Anatomy Exam #2

The systolic pressure for a normal young adult would be under ​60 mm Hg. ​ 80 mm Hg. 100 mm Hg. ​ 120 mm Hg. ​ 140 mm Hg.

120 mm Hg. ​

The diastolic pressure for a normal young adult would be under ​60 mm Hg. ​ 80 mm Hg. ​ 100 mm Hg. ​ 120 mm Hg. ​ 140 mm Hg.

80 mm Hg. ​

What is it called when plaque builds in the arteries? A. atherosclerosis B. an embolism C. a myocardial infarction

A. atherosclerosis

What do the pulmonary veins supply the heart with? A. oxygenated blood from the lungs B. deoxygenated blood from the body C. oxygenated blood from the b

A. oxygenated blood from the lungs

Which of these vessels carries deoxygenated blood from the heart? A. the pulmonary artery B. the pulmonary vein C. the aorta

A. the pulmonary artery

What heart chamber does the vena cava empty into? A. the right atrium B. the left atrium C. the right ventricle

A. the right atrium

Why do arteries have thick walls of smooth muscle? A. to withstand high pressure B. to allow gas exchange C. to prevent back flow

A. to withstand high pressure

Two of four chambers (left and right) are thin walled structures that collect blood from the major veins and empty it into the larger, more muscular ventricles

Atrium

What is plasma? A. a substance used in digestion B. the liquid component of blood C. the collective term for blood cell

B. the liquid component of blood

Where does the right ventricle pump blood to? A. the left ventricle B. the lungs C. the rest of the body

B. the lungs

Which component of blood is crucial to clotting? A. the plasma B. the platelets C. the white blood cells

B. the platelets

Systolic blood pressure is measured once... A. the atria are emptied B. the ventricles contract C. the ventricles fill with blood

B. the ventricles contract

What is the function of the blood-brain barrier? A. to allow objects to pass to brain cells B. to protect the brain from toxins C. to prevent nutrients loss

B. to protect the brain from toxins

What shape are red blood cells? A. biconvex disks B. flat disks C. biconcave disks

C. biconcave disks

Which of the following is NOT transported in plasma? A. electrolytes B. urea C. bile

C. bile

What kind of signal does the cardiac pacemaker use? A. hormonal B. chemical C. electrical

C. electrical

That is a result of improper blood flow in a coronary artery? A. a stroke B. heartburn C. ischemia

C. ischemia

Name the artery that carries blood from the left ventricle to the body A. Atria B. Pulmonary vein C. Semilunar valve D. Aorta E. None of the above

D. Aorta

What carries the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart? A. Atria B. Semilunar C. Aorta D. Pulmonary veins E. None of the above

D. Pulmonary veins

What valve prevents blood from flowing back into the ventricle? A. Atria B. Pulmonary veins C. Atrioventricular D. All of the above E. None of the above

E. None of the above

Low density lipoproteins ​a. carry cholesterol to the liver. ​ b. line the artery walls. ​c. are used for nutrition. ​d. lower blood pressure. ​e. carry cholesterol and other fats to body cells.

E. ​carry cholesterol and other fats to body cells.

One-way valves that prevent blood flow in opposite directions (blood should flow from atria to ventricles)

Pulmonary and aortic veins

Two large veins that drain blood from the upper body and from lower body and empty it into the right atrium of the heart are known as the

Vena cava veins

Two of the four chambers with powerful muscular contractions that force blood to flow through arteries to all parts of the body

Ventricle

What is a thrombus? a heart attack a type of blood vessel a blood clot

a blood clot

Cell-mediated immunity is associated with what cells? a. "killer" T cells. b. dendritic cells. c. helper T cells. d. B cells. e. phagocytes.

a. "killer" T cells.

Arteriosclerosis means "chest pain." a. False b. True

a. False

Which is the main antibody in secretions of exocrine glands? a. IgA b. IgD c. IgE d. IgG e. IgM

a. IgA

The markers that identify an individual's cells are referred to by what letters? a. MHC. b. HTC. c. ADS. d. RSW. e. AKA.

a. MHC

Which of the following is not true of the atria? a. They are the same structure as the auricle. b. All of the above are true of the atria. c. They are called receiving chambers of the heart. d. They have thinner myocardial walls than do ventricles.

a. They are the same structure as the auricle.

Continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoid are all terms that can describe a type of capillary. a. True b. False

a. True

If today is your twenty-third birthday, your heart has been beating for more than 23 years. a. True b. False

a. True

Smooth muscle is found in all parts of the vascular system except the capillaries. a. True b. False

a. True

The sinoatrial node is in the right atrium, where the superior vena cava attaches a. True b. False

a. True

The tunica intima of arteries provides a smooth lining with valves to ensure one-way flow. a. True b. False

a. True

Immunity that develops over time due to exposure to various antigens is termed a. adaptive immunity. b. learned immunity. c. compensated immunity. d. coordinated immunity. e. innate immunity.

a. adaptive immunity.

The term blood type refers to the type of blood cell a. antigen. b. transfusion reaction. c. antibody.

a. antigen

Which of the following anemias is associated with destruction of the bone marrow? a. aplastic b. megaloblastic anemia c. hemolytic anemia d. leukemia e. iron-deficiency anemia

a. aplastic

Genetically programmed cell death is known as a. apoptosis. b. hemolysis. c. autolysis. d. hemoptysis. e. hematemesis.

a. apoptosis.

The production site for white blood cells is the a. bone marrow. b. spleen. c. liver. d. kidney. e. tonsils.

a. bone marrow.

Fever develops when ___ stimulate the brain to release prostaglandins. a. cytokines b. histamines c. interferons d. complement e. interleukins

a. cytokines

Neutrophils are highly mobile and phagocytic. They migrate out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces. This process is called a. diapedesis. b. hematopoiesis. c. chemotaxis. d. erythroblastosis.

a. diapedesis

Cells produced by dividing B or T cells may immediately begin to destroy an invader. How those cells are called? a. effector cells. b. memory cells. c. dendritic cells. d. phagocytes. e. fibroblasts.

a. effector cells.

The correct order of the layers of the heart from deep to superficial is: a. endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium. b. epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. c. epicardium, myocardium, and pericardium. d. myocardium, pericardium, and endocardium.

a. endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium.

Which cell is NOT involved with the defense response? a. erythrocytes b. neutrophils c. lymphocytes d. eosinophils e. monocytes

a. erythrocytes

An extreme case of Rh disease is known as a. hemolytic disease of the newborn. b. Down syndrome. c. Tay-Sachs disease. d. sickle cell anemia. e. polycythemia.

a. hemolytic disease of the newborn.

What are the three varieties of interferon? a. leukocyte interferon, fibroblast interferon, and immune interferon b. leukocyte interferon, fibroblast interferon, and specific interferon c. fibroblast interferon, immune interferon, and antigen interferon d. leukocyte interferon, erythrocyte interferon, and immune interferon

a. leukocyte interferon, fibroblast interferon, and immune interferon

Mucus contains an enzyme called ____ that chemically attacks and kills bacteria. a. lysozyme b. peroxide c. lipase d. lactase e. protease

a. lysozyme

Which of the following is NOT an anemia? a. mononucleosis b. pernicious c. sickle cell d. hemolytic e. iron-deficiency

a. mononucleosis

What is the largest lymphoid organ? a. spleen. b. tonsil. c. bone marrow. d. liver. e. thymus.

a. spleen.

The blood vessel connecting the two capillary beds in the hepatic portal system is called a(n): a. vein, because it is draining blood from a capillary bed. b. portal vessel, because it is not easily classified as an artery or vein. c. artery, because it is carrying blood to a capillary bed. d. arteriole, because it has a precapillary sphincter muscle.

a. vein, because it is draining blood from a capillary bed.

The heart ​a. ​will contract as a result of stimuli from the sinoatrial node. ​b. ​contracts only as a result of nerve stimulation from the central nervous system. ​c. ​is activated primarily through the autonomic nervous system. ​d. ​pulse is primarily under the control of the atrioventricular node. ​e. ​is completely independent of all nervous control.

a. ​will contract as a result of stimuli from the sinoatrial node.

