Anatomy Final previous tests
Germinal center
contains proliferating B-lymphocytes
Neutrophil
efficient slayer of bacterial invaders; granulocytic, polymorphonuclear leukocyte
The bony labyrinth of the inner ear is lined with _________ and contains fluid called:
periosteum/perilymph
True body cavity (technical term)
eucoelemic
3. Which of the following does not shorten when a muscle contracts?; a. myofilaments b. H band c. sarcomere d. I band
A
Trigeminal nerve has ________ branches
3
In this class we have presented and studied/addressed the PNS as having _________ functionally distinct systems.
3 (ANS/SNS/ENS)
Facial nerve as ______ branches
5
13. Which of the following is the only bone cell that divides? a. osteogenic cell b. osteoblast c. osteocyte d. osteoclast
A
25. Anatomy means to: a. cut apart b. study function c. become specialized d. feel e. listen
A
29. Aging is characterized by the body's declining ability to a. restore homeostasis b. remain flexible c. remain mobile d. resist fatigue
A
30. What change(s) occur in the lymphatic system with advancing age?; a. T Cells become less responsive to antigens b. increased responsiveness of B Cells c. decreased production of autoantibodies d. rapid increase in antibody levels with infection
A
31. Which of the following occurs as a result of the presence of lacteals in the wall of the intestine?; a. Most dietary fats do not enter the hepatic portal circulation. b. The lymph receives digested milk sugars, which gives the lymph its creamy color. c. All end products of digestion are carried by lymph. d. Lymph enters the hepatic portal circulation.
A
33. Excess interstitial fluid is called ______________ and has a similar composition to:; a. lymph / blood plasma b. plasma / the cytosol of cells c. lymph / the cytosol of cells d. serous plasma / blood plasma e. serous fluid / plasma
A
34. The fluid that surrounds the organelles is known as: a. cytosol b. cytoplasm c. extracellular fluid d. interstitial fluid
A
35. Neurons in the CNS fail to re-grow because of inhibition of growth by the _____________?; a. oligodendrocytes b. Schwann cells or neurolemmocytes c. axons d. cell bodies e. astrocytes
A
37. All connective tissues have an extracellular matrix (material between the cells). Which connective tissue's matrix is fluid? a. blood b. bone c. reticular d. areolar
A
40. In lab you examine a nervous system tissue slide and identify satellite cells around unipolar neuron cells. You are likely looking at a: ; a. gray matter ganglion of PNS b. gray matter nucleus of CNS c. whiter matter tract of PNS d. white matter nerve of CNS
A
41. During a histological study of nervous tissue from the CNS, myelin is observed surrounding the axons of the neurons. Based on the presence of the myelin, what other conclusion can be made for this specimen?; a. oligodendrocytes are present b. Schwann cells are present c. microglial cells are present d. ependymal cells are present
A
45. Which of the following is NOT a physical characteristic of blood?; a. pH range of 7.25 to 7.55 b. temperature of 38ºC (100.4 ºF) c. average volume of 5-6 liters (1.5gal) in a male d. about 8% of body weight
A
46. Sites of hemopoiesis in the adult include all of the following EXCEPT:; a. liver. b. sternum. c. head of humerus. d. head of femur.
A
47. Levels of which granular leukocyte are increased immediately following a tissue injury?; a. neutrophils b. erythrocytes c. thrombocytes d. monocytes
A
48. Which of the following is accomplished through apoptosis? a. distinction of individual fingers and toes b. opening of the eyes (as in being able to open the eyelids) c. beating of the heart d. growth of the brain
A
49. Your patient has chronically low B lymphocyte and T lymphocyte levels but sufficient erythrocyte and platelet levels. Which cell is most likely developing incorrectly?; a. Lymphoid stem cell b. Myeloid stem cell c. T lymphoblast cells d. Pluripotent stem cell
A
50. Which of the following statements about the layers of the skin is TRUE? a. The dermis is composed primarily of connective tissue and the epidermis is composed primarily of epithelium. b. The epidermis is deeper than the dermis. c. Skin color is mainly due to cells located in the upper part of the dermis; the cells of the epidermis are colorless. d. The epidermis is located between the dermis and the hypodermis. e. The epidermis is rich in blood vessels; the dermis is avascular.
