effective activation of the complement system. B) ends with the conversion of an inactive complement protein to an activated form. C) begins when one of the complement proteins attaches to antibody molecules already bound to their specific antigen. D) begins when several complement proteins, notably properdin, interact in the plasma.

D) begins when several complement proteins, notably properdin, interact in the plasma

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called A) diapedesis. B) apoptosis. C) immune surveillance. D) chemotaxis. E) phagocytosis.

D) chemotaxis

The lymphocytes are most important in A) eliminating variations in the composition of interstitial fluid. B) helping maintain normal blood volume. C) transporting lipids from the digestive tract. D) fighting infection. E) transporting gases to and away from lymph nodes.

D) fighting infection

Inflammation produces localized A) heat. B) redness. C) pain. D) swelling. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) all of the answers are correct

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except A) swelling of the inflamed tissue. B) redness of the inflamed tissue. C) movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space. D) heat of the inflamed tissue. E) chemotaxis of phagocytes.

E) chemotaxis of phagocytes

Various types of macrophages are derived from A) neutrophils. B) eosinophils. C) basophils. D) lymphocytes. E) monocytes.

E) monocytes

The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called A) neutralization. B) antigen presentation. C) agglutination. D) sensitization. E) opsonization.

E) opsonization

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the A) right lymphatic duct. B) hepatic portal vein. C) cisterna chyli. D) dural sinus. E) thoracic duct.

E) thoracic duct

Interferons are released by some macrophages and lymphocytes, but also by cells carrying what pathogen? A) prions B) bacteria C) spirochetes D) parasites E) viruses

E) viruses

Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as mucus, saliva, and tears are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

IgA

Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and may activate antibody production are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

IgD

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

IgE

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

IgG

Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, which are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

IgM

The cells directly responsible for cell-mediated immunity are the ________ cells. T B plasma NK interferon

T

Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of NK cells. interferons. mast cells. T and B cells. antigen-antibody complexes.

T and B cells

The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the ________ center. ventral respiratory group (VRG) apneustic pneumotaxic dorsal respiratory group (DRG) All of the answers are correct.

all of the answers are correct

Though the symptom is unpleasant, some doctors recommend allowing fever to continue for a short period without medication, because A higher body temperature causes us to use less energy and require less food A higher body temperature kills most bacteria and viruses A higher body temperature results in sweat that prevents influenza virus infection of skin cells A higher body temperature increases the rate of repair of tissues

a higher body temp increases the rate of repair of tissues

Characteristics of specific defenses include tolerance. specificity. versatility. memory. All of the answers are correct.

all of the answers are correct

Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in a decreased rate of gas exchange. a loss of surfactant. increased surface tension in the alveoli. increased tendency to alveolar collapse. All of the answers are correct.

all of the answers are correct

Cytotoxic T cells attack target cells by doing what? secreting organic solvent activating genes that trigger apoptosis secreting a strong acid secreting free radicals secreting mutant proteins

activating genes that trigger apoptosis

In viral infections, what occurs after helper T cells are activated? opsonization and phagocyte attraction activation of cytotoxic T cells activation of B cells stimulation of NK cells

activation of B cells

Which of the following is NOT a step that ultimately leads to antibody production? Activation of helper T cells by dendritic cells Differentiation of plasma cells Naive B cells conducting surveillance for foreign epitopes Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells

activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells

Which of the following statements is true? Memory B cells are typically established when the B cell binds to an antigen. Adaptive defenses include humoral immunity only. Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity. Innate defenses are enough to keep a person healthly.

adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity

Which of the following types of cells display protein fragments produced by the cancer within them? all nucleated cells macrophages B cells dendritic cells

all nucleated cells

Carbonic anhydrase is in RBCs. can increase the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma. is an enzyme. can convert carbon dioxide into carbonic acid. All of the answers are correct.

all of the answers are correct

Alveolar ventilation refers to the utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism. movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute. movement of air into and out of the lungs. movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli.

amount of air into and out of the lungs

What is meant by the clonal expansion of a B cell? An activated B cell will immediately begin to produce antibodies. An activated B cell will kill infected host cells. An activated B cell will engulf and digest anything foreign. An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells.

an activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells

Asthma is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli. an obstructive tumor. a collapsed lung. an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.

an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.