Which of the following is associated with specific immune responses? a. skin b. B cells. c. macrophages d. complement proteins e. tears

b. B cells.

All blood returns to the heart by way of either the superior vena cava or the inferior vena cava. a. True b. False

b. False

As the action potential enters the AV node by way of the internodal bundles, the speed of the conduction increases to stimulate ventricular contraction. a. True b. False

b. False

Blood in both atria must pass through a semilunar valve to get to the next structure in the heart. a. True b. False

b. False

Blood passing through a semilunar valve will enter a heart chamber. a. True b. False

b. False

Pulmonary circulation is blood flow through the liver. a. True b. False

b. False

The P wave is named as such because it measures a positive deflection in the ECG. a. True b. False

b. False

The conduction system of the heart is composed of specialized motor neurons that are embedded in the heart muscle. a. True b. False

b. False

Umbilical arteries carry blood from the placenta to the fetus. a. True b. False

b. False

The blood entering the aorta has just left which heart chamber? a. Right atrium b. Left ventricle c. Left atrium d. Right ventricle

b. Left ventricle

If damaged, which valve could allow blood to leak back into the right atrium? a. Pulmonary semilunar b. Tricuspid c. Aortic semilunar d. Bicuspid

b. Tricuspid

A major function of the pericardial sac is protection against friction a. False b. True

b. True

A portal system sends blood through two sets of capillaries. a. False b. True

b. True

Blood flow from the pulmonary arteries leads to the lungs. a. False b. True

b. True

The SA node resides primarily in the right atrial wall. a. False b. True

b. True

The bulk of the heart wall is myocardium. a. False b. True

b. True

The tunica media in veins is thinner than the tunica media in arteries. a. False b. True

b. True

Valvular insufficiency can cause heart murmurs. a. False b. True

b. True

All of the following promote the unloading of oxygen to needy tissues EXCEPT a. high metabolism. b. abundant oxygen supply. c. higher temperatures. d. lower pH. e. small diameter blood vessels.

b. abundant oxygen supply.

A portion of the heme group of a dead red blood cell is converted to bilirubin and mixed with a. plasma. b. bile. c. mucus. d. urine.

b. bile

Platelets play an important role in a. carrying carbon dioxide. b. blood clotting. c. carrying oxygen. d. fighting infection.

b. blood clotting.

In fetal circulation, the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale: a. take blood from the fetus to the placenta. b. bypass the lungs. c. connect the pulmonary artery with the aorta. d. shunt blood from the right atrium into the left atrium.

b. bypass the lungs.

Which system involves plasma proteins activated when they contact a bacterial cell? a. infection b. complement c. enhancer d. defender

b. complement

The movement of phagocytes from blood vessels to an inflammation site is called a. phagocytosis. b. diapedesis. c. apedesis. d. pavementing

b. diapedesis.

The presentation of an antigen by an antigen-presenting cell activates the T cell. The cell then divides repeatedly to form a clone of identical sensitized T cells that form a. memory cells and interleukins. b. effector T cells and memory cells. c. effector T cells and cytokines. d. memory cells and cytokines.

b. effector T cells and memory cells.

The physiological mechanism that dissolves clots is known as a. erythroblastosis. b. fibrinolysis. c. hemostasis. d. diapedesis.

b. fibrinolysis

Which chemical released by white blood cells causes arterioles to dilate? a. cytokines b. histamine c. interferons d. complement e. interleukins

b. histamine

Which chemical released by white blood cells causes capillaries to leak? a. cytokines b. histamine c. interferons d. complement e. interleukins

b. histamine

Which antibody is synthesized by immature B cells and then inserted into their plasma membranes? a. immunoglobulin E b. immunoglobulin M c. immunoglobulin G d. immunoglobulin D e. immunoglobulin A

b. immunoglobulin M

Antibodies are proteins of the family called a. globulins. b. immunoglobulins. c. glucoproteins. d. antigens.

b. immunoglobulins

Which of the following is considered a second line of defense? a. gastric fluid b. inflammation c. lymphocytes d. interleukins e. antibodies

b. inflammation

How does aspirin help to reduce clotting? a. it reduces the red blood count b. it reduces platelet aggregation c. it reduces the platelet count d. it binds to fibrin e. it inhibits thrombin

b. it reduces platelet aggregation

Which of the following act as "filters" in the lymph system? a. macrophages b. lymph nodes c. complements d. immunoglobulins e. perforins

b. lymph nodes

Why Lymph nodes enlarge during an infection? a. they become infected. b. lymphocytes destroy invaders inside of them. c. they become clogged due to infections in the blood. d. the body produces double the amount of lymph. e. blood oozes into the nodes.

b. lymphocytes destroy invaders inside of them.