A
53. Which of the following is a type of epicardial tissue that is found associated with the sulci and coronary blood vessels of the heart?; a. adipose b. collagen c. keratin d. glycogen e. hydroxyapatite
A
54. Which describes a factor associated with aging of the skin? a. collagen fibers in the dermis break b. elastic fibers in the epidermis lose their elasticity c. protein fibers double in their quantity from the age of 40 to 60 d. fibroblast multiply and outnumber keratinocytes
A
56. Which of the following is the name for the structural organizational unit of compact bone? a. Osteon b. Canaliculus c. Cancellous bone d. Trabeculae Reticulum
A
60. The branches of the arch of the aorta, in correct order, are: 1. brachiocephalic trunk 2. left common carotid 3. left subclavian; a. 1, 2, 3 b. 1, 3, 2 c. 2, 1, 3 d. 3, 2, 1
A
62. Venous blood from the liver reaches the inferior vena cava via the; a. hepatic veins b. splenic vein c. hepatic portal vein d. superior mesenteric vein
A
64. Which of the following structures is not membrane-bound? a. ribosome b. lysosome c. nucleus d. Golgi complex e. mitochondria
A
68. Lymph enters a lymph node via _____ and exits through _____.; a. afferent vessels; efferent vessels b. efferent vessels; afferent vessels c. medullary sinuses; trabecular sinuses d. subscapular sinuses; medullary sinuses
A
71. Lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries in that they are _____-ended and they have a slightly _____ diameter than blood capillaries.; a. closed / larger b. closed / smaller c. open / larger d. open / smaller e. fenestrated / smaller
A
74. Extensions of the thymus capsule called _____ penetrate inward dividing each lobe of the gland into lobules.; a. trabeculae b. white pulp c. red pulp d. lacteals
A
74. Which of the following structures actually implants into the endometrium of the uterus? a. blastocyst b. morula c. zygote d. all of these choices e. none of these choices
A
The H zone is comprised of a. myosin only b. actin only c. actin and myosin d. troponin and tropomyosin
A
14. The extracellular matrix of epithelial tissues is called: a. adipose tissue b. the basement membrane c. cellulose d. dermis e. endoderm
B
16. Stratified, cuboidal epithelia would contain: a. one layer of cells, each containing primarily a spherical nucleus b. multiple layers of cells, each containing primarily a spherical nucleus c. one layer of cells that have the appearance of multiple layers due to the variety of cellular shapes d. multiple layers of elongated cells, each containing primarily an ovoid nucleus e. one layer of flattened cells, each containing primarily a spherical nucleus
B
26. Capillaries found in the kidneys, choroid plexuses of the ventricles in the brain, and most endocrine glands are most likely to be ______________________ due to the ability of small molecules, but usually not cells, being able to pass through them.; a. continuous capillaries b. fenestrated capillaries c. sinusoid capillaries d. lacteals e. lymphatic capillaries
B
26. Which sub-discipline of anatomy examines the microscopic structure of tissues? a. cell biology b. histology c. surface anatomy d. gross anatomy e. regional anatomy
B
28. The four fundamental types of tissues in the body are a. skeletal, muscular, epithelial, nervous b. connective, muscle, nervous, epithelial c. vascular, nervous, epithelial, connective d. muscle, nervous, skeletal, connective
B
3. In an electron micrograph of a human cell, a small region of the nucleus called ___________ can be seen (and this can also sometimes be seen with compound optical microscopes). This region is where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized. a. a cytosolic gel b. the nucleolus c. chromatin d. the nuclear envelope e. a nuclear vesicle
B
30. When a person is standing, facing forward, arms to the side with palms facing forward, they are in the _______. a. Prone position b. Anatomical position c. Standing position d. Supine position
B
33. Intracellular fluid would be found ________ the cell and would contain a higher concentration of ________ ions than on the outside, whereas extracellular fluid would be found ________ the cell and would contain a higher concentration of ___________ ions than on the inside of the cell. a. inside, potassium / inside, sodium b. inside, potassium / outside, sodium c. outside, sodium / outside, potassium d. outside, sodium / inside, potassium
B