An allergen circulating in the bloodstream affects mast cells throughout the body, dropping blood pressure to dangerously low levels. This response is termed allergic rhinitis. hypersensitivity. anaphylactic shock. asthma. allergy.

anaphylactic shock

Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as minimal volume. respiratory minute volume. alveolar ventilation volume. anatomic dead space. functional residual capacity.

anatomic dead space

Class II MHC proteins are found on which of the following cell types? antigen-presenting cells all nucleated cells

antigen-presenting cells

An antibody binds to an antigen at a specific area called the hapten. antigenic determinant site. constant segment. antigen-antibody complex. antigen binding site.

antigenic determinant site

A period in which breathing has stopped, followed by a forceful expulsion of air is termed respiratory distress. hypoxia. apneustic breathing. apnea. anoxia.

apnea

Prolonged deep inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center. expiratory pneumotaxic baroreceptor chemoreceptor apneustic

apneustic

Type I pneumocytes: produce surfactant. patrol the epithelial surface. are scattered among the squamous cells. are thin and delicate squamous epithelial cells.

are thin and delicate squamous epithelial cells

Which statement regarding CD4 T cells is true? A CD4 T cell can recognize antigens bound to Class I MHC proteins. Upon activation, CD4 T cells undergo a series of divisions, and daughter cells differentiate into active cytotoxic T cells and suppressor T cells. Prior to differentiating into an active helper T cell, a CD4 T cell must first encounter a suppressor T cell. Before they can initiate antibody-mediated immunity, inactive CD4 T cells must be exposed to appropriate antigens bound to Class II MHC proteins.

before they can initiate antibody-mediated immunity, inactive CD4 T cells must be exposed to appropriate antigens bound to Class II MHC proteins.

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as solute dissolved in the plasma. bicarbonate ions. carbonic acid. carbaminohemoglobin. solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells.

bicarbonate ions

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is in ionic form as solute in the plasma. bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide. bound to hemoglobin. carried by white blood cells. dissolved in plasma.

bound to hemoglobin

The respiratory center is housed in the ________ of the brain. cerebral cortex diencephalon cerebellum brain stem cerebrum

brain stem

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is carbon dioxide. hemoglobin. sodium ion. bicarbonate ion. oxygen.

carbon dioxide

Which class of MHC proteins presents exogenous antigens? class II MHC proteins class I MHC proteins

class II MHC proteins

A person who has AIDS contracts rare and often life-threatening infections because their helper T cell count is so low. Which of the following components of the immune response still respond to antigen despite the low helper T cell count? Clonal selection of B cells Clonal expansion and antibody production Activation of cytotoxic T cells Apoptosis of infected host cells

clonal selection of B cells

Before specific defenses are activated, most antigens must bind to the DNA of the lymphocyte. be processed by a phagocyte. depolarize the lymphocyte. infect cells. either infect cells or be processed by a phagocyte.

either infect cells of be processed by a phagocyte

The term "hypercapnia" refers to the cessation of breathing. elevated PCO2. an increase in pH. elevated PO2. labored breathing.

elevated Pco2

The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called pneumonia. bronchitis. emphysema. asthma. tuberculosis.

emphysema

The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the corniculate cartilage. cricoid cartilage. epiglottis. cuneiform cartilage. thyroid cartilage.

epiglottis

During inspiration, the physical changes in the respiratory system cause: intrapulmonary pressure to decrease below atmospheric pressure intrapulmonary pressure to equal atmospheric pressure thoracic cavity pressure to increase above intrapulmonary pressure intrapulmonary pressure to increase above atmospheric pressure

intrapulmonary pressure to decrease below atmospheric pressure

Boyle's law states that gas volume is directly proportional to pressure. inversely proportional to pressure. inversely proportional to temperature. directly proportional to temperature. both directly proportional to pressure and directly proportional to temperature.

inversely proportional to pressure

Rheumatoid arthritis: occurs when a virus binds to CD4 proteins and infects helper T cells. occurs when T cells are activated by contact with MHC proteins on plasma membranes. is an immunodeficiency disease. is an autoimmune disorder.

is an autoimmune disorder

The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing. large masses of air can pass through the trachea. it facilitates turning of the head. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing

The vocal folds are located within the larynx. bronchi. nasopharynx. trachea. oropharynx.

larynx

Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following except the pharynx. paranasal sinuses. nose. nasal cavity. lips.

lips

Secondary bronchi supply air to the lobes of the lungs. alveoli. lungs. alveolar ducts. lobules of the lungs.

lobes of the lungs

The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli all make up the internal respiratory tract. respiratory mucosa. lower respiratory tract. upper respiratory tract. alveoli of the respiratory tract.