Smooth muscle in blood vessels is located in the tunica: a. intima. b. media. c. All of the above are correct. d. adventitia.

b. media.

Cells produced by dividing B or T cells may enter a resting phase. How these cells are called? a. effector cells. b. memory cells. c. dendritic cells. d. phagocytes. e. fibroblasts.

b. memory cells.

Which cells make you immune to a disease that you were previously exposed to? a. effector cells. b. memory cells. c. dendritic cells. d. phagocytes. e. fibroblasts.

b. memory cells.

Which of the following anemias is associated with a vitamin B12 deficiency? a. aplastic b. pernicious anemia c. hemolytic anemia d. leukemia e. iron-deficiency anemia

b. pernicious anemia

Which of the following is not a formed element found in the blood? a. platelet b. plasma c. red blood cell d. white blood cell

b. plasma

Pyrogen molecules trigger the fever response by promoting the production of a. leukotrienes. b. prostaglandins. c. cytokines. d. antibodies.

b. prostaglandins.

The pulmonary and aortic valves are also called _____ valves. a. aortic b. semilunar c. pulmonary d. cuspid

b. semilunar

The internal environment of the human body is protected by the _____, which is(are) referred to as the first line of defense . a. white blood cells b. skin c. muscle tissue d. connective tissue

b. skin

In the Rh disease, a. the mother must be positive and her first and second children positive. b. the mother must be negative and her first and second children positive. c. the mother must be negative and her first and second children negative. d. the mother must be positive and her first and second children negative. e. the mother and the father must both be negative and the child positive.

b. the mother must be negative and her first and second children positive.

The primary organ of the lymphatic system is the a. spleen. b. thymus. c. thalamus. d. thyroid.

b. thymus.

The tissue that is used for defense against bacteria and other foreign agents. a. spleen. b. tonsil. c. liver. d. thymus. e. lymph node.

b. tonsil.

Which of the following would NOT be an action of the complement system? a. lysis of a pathogen's membrane b. trapping of pathogens in tangled protein threads c. marking of pathogens for destruction by macrophages d. attraction of phagocytes to the scene of pathogen invasion e. membrane attack complexes

b. trapping of pathogens in tangled protein threads

The semilunar valves are located between the ​a. left and right atria. ​b. left ventricle and left atrium. ​c. both ventricles and the arteries that d. lead away from them. ​right atrium and right ventricle. ​e. left and right ventricles.

both ventricles and the arteries that

About how long does the average red blood cell live? a. 4 days b. 4 weeks c. 4 months d. 1 year e. 4 years

c. 4 months

About how many liters of blood does a normal, 150-pound human adult have? a. 1 to 2 b. 3 to 4 c. 4 to 5 d. 5 to 6 e. 6 to 7

c. 4 to 5

What percent of the total blood volume is plasma? a. 15 to 25 b. 33 to 40 c. 50 to 60 d. 66 to 75 e. about 80

c. 50 to 60

Which two special types of lymphocytes play a major role in immunity? a. memory cells and B cells b. macrophages and T cells c. B cells and T cells d. memory cells and T cells

c. B cells and T cells

Which antibody is involved in allergic reaction? a. IgA b. IgD c. IgE d. IgG e. IgM

c. IgE

Which of these blood vessels contain precapillary sphincters? a. Venules b. Arterioles c. Metarterioles d. Muscular arteries

c. Metarterioles

If a physician hears two "lub" sounds instead of one, then which of the following conditions is true? a. The semilunar valves are not closing simultaneously. ​b. The atrial blood is flowing backward and causing the extra sound. ​ c. The atrioventricular valves are not closing at the same time. ​d. The AV and semilunar valves are not closing at the same time. ​No such double sound has ever been heard.

c. The atrioventricular valves are not closing at the same time.