38. Which of the choices listed below are characteristics shared by almost all epithelial tissues? 1 contain a high amount of extracellular matrix (substance between cells) 2 avascular (no blood vessels) - except for one specific example 3 cells closely joined together 4 form surface layers 5 found immediately next to blood-vessel rich connective tissues a. 1, 2, 3, 4 b. 2, 3, 4, 5 c. 2, 4 d. 3, 4, 5 e. 5
B
40. Which of the following tissues make up glands? a. connective b. epithelial c. muscular d. nervous
B
42. Regarding characteristics used to name muscles, which of the following is incorrectly matched?; a. rectus-parallel to midline b. platys-circular c. biceps-two origins d. brevis-short
B
47. What trophoblast hormone is detected in early pregnancy tests? a. leutinizing hormone (LH) b. human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) c. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) d. estrogen
B
5. Which of the functions listed below is/are attributed to various plasma proteins? 1. contribute to blood clotting 2. exert colloid osmotic pressure (to assist the maintenance of water balance) 3. help attack viruses and bacteria 4. function as transport proteins for several steroid hormones 5. transport fat-soluble vitamins 6. transport oxygen; a. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 b. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5only c. 3, 4, 5 and 6 only d. 4, 5 and 6 only e. 6 only
B
52. Apocrine glands are a special type of sweat gland that _______. a. release excessive sweat as compared to normal sweat glands and are actually endocrine glands b. are found mainly in the axilla, groin, areolae, and bearded regions of the adult male face c. release a waxy substance that helps lubricate hair and trap foreign particles and microbes d. more than one answer is correct e. none of the choices are correct
B
53. Which of the following is the most abundant protein in the human body? a. adipose b. collagen c. keratin d. glycogen e. hydroxyapatite
B
55. Most of the ventricular filling occurs during which phase of the cardiac cycle?; a. atrial systole b. relaxation period c. ventricular systole
B
59. Which of the following are the smallest living units in the human body? a. atoms b. cells c. molecules d. organs e. organelles
B
6. Serous membranes provide a containment and protective structure for various organs and regions of the body. As a containment structure, serous membranes best illustrate an example of: a. physiological amplification b. anatomical compartmentalization c. a homeostatic mechanism d. a signal transduction mechanism e. disease
B
60. In the context of the approach we are taking in this Human Anatomy class, there are _____ different systems that make up the human body. a. 9 b. 11 c. 13 d. too many to count e. not all of the systems of the human body have been discovered
B
61. In the fetus, what two structures allow most blood to bypass the lungs?; a. fossa ovalis and ligamentum arteriosum b. foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus c. fossa ovalis and ductus arteriosus d. foramen ovale and ligamentum arteriosum
B
63. Which of the following is true regarding a ligand as a mediator of certain types of gated channels? a. ligands are usually water soluble and can cross the cell membrane without opening a gated channel b. ligands are usually water soluble and cannot cross the cell membrane c. ligands are usually lipid soluble and can cross the cell membrane without a carrier protein d. ligands are usually lipid soluble, but they cannot cross the cell membrane due to their large size e. ligands are electrically charged, so they trigger the opening of voltage-gated channels and then enter the cell
B
64. A correct sequence for fluid flow in the body is:; a. arteries, lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic ducts, heart, veins, blood capillaries, interstitial spaces. b. blood capillaries, interstitial spaces, lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic ducts, veins, heart, arteries. c. lymphatic capillaries, interstitial spaces, lymphatic ducts, veins, heart, arteries, blood capillaries. d. veins, heart, arteries, lymphatic ducts, interstitial spaces, lymphatic capillaries, blood capillaries.
B
65. The lymphatic system transports dietary _____ from the gastrointestinal tract to the blood.; a. carbohydrates b. lipids c. proteins d. All of these choices are correct
B
70. The palatine tonsils and pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) are aggregates of lymphoid tissue located in the:; a. nasal cavity b. pharynx (throat) c. larynx (voice box) d. trachea (windpipe)
B
The lungs receive blood from two-sets of blood vessels. Which ones carry oxygenated blood to the lung tissues?