lower respiratory tract

Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following? liver cells and macrophages in the spleen lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells granulocytes and microphages red blood cells all body cells with a nucleus

lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

Antigen-presenting cells are differentiated from other body cells by the presence of Class II MHC proteins in their plasma membranes. Which of the following correctly describes a difference between Class I and Class II MHC? Class I MHC activates more types of lymphocytes than Class II MHC. Cells must be infected by a pathogen before they can display its antigens on Class II MHC. Class I MHC is produced in the Golgi apparatus, while Class II MHC is produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Macrophages use Class II MHC to display antigens they have phagocytized.

macrophages use class II MHC to display antigens they have phagocytized

________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time. IgM Plasma Suppressor Memory Dendritic

memory

The student who caught the cold caused by this specific Rhinovirus was exposed to the exact same Rhinovirus 18 months later. What component of the immune system will protect her from getting the same cold again? Plasma cells Memory B cells Dendritic cells Antibodies that are "left over" from the last infection

memory B cells

The pneumotaxic center of the pons modifies the rate and depth of breathing. sets the at-rest respiratory pattern. suppresses the expiratory center in the medulla. both prolongs inspiration and modifies the rate and depth of breathing. prolongs inspiration.

modifies the rate and depth of breathing

At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen. 75 10 more than 90 50 25

more than 90

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs. utilization of oxygen. movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space. movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells.

movement of air into and out of the lungs

Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the movement of the arytenoid cartilages. contraction of laryngeal muscles. extrinsic ligaments. movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of voluntary muscles. None of the answers is correct.

movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of voluntary muscles.

The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms the respiratory mucosa. conducting portion of the respiratory tract. lamina propria. mucus escalator. respiratory defense system.

mucus escalator

The nasal cavity is divided into left and right portions by the hard palate. cribriform plate. internal nares. soft palate. nasal septum.

nasal septum

The auditory tubes open into the oropharynx. laryngopharynx. nasal cavity. larynx. nasopharynx.

nasopharynx

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity. passive innate naturally acquired active natural acquired passive auto

naturally acquired active

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity. passive auto innate naturally acquired passive naturally acquired active

naturally acquired passive

place the stages of inspiration in order the volume of the thoracic cavity increases pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract intrapulmonary pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure the volume of the lungs increase

the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract the volume of the thoracic cavity increases pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases the volume of the lungs increases intrapulmonary pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure

Which of these physical changes to the respiratory structures do not cause the lung volume to increase? The thoracic cavity volume increases. The intrapulmonary pressure rises above the atmospheric pressure. The diaphragm contracts. The ribcage is pulled upward.

the intrapulmonary pressure rises above the atmospheric pressure

Which of the following is part of an innate (nonspecific) immune response that might prevent an influenza virus in your respiratory passages from causing an infection? The antibodies against influenza virus The presence of bodily hair The tough keratinized cells The mucus coat

the mucus coat

The glottis is the soft tissue that hangs off the end of the soft palate. a flap of elastic cartilage. the opening to the pharynx. the opening to the larynx. part of the hard palate.

the opening to the larynx

Antigen presentation is __________. only carried out by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) the presence of antigens or antigenic fragments on plasma membranes not required for the activation of specific defenses the presence of antigens in body fluids

the presence of antigens or antigenic fragments on plasma membranes

Henry's law states that gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume. gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional. the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas. in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.

the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, the volume of the thorax increases. the volume of the thorax decreases. expiration occurs. the volume of the lungs decreases. the lungs shrink.

the volume of the thorax increases

All of the below are sensory stimuli that can modify the activities of the respiratory center except stretch receptors. baroreceptors. thermoreceptors. chemoreceptors. irritant chemical or physical particles.

thermoreceptors

When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary. intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric. they are equal. intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric. atmospheric pressure is more than intrapulmonary.

they are equal

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions. Expiratory reserve volume Residual volume Inspiratory capacity Inspiratory reserve volume Tidal volume

tidal volume

A test to measure the antibody level a blood sample is called a(n) primary response. titer. secondary response . major histocompatibility complex. anaphylaxis test.

titer

Know the lymphoid tissues and organs

tonsil thymus spleen MALT appendix

All of the following are true of the secondary response to antigen exposure except that it results in much quicker rise in antibody titers. produces more IgG antibodies. weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two. results in much higher antibody titers than in the primary response. depends on memory B cells.

weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two

Very general/broad outline of how natural killer cells kill cellular targets

• recognition & adhesion • realignment of golgi apparatus • secretion of perforin • lysis of abnormal cell