After birth the ductus venosus closes and: a. allows blood to flow to the lungs. b. prevents blood from moving from the right to the left atrium. c. allows blood to flow to the liver. d. stops blood flow to the placenta.

c. allows blood to flow to the liver.

In fetal circulation, the ductus venosus: a. shunts blood from the right atrium into the left atrium. b. takes blood from the fetus to the placenta. c. bypasses the liver. d. connects the pulmonary artery with the aorta

c. bypasses the liver.

The most important blood vessels in the cardiovascular system are the: a. arterioles. b. arteries. c. capillaries. d. veins.

c. capillaries.

The function of T cells is to produce a. innate immunity. b. antibody-mediated immunity. c. cell-mediated immunity. d. humoral immunity.

c. cell-mediated immunity.

Too little albumin may cause a. cancer. b. blood clots. c. edema. d. low blood pressure. e. bleeding.

c. edema.

Which of the following white blood cells targets worms and fungi? a. neutrophils b. basophils c. eosinophils d. dendritic cells e. B and T lymphocytes

c. eosinophils

A disease that develops as a result of the reaction of a mother's Rh antibodies with her Rh-positive baby is a. diapedesis. b. hemostasis. c. erythroblastosis fetalis. d. hematopoiesis.

c. erythroblastosis fetalis.

A glycoprotein hormone that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues is a. proerythroblast. b. hemoglobin. c. erythropoietin. d. spectrin.

c. erythropoietin.

Thrombin acts on which protein? a. fibrin b. plasmin c. fibrinogen d. plasminogen e. factor X

c. fibrinogen

The lymphatic system serves various functions in the body. The two most important functions of this system are a. waste removal and gas exchange. b. immunity and waste removal. c. fluid balance and immunity. d. fluid balance and waste removal.

c. fluid balance and immunity.

Each cortical nodule is composed of packed lymphocytes that surround a less dense area called a a. lymph node. b. germ center. c. germinal center. d. trabecula.

c. germinal center.

The structural components of the circulatory system include the: a. heart and lymph nodes. b. heart and lungs. c. heart and blood vessels. d. heart, vessels, and lymph nodes.

c. heart and blood vessels.

Which of the following anemias is associated with premature red blood cell death? a. aplastic b. megaloblastic anemia c. hemolytic anemia d. pernicious e. iron-deficiency anemia

c. hemolytic anemia

Which of the following is caused by a virus? a. pernicious anemia b. sickle cell anemia c. infectious mononucleosis d. hemolytic anemia e. iron-deficiency anemia

c. infectious mononucleosisc. infectious mononucleosis

Atherosclerosis is characterized by the deposition of lipids in the tunica: a. All of the above are correct. b. media. c. intima. d. adventitia.

c. intima.

The cavity of the heart that normally has the thickest wall is the: a. right ventricle. b. left atrium. c. left ventricle. d. right atrium.

c. left ventricle.

A decrease in the amount of white blood cells is called a. differential white blood cell count. b. leukocytosis. c. leukopenia. d. hemostasis.

c. leukopenia.

Bean-shaped structures located at certain intervals along the lymphatic system are a. lacteals. b. lymph valves. c. lymph nodes. d. lymphatic capillaries.

c. lymph nodes.

Ions in plasma help to a. control blood pressure. b. fight infections. c. maintain volume and pH of extracellular fluid. d. clot blood. e. digest nutrients

c. maintain volume and pH of extracellular fluid.

Lymphatics have a somewhat varicose or beaded appearance as a result of the presence of a. numerous endothelial cells. b. cartilage rings. c. one-way valves. d. circular muscle bundles.

c. one-way valves.

The ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles is called a. exocytosis. b. pinocytosis. c. phagocytosis. d. apedesis.

c. phagocytosis

Megakaryocytes fragment to produce a. red blood cells. b. lymphocytes. c. platelets. d. eosinophils. e. neutrophil

c. platelets.