Bronchial arteries
13. Which of the following formed elements contain hemoglobin?; a. adipocytes b. basophils c. erythrocytes d. leukocytes e. thrombocytes
C
14. The extracellular matrix of blood is called: a. adipose b. the basement membrane c. plasma d. collagen e. protein
C
15. Connective tissue cells, such as those of bone tissues, are embedded in an extracellular matrix made up of: a. adipose b. basement membranes c. ground substances and collagen fibers d. closely-packed cells with a paucity of vascularization e. closely-packed cells with an abundance of vascularization
C
25. Which of the following correctly lists the flow of deoxygenated blood through the heart?; a. superior and inferior vena cava; right atrium; bicuspid valve; right ventricle; pulmonary vein b. superior and inferior vena cava; right ventricle; bicuspid valve, right atrium; pulmonary artery c. superior and inferior vena cava; right atrium; tricuspid valve; right ventricle; pulmonary artery d. superior and inferior vena cava; right atrium; pulmonary valve; right ventricle; pulmonary vein
C
27. The transformation of a single fertilized human egg cell into a unique individual is a good example of what human life process? a. metabolism b. responsiveness c. differentiation d. movement
C
28. Which of the choices listed below is/are function(s) of lymph nodes?; 1 filter microbes and foreign substances from lymph 2 site of antibody formation 3 site of B cell proliferation 4 site where proliferation of T cells can occur 5 site of plasma cell development a. 1 only b. 1, 2, 3 and 5 only c. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 d. 1, 2, and 4 only e. 1 and 4 only
C
35. Which of the following is NOT an organelle? a. endoplasmic reticulum b. Golgi complex c. glycogen granule d. lysosome e. mitochondrion
C
36. Which of the following types of cell junctions allow communication between cardiomyocytes? ; a. adherens junctions b. desmosomes c. gap junctions d. hemidesmosomes e. tight junctions
C
36. Which of the following types of cell junctions allow communication between cells? a. adherens junctions b. desmosomes c. gap junctions d. hemidesmosomes e. tight junctions
C
41. Where does fertilization normally occur? a. cervix b. ovary c. uterine (fallopian) tube d. uterus e. vagina
C
44. Which two muscles provide good examples for use of the term "synergists"?; a. latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major b. flexor carpi ulnaris and extensor carpi ulnaris c. biceps femoris and semitendinosis d. gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior
C
46. What is the main difference between a morula and a blastocyst? a. A morula contains blastomeres; a blastocyst does not b. A morula undergoes mitotic divisions; a blastocyst undergoes meiotic divisions c. A morula is a solid ball of cells; a blastocyst contains a large fluid-filled cavity d. The morula implants in the endometrium; the blastocyst implants in the myometrium
C
48. Red blood cells and white blood cells are directly involved in which two functions of blood?; a. Protection and regulation b. Regulation and transportation c. Transportation and protection
C
49. Which principle cell type makes up most of the epidermis, roughly 90%? a. melanocytes b. Langerhans cells c. keratinocytes d. tactile epithelial cells e. nerve cells
C
50. The _____ forms an external boundary between the superior atria and inferior ventricles.; a. fossa ovalis b. foramen ovale c. coronary sulcus d. interventricular sulcus
C
51. There are four valves in the heart:; 1 bicuspid (mitral) 2 tricuspid 3 pulmonary semilunar 4 aortic semilunar What is the correct order in which blood flows through these valves, starting in the right atrium? a. 1, 4, 2, 3 b. 1, 3, 2, 4 c. 2, 3, 1, 4 d. 2, 4, 1, 3
C
56. Which of the following is the name for the structural feature of cardiomyocytes that prevents the muscle fibers from shearing and separating from each other during repeated contractions and relaxations?; a. striations b. gap junctions c. intercalated discs d. dense bodies e. intermediate proteins
C
58. Tensile strength and flexibility of bone is provided by what type of extracellular matrix fiber? Additionally, these fibers provide the proteinaceous foundational materials for basement membranes as well as extracellular matrix material for many connective tissues, especially bone. a. mineral salts b. elastin c. collagen d. articular e. hydroxyapatite
C
62. An accident report submitted by an officer who is a former anatomy student contains the following statement: "The victim suffered a severe blow to the mental region." This means a. the victim had a severe wound to the skull bones b. the victim's brain was obviously injured c. the victim was struck on the chin d. the victim witnessed a shocking event
C
63. The thoracic (left lymphatic) duct begins as a dilated collection area called the _____.; a. intestinal plexus b. hemiazygos trunk c. cisterna chyli d. thoracic ampulla
C
66. Which of the following is not located in the nucleus? a. histones b. chromatin c. endosome d. nucleolus
C
67. _____ protect us from disease by producing antibodies.; a. T cells b. Regulatory B cells c. Plasma cells d. Cytotoxic T cells
C
73. Which of the following is NOT one of the tonsils which form a tonsillar (Waldeyer's) ring at the junction of the oral cavity and oropharynx and at the junction of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx?; a. palatine tonsils b. pharyngeal (adenoid) tonsil c. cervical tonsils d. lingual tonsils
C
75. Ordinarily, the insertion of a muscle: ; 1. in a limb is proximal to the origin. 2. does not move when the muscle contracts. 3. is the movable point of attachment of a muscle. 4. attaches a muscle to a bone or skin. a. 1, 2, 3, 4 b. 1, 2, 4 only c. 1, 3 only d. 3, 4 only
C
Which of the following characteristics of ANS motor pathways are correctly matched? a. ANS effectors-innervated by only one neuron type b. Preganglionic neurons-unmyelinated c. Acetylcholine- released at cell bodies of ANS ganglia d. Postganglionic neurons- myelinated e. Action potentials- generated only at ANS ganglia, not other effectors, such as the adrenal medulla
C
Which of the following is (are) not found in the CNS nor considered to be part of the CNS? a. astrocytes b. bundles of axons in tracts c. cranial nerves d. dendrites e. ependymal cells
C
Which of the following is arranged correctly from the microscopic level to the gross level? a. fascicle, belly, tendon b. myofilament, myofibril, muscle fiber c. myofibril, muscle fiber, fascicle d. belly, fascicle, muscle fiber
C
Which of the following is the active form of Vitamin D that is produced in the kidneys?