What is true about clones of B or T cells? a. being produced continually. b. interchangeable. c. produced only when their surface proteins recognize specific protein. d. known as memory cells. e. produced and mature in the bone marrow.

c. produced only when their surface proteins recognize specific protein.

The major site of antibody production as well as disposal of old red blood cells is the a. liver. b. kidney. c. spleen. d. tonsils. e. bone marrow.

c. spleen

During their residence in the thymus, pre-T cells develop into _____, cells that proliferate as rapidly as any in the body. a. cytotoxic T cells b. antigen-presenting cells c. thymocytes d. memory T cells

c. thymocytes

Where do T cells multiply and become specialized? a. bone marrow. b. spleen. c. thymus. d. thyroid. e. tonsils.

c. thymus

The release of toxins by bacteria into the blood is known as a. anemia. b. uremia. c. toxemia. d. septicemia. e. hypoxia.

c. toxemia

Respectively, the right and left atrioventricular valves are also known as: a. bicuspid, mitral. b. mitral, bicuspid. c. tricuspid, mitral. d. bicuspid, tricuspid.

c. tricuspid, mitral.

The first heart sound heard, or the "lub" sound, is caused by the _____ and the _____ valves closing. a. atria contracting; SA b. ventricles relaxing; AV c. ventricles contracting; AV d. atria contracting; SL

c. ventricles contracting; AV

The core of the immune system is made up of what cells? a. red blood cells. b. platelets. c. white blood cells. d. intact skin. e. intact mucus membranes.

c. white blood cells.

The amount of blood each ventricle pumps in a minute is the ​cardiac output. ​ cardiac cycle. ​ cardiac volume. ​ cardiac tamponade. ​ cardiac measure.

cardiac output

Antibody-mediated immunity is created by what cells? a. "killer" T cells. b. dendritic cells. c. helper T cells. d. B cells. e. phagocytes.

d. B cells.

Which of the following is another name for the visceral layer of the pericardium? a. Endocardium b. Myocardium c. Fibrous pericardium d. Epicardium

d. Epicardium

Which antibody makes up about 80% of the antibodies in the blood? a. IgA b. IgD c. IgE d. IgG e. IgM

d. IgG

What are "Friendly" bacteria located in the vagina that keeps harmful bacteria and fungi from growing? a. Staphylococcus aureus. b. Streptococcus pyogenes. c. Candida albicans. d. Lactobacillus acidophilus.

d. Lactobacillus acidophilus.

Two-thirds of the plasma proteins are a. chitin. b. keratin. c. elastin. d. albumin.

d. albumin

The use of which commonly employed medication may lead to the development of a vaginal yeast infection? a. aspirin b. pain relievers c. decongestants d. antibiotics e. antacids

d. antibiotics

Erythropoietin a. is the most common blood protein. b. is secreted by the kidney. c. stimulates the red bone marrow to generate red blood cells. d. both b and c e. increases the ability of plasma to transport carbon dioxide.

d. both b and c

All but which of the following can be called a pathogen? a. virus b. bacterium c. fungus d. cancer e. protozoan

d. cancer

Both the tunica media and the tunica adventitia are absent in: a. veins. b. arteries. c. both B and C. d. capillaries.

d. capillaries

The functions of the lymph nodes are a. defense and hemostasis. b. hematopoiesis and hemostasis. c. defense and diapedesis. d. defense and hematopoiesis

d. defense and hematopoiesis

Chemotaxis is the process by which a cell navigates toward the source of the chemotactic factor by way of a. hormonal pathways that lead to phagocytosis of the factor. b. detecting and then moving toward lower concentrations of the factor. c. neural pathways that lead to phagocytosis of the factor. d. detecting and then moving toward higher concentrations of the factor.

d. detecting and then moving toward higher concentrations of the factor.

When a blood clot breaks free and circulates through the bloodstream, it is referred to as a(n) a. thrombus. b. thrombosis. c. hematoma. d. embolus.

d. embolus

What is the name given to the chemicals which are produced by T cells and disrupt viral replication? a. lymphokines b. monoclonal antibodies c. vaccine d. interferons e. complement

d. interferons

Which of the following is a form of cancer? a. mononucleosis b. megaloblastic anemia c. hemolytic anemia d. leukemia e. iron-deficiency anemia

d. leukemia

For how long memory cells that form during a primary immune response circulate in the blood? a. several days. b. weeks. c. months. d. many years. e. a few minutes.

d. many years.