Calcitriol
Which of the following cells of the stomach store and release histamine
Chief cells
17. The cells of blood are suspended in an extracellular matrix called: a. adipose b. basement membrane c. ground tissue d. plasma e. collagen
D
17. There are 4 chambers inside the heart. Which chamber is enclosed by a thick layer of heart muscle so that it can pump blood out to the body?; a. right atrium b. right ventricle c. left atrium d. left ventricle
D
18. The embryonic, somewhat fluid cells of the mesoderm are called: a. adipocytes b. stratum basale cells c. chondrocytes d. mesenchymal cells e. monocytes
D
19. Which of the following represents the sequence of the cardiac conduction pathway?; a. AV node, atria, SA node, ventricles b. AV node, SA node, atria, ventricles c. SA node, AV node, ventricles, atria d. SA node, atria, AV node, ventricles e. None of these choices is correct
D
2. Which of the following cell structures can be described as an organelle that serves as the "powerhouse" of the cell? a. actin filaments b. the nucleus c. the cytoplasm d. mitochondrion e. Golgi body
D
27. The innermost layer of blood vessels is composed of:; a. muscle b. connective tissue c. columnar epithelium d. simple squamous epithelium e. cardiomyocytes
D
29. Which of the following traces the flow of lymph from the lower extremities back to the circulatory system?; a. lymph node, lymph vessels, lymph trunks, lymph duct, subclavian vein b. lymph vessels, lymph trunks, lymph duct, lymph node, subclavian vein c. lymph vessels, lymph capillaries, lymph node, lymph duct, subclavian vein d. lymph vessels, lymph node, lymph trunk, lymph duct, subclavian vein
D
31. Which of the following directly regulates the movement of materials into and out of a cell? a. cytoplasm b. cytosol c. nucleus d. plasma membrane e. mitochondria
D
32. This neuron is found in the cerebellum and is named after a noted histologist who first described this cell. What is it called? ; a. Oligodendrocyte b. Schwann cell c. Astrocyte d. Purkinje cell e. Pyramidal cell
D
34. The fluid that surrounds and bathes cells and tissues is known as:; a. cytosol b. cytoplasm c. plasma d. interstitial fluid e. serous fluid
D
37. What is the name of this portion of the spinal cord? It is primarily made up of:; a. gray matter / myelinated axons b. white matter / interneurons c. white matter / myelinated axons d. gray matter / unmyelinated axons, cell bodies and neuroglial cells e. pia mater / connective tissues that protect the spinal cord
D
4. Which of the following differentiates cardiac muscle tissue from skeletal muscle tissue?; a. cardiac muscle is autorhythmic b. cardiac muscle fibers are shorter in length c. cardiac muscle fibers are branching d. all choices are correct
D
4. _____________is the study of the body by systems, such as the cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems. a. artificial anatomy b. regional anatomy c. physiology d. systemic anatomy e. surface anatomy
D
43. Which two muscles provide a good example of an "antagonistic pair"?; a. biceps brachii and brachialis b. semitendinosus and semimembranosus c. vastus medialis and vastus lateralis d. fibularis (peroneus) longus and tibialis anterior
D
44. Oxygen and nutrients are carried from the placenta into the fetus by the: a. chorionic villi b. umbilical arteries c. allantois d. umbilical vein e. lacunae
D
45. The boundary surrounding the secondary oocyte which must be penetrated by the sperm is comprised of the __________. 1. corona radiate 2. zona pellucida 3. pronucleus a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1 and 2
D
5. Goblet cells secrete: a. antibodies b. digested bacterial cells c. cilia d. mucus e. mucous membranes
D
51. Which of the following is TRUE of thick skin? a. contains sebaceous glands b. present on the face c. dermal papillae are fewer in number and less well organized d. lacks arrector pili muscles e. lacks epidermal ridges
D
52. The vascular sinus in the coronary sulcus on the posterior surface of the heart, called the _____, empties into the right atrium.; a. right coronary artery b. anterior interventricular artery c. middle cardiac vein d. coronary sinus
D
54. The Bundle of His:; a. is the natural pacemaker of the heart b. is a collection of nerve fibers that carry electrical impulses throughout the heart c. carry depolarization waves directly to the apex of heart d. provides the electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles e. fires after a brief delay following the firing of the SA node
D
59. Which of the following statements about sinusoids is TRUE?; a. Their walls have large intercellular clefts that allow proteins and blood cells to pass between tissue and the bloodstream. b. Sinusoids are found in the liver, spleen and red bone marrow. c. Sinusoids function as capillaries, but are wider and more winding than other capillaries. d. All of the choices are correct.
D
61. All of the following characteristics of life are important processes of humans EXCEPT a. Metabolism b. Growth c. Differentiation d. Cell wall formation
D
65. Rough endoplasmic reticulum differs from smooth endoplasmic reticulum in that it has _____ associated with it; therefore rough endoplasmic reticulum assists in the production and temporary storage of _____. a. inclusions, cytosol b. lysosomes, lipids c. ribosomes, lysosomes d. ribosomes, proteins
D
66. The right lymphatic duct drains lymph into the bloodstream at the junction of the right internal jugular vein and the _____.; a. right bronchomediastinal vein b. superior vena cava c. right brachiocephalic vein d. right subclavian vein
D
67. When charged, medium-sized molecules like glucose and amino acids move across a membrane from high to low concentration via a channel or carrier protein, the following process has occurred. a. simple diffusion b. osmosis c. active transport involving membrane proteins d. facilitated diffusion
D
68. Ceruminous glands are: a. branched, coiled, acinar and secrete sweat b. branched, coiled, tubular and secrete wax c. simple, coiled, acinar and secrete sebum (oil) d. simple, coiled, tubular and secrete wax, such as ear wax e. compound, tubular, acinar and secrete sweat
D
69. Lymphatic capillaries are found in:; 1 intracellular spaces 2 intercellular spaces 3 interstitial spaces a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. both 2 and 3
D
69. Which type of cell junction is analogous to a "spot weld" that attaches the basal surface of deep epithelial cells to the basement membrane? a. adherens junctions b. desmosomes c. gap junctions d. hemidesmosomes e. tight junctions
D
7. For any given system of the body, with regard to homeostasis, if we fall out of homeostasis, we fall into a condition known as: a. adaptation b. apoptosis c. catatonia d. disease e. rigor mortis
D
70. Which of the following types of cells, found in connective tissue, are the most abundant and produce collagen and elastic fibers? a. macrophages b. adipocytes c. mast cells d. fibroblasts e. white blood cells
D
71. Which of the following is generally false with regard to skin pigmentation? a. amounts of melanin pigment types vary with regard to production and transport to keratinocytes b. about 8% of the epidermal cells found in nearly all skin colors are melanocytes c. carotene can cause an orange or yellow pigmentation in the skin, especially if there is an abundance of carotene in one's diet d. darker skin pigmentation is the result of increased numbers of melanocytes compared to lighter skin pigmentation e. in lighter colored skin where the epidermal layers are more translucent, a pink to red pigmentation can be seen due to the amount of and oxygenation of blood flow to the intermediate and deep layers of the integumentary system
D
72. Adjacent cardiac muscle cells need to communicate with each other extremely quickly. Which type of cell junction would best help accomplish this? a. tight junction b. adherens junction c. desmosomes d. gap junctions
D
72. Adjacent cardiac muscle cells need to communicate with each other extremely quickly. Which type of cell junction would best help accomplish this?; a. tight junction b. adherens junction c. desmosomes d. gap junctions
D
73. Fertilization by more than one sperm cell is referred to as __________. a. syngamy b. capacitation c. the acrosomal reaction d. polyspermy
D
75. Which of the following respond to light touch sensations? a. keratinocytes b. Langerhans cells c. melanocytes d. Merkel discs and Meissner corpuscles e. Pacinian corpuscles
D
Which of the following characteristics of the ANS/ENS are incorrectly matched? a. Sympathetic division- fight or flight b. Parasympathetic divison- rest and digest c. Preganglionic neurons- synapse postganglionic neurons d. Dual innervation- innervation of both visceral effectors and somatic effectors e. ANS/ENS motor pathways- multiple nerves innervating cardiac and smooth muscle, glands, and adipose
D
Which of the following is (are) not classified as an effector group of effectors of the ANS? a. cardiovascular system b. heart c. lungs d. biceps brachii muscle fibers e. urinary system
D
Which of the following is not one of the types of sensory receptors classified based on type of stimulus? a. photoreceptors b. mechanoreceptors c. thermoreceptors d. proprioceptors e. nociceptors
D