All of the following are components critical to coagulation except a. thrombin. b. fibrinogen. c. prothrombin. d. none of the above; all of these components are critical to coagulation. e. fibrin.

d. none of the above; all of these components are critical to coagulation.

Where body cells have self-markers located? a. in their nuclei. b. in the endoplasmic reticulum. c. in the mitochondria. d. on the plasma membrane. e. inside the Golgi bodies.

d. on the plasma membrane.

What any organism that causes disease is classified as? a. fomite. b. biological vector. c. mechanical vector. d. pathogen e. antigen.

d. pathogen

In the extrinsic pathway of stage 1 of the clotting mechanism, chemicals released from damaged tissues trigger the cascade of events that ultimately result in the formation of a. vitamin K. b. fibrin. c. calcium. d. prothrombin activator.

d. prothrombin activator

What do large lymph vessels have in common with veins? a. they transport deoxygenated blood b. they are a reservoir for blood c. they drain into the inferior vena cava d. they have valves e. they carry carbon dioxide

d. they have valves

Which of the following is an enzyme? a. fibrinogen b. fibrin c. prothrombin d. thrombin e. plasminogen

d. thrombin

Hemostasis in vertebrates includes all of the following EXCEPT a. blood clot formation. b. vessel constriction. c. release of iron to aid in the clumping of platelets. d. vessel spasms. e. platelets releasing substances that cause them to attract each other.

d. vessel spasms.

Which of the following white blood cells are equipped with receptors for specific antigens? a. neutrophils b. basophils c. eosinophils d. dendritic cells e. B and T lymphocytes

e. B and T lymphocytes

Which is the first antibody secreted during immune responses and the first one produced by newborns? a. IgA b. IgD c. IgE d. IgG e. IgM

e. IgM

Antibodies are shaped like what letter? a. C. b. E. c. H. d. K. e. Y.

e. Y.

Red blood cells do not contain a. a cell membrane. b. cytoplasm. c. hemoglobin. d. a nucleus. e. a nucleus and other organelles.

e. a nucleus and other organelles.

What is the function of the spleen? a. tissue repair b. blood reservoir c. red blood cell and platelet destruction d. hematopoiesis e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of these substances operate(s) immune mechanisms? a. mucus b. sebum c. hydrochloric acid in gastric mucosa d. enzymes e. all of the above

e. all of the above

What is a function of the complement proteins? a. chemically detect the presence of pathogens. b. attract phagocytes. c. form membrane attack complexes. d. work with cytokines to trigger inflammation. e. all of these.

e. all of these

What is true about the complement system? a. includes a group of about 20 plasma proteins. b. induces a cascade of proteins that counteract invasion by coating the invading cells. c. attracts phagocytic leukocytes to attack invading cells. d. causes the lysis of the plasma membranes of invading cells. e. all of these.

e. all of these

Which structures are included in the lymphatic system? a. lymph nodes b. the spleen c. the thymus d. tonsils e. all of these

e. all of these

Cell-mediated immune responses protect against what agents? a. viruses. b. bacteria. c. fungi. d. cancer cells. e. all of these.

e. all of these.

Cytokines include what structures? a. interleukins. b. interferons. c. tumor necrosis factor. d. white blood cell enzymes. e. all of these.

e. all of these.

What is true about passive immunization? a. does not cause antibody formation. b. is the administration of already formed antibodies from another source. c. is used when a person has already been infected. d. may be used for exposure to tetanus or rabies. e. all of these.

e. all of these.

Which substance binds more tightly than oxygen to hemoglobin? a. nitrogen b. carbon dioxide c. hydrogen d. helium e. carbon monoxide

e. carbon monoxide

Which chemicals trigger the repeated division of lymphocytes that produces activated B and T cells? a. interleukins b. complement proteins c. interferons d. histamines e. cytokines

e. cytokines

Which of the following leukocytes are classified as granulocytes? a. monocytes b. lymphocytes c. macrophages d. natural killer cells e. neutrophils

e. neutrophils

Most antigens are made of what structures? a. nucleic acids and proteins. b. alcohols and lipids. c. oligosaccharides and alcohols. d. ketones and aldehydes. e. oligosaccharides, proteins, and lipids.

e. oligosaccharides, proteins, and lipids.