1. With regard to levels of organization in the human body, which of the following is the correct order from smallest and least complex to largest and most complex? a. chemical, cell, organ, organ system, organism, tissue b. chemical, cell, organ, organ system, tissue, organism c. cell, chemical, tissue, organ, organ system, organism d. cell, tissue, chemical, organ, organ system, organism e. chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
E
15. Which of the following type of white blood cells are involved in phagocytosis?; 1. macrophage 2. basophil 3. neutrophil a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. all of these choices e. only 1 and 3
E
16. There are 4 chambers inside the heart. Which chamber(s) receive blood from outside the heart?; 1. right atrium 2. right ventricle 3. left atrium 4. left ventricle a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 4 only e. 1 and 3
E
18. Which of the following is true of the SA node?; 1. It stands for septal artery 2. it stands for Sino-atrial 3. it is the natural pacemaker of the heart 4. it is an important valve in the heart a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 4 only e. 2 and 3
E
19. The type of epithelial tissue that would be found in an organ, such as the urinary bladder that contains cells that can stretch and deform without rupture of the organ is called: a. adipose b. basement membrane c. collagen d. elastic cartilage e. transitional
E
32. A type of ion channel that is open all the time is called a(n) ____________ channel, and it allows for materials to pass through the cell membrane via _________________. a. leak / active transport b. ligand-mediated / diffusion c. voltage-gated / facilitated diffusion d. ligand-gated / active transport e. leak / facilitated diffusion
E
38. Damage to a motor neuron would cause which of the following problem(s)?; 1. muscle weakness 2. decreased sensation 3. decreased gland output b. 1 only c. 2 only d. 3 only e. 1 and 3 only
E
39. Which of the following is an endocrine gland that would be under the control of the Enteric Nervous System (ENS)?; a. adipocytes b. goblet cells c. salivary glands which secrete saliva d. sudoriferous glands which secrete sweat e. pancreatic glands that secrete hormones, such as insulin and glucagon
E
39. Which of the following is an endocrine gland? a. cells of pancreatic acini which secrete digestive enzymes b. parietal cells in the stomach which secrete hydrochloric acid c. salivary glands which secrete saliva d. sudoriferous glands which secrete sweat e. thyroid gland which secretes thyroid hormones
E
55. Which of the following terms refers to a covering of connective, membranous tissue that surrounds (most of) the bone's external surface? a. articular cartilage b. endosteum c. epiphyses d. metaphyses e. periosteum
E
57. Blood flows through the following vessels in what order? 1. arteriole 2. capillary 3. vein 4. artery 5. venule; a. 1, 2, 4, 5 b. 1, 4, 2, 5 c. 5, 2, 3, 1 d. 1, 2, 3, 4 e. 4, 1, 2, 5, 3
E
57. In adult long bones, the medullary cavity if filled primarily with: a. fluid b. epithelial tissue c. red marrow d. muscle e. yellow marrow
E
58. A difference between veins and arteries is; a. arteries have valves; veins do not b. arteries have three layers (tunics); veins have only two layers (tunics) c. venous blood is under more pressure than is arterial blood d. arteries have their own blood supply (vasa vasorum); veins do not e. the tunica interna (intima) and tunica media are thinner in veins than in arteries
E
6. Which of the following are constituents of plasma?; a. red blood cells b. proteins c. dissolved substances d. glucose e. more than one of the above
E
7. Which of the following is/are part of the formed elements of the blood?; a. red blood cell b. proteins c. platelets d. white blood cells e. all choices are correct, except proteins
E
Which of the following are ENS effectors? a. adipocytes b. brain neurons c. smooth muscle of the GI d. endocrine and exocrine glands of the GI e. all of these except brain neurons
E
Which of the following characteristics of the reticular formation are mismatched? a. clusters of neuron cells bodies- gray matter b. bundles of myelinated axons- white matter c. begins anatomically at the superior end of the spinal cord- ends anatomically in the diencephalon d. ascending tracts- white matter e. descending tracts- gray matter
E
Which of the following cranial nerves do not make up part of the parasympathetic division of the ANS? a. Cranial nerve I b. Cranial nerve II c. Cranial nerve III d. Cranial nerve IV e. All of these except cranial nerve III make up parasympathetic division of the ANS.