Fibrin used in blood clots is produced by what? a. lymphocytes. b. basophils. c. erythrocytes. d. neutrophils. e. platelets.

e. platelets

A vaccine made from weakened toxin protects against what agent? a. pertusis. b. polio. c. German measles. d. measles. e. tetanus.

e. tetanus.

Where does the lymph vascular system begin? a. the heart. b. the veins. c. the arteries. d. the arterioles. e. the capillaries.

e. the capillaries.

Which vein collects blood from the head, arms and chest? ​a. ​inferior vena cava ​b. ​left pulmonary vein ​ c. ​right pulmonary vein ​ d. ​left pulmonary vein ​ e. ​superior vena cava

e. ​superior vena cava

The most common vascular disease is ​phlebitis. ​hypertension. ​ leukemia. ​sickle cell anemia. ​ a stroke.

hypertension

Blood pressure is measured in ​millimeters of mercury. ​inches of mercury. ​ millimeters of water. ​inches of water.

millimeters of mercury.

Blood from the systemic circuit is first received by the heart in the ​coronary vein. ​left atrium. ​ right ventricle. ​right atrium. ​ left ventricle.

right atrium. ​

The pulmonary artery carries blood away from the ​ ​a. ​aorta. ​right atrium. ​ right ventricle. ​ left atrium. ​ left ventricle.

right ventricle. ​

High density lipoproteins ​a. carry cholesterol to the liver. ​ b. line the artery walls. ​c. are used for nutrition. ​d. lower blood pressure. ​e. carry cholesterol and other fats to body cells.

​a. carry cholesterol to the liver. ​

What occurs during systole? ​a. Oxygen-rich blood is pumped to the lungs. ​b. The heart muscle tissues contract. ​c. The atrioventricular valves suddenly open. ​d. Oxygen-poor blood from all body regions except the lungs flows into the right atrium. ​e. ​All of these.

​b. The heart muscle tissues contract.

What factor has been implicated as a trigger for the formation of artery-blocking plaques? ​a. ​allergies ​b. ​inflammation ​c. ​hypertension ​ ​d. ​blood clots ​ ​e. ​low blood fats

​b. ​inflammation

Which of the following has the highest blood pressure? ​a. ​right ventricle ​b. ​right atrium ​c. ​aorta ​d. ​left atrium ​e. ​pulmonary circulation

​c. ​aorta

Following balloon angioplasty, a small wire cylinder known as a ____ may be inserted to keep the artery open.​ ​ ​ ​ ​a. ​shunt ​ b. ​shaft ​c. ​stent ​d. ​pipette ​e. ​bushing

​c. ​stent

The bicuspid (mitral) valve is located between the a. left and right atria. ​b. right atrium and right ventricle. ​c. left and right ventricles. ​d. left atrium and left ventricle. ​e. ​ left ventricle and the aorta.

​d. left atrium and left ventricle.

Warning signs of a heart attack include ​a. pain behind the breastbone. ​b. pain radiating down the left arm. ​ c. sweating. ​d. nausea. ​e. all of these

​e. all of these

The most dangerous arrhythmia is a. ​ventricular tachycardia. ​ b. ventricular bradycardia. ​ c. ventricular flutter. ​d. atrial fibrillation. ​e. ventricular fibrillation

​e. ventricular fibrillation

A major risk factor in developing cardiovascular disease is ​a. ​obesity. ​b. ​smoking. ​c. ​hypertension. ​ ​d. ​lack of exercise. ​ ​e. ​all of these.

​e. ​all of these.

An early sign of plaque formation in coronary arteries is ​a. ​a heart attack. ​b. ​hypertension. ​ c. ​hypotension. ​​d. ​angina pectoris. ​​e. ​rapid heartbeat.

​​d. ​angina pectoris.