E
Which of the following is not one of the 4 components of sensation? a. conduction b. integration c. nerve impulse generation d. stimulus e. perception
E
Which of the following stomach cells secrete gastrin
G-cells
The olfactory (______) nerve is actually a collection of _______ extending from the surface of the nasal epithelium
I/axons
Which cranial nerve exits from the eye, carrying sensory information
II
Which of the following is true about the macula lutea of the eye
It is the exact center of the eye
Which would be found in the pigmented layer of the retina of the eye
Melanin-containing epithelium (only)
Where does the optic nerve attach to the retina of the eye
Optic disc
Fibromyalgia
Pain in connective tissues of muscles, tendons, and ligaments
Which of the following is an enzyme, not a hormone, produced by the kidneys in humans?
Renin
Which cochlear channel terminates at the round window
Scala tympani
Speaking in terms of anatomical position, which of the following is true about the kidneys?
The right kidney is lower than the left, but equal in size and equally protected by ribs 11 and 12
The patency of the respiratory system depends on structures and secretions that help maintain this condition (patency). In the contexts of respiratory system, patency means:
Unobstructed
Which of the following is a form of nitrogenous waste in humans that tends to crystallize in some people, especially in the lower extremity joints, causing a condition known as gout?
Uric acid
What term is used to describe, collectively, the reproductive and urinary systems due to a number of shared properties and characteristics
Urogenital system
The cranial nerve called the vestibulocochlear (______) nerve contains the vestibular branch for ______ and the auditory branch for hearing
VIII/ balance
42. A morula is formed by which of the following? a. cleavage b. capacitation c. gastrulation d. implantation e. induction
a
Basophil
allergy-inducing WBC of the formed elements and lymphatic system
Chylomicrons
allow absorption of large lipids
Which of the following pneumocytes (cells of the lungs) protects the alveoli and respiratory membrane from microbial invasion and ingest and remove dust particles?
alveolar macrophages
Which of the following components of the filtrate is 100% reabsorbed from the renal tubules into the peritubular capillaries in normal human physiological formation of urine
amino acids
The field of study that deals with male reproductive disorders such as infertility, ED, and other sexual dysfunction is called
andrology
Externally, the supporting and containment structure for the testes appears
as a single compartment
Where would one find the thyroid cartilage
as part of the larynx; on the *posterior* surface of the thyroid gland
The RAS (reticular activating system) is found in the
ascending portion of the RF (reticular formation)
Myasthenia gravis (rare)
autoimmune antibodies attack a muscle specific kinase
Myasthenia gravis (general)
autoimmune antibodies attack acetylcholine reeptors
What are immature neutrophils sometimes called in reference to appearance of nucleus?
band cells
Among the following nitrogenous wastes in humans, which of the following is a breakdown product of heme
bilirubin
Osteogenic cell
bone stem cell
Arm (technical term)
brachial
43. The three primary germ layers are formed in the process of: a. cleavage. b. capacitation. c. gastrulation. d. neurulation. e. induction.
c
Which of the following stomach cells found in gastric pits secretes zymogen called pepsinogen
chief cells
With regard to the location of urinary and reproductive system features, the term proximal means:
close to each other
Rib (technical term)
costal
Parasympathetic divison of the ANS is also structurally referred to as
craniosacral divison
Contraction of these muscles results in pulling the testicles closer to the male body to keep the sperm at a warm temperature, but not too warm as to affect development of the sperm; these muscles that suspend the testes are called
cremaster muscle
Infarction
death of myocardial cells due to lack of blood and oxygen
What are two primary functions of the low pH of stomach acid
denaturing of proteins and conversion of a certain zymogen into its active form
The type of true body cavity that humans have that is defined by having a lining of peritoneum and mesenteries is called a _____ body cavity
eucoelomic
Of the following processes, which does not take place in the nephrons, but rather elsewhere and is also known as the process of micturition or voiding of the bladder?
excretion
What is the correct sequence of events involving early human embryo development?
fertilization; cleavage of zygote to form morula; cleavage of morula to form blastocyst; implantation of blastocyst
Osteoclast
formed from two different cells; bone "breaking" cell that reabsorbs calcium
Coxal (technical term)
hip
The reticular formation is found where and composed of what?
in the brain stem/ the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
The process of monitoring blood volume and composition at the level of the urine-forming units of kidneys falls upon the
juxtaglomerular apparatus
What are the primary excretory organs of the urinary system?
kidneys
Which of the following is the basement membrane of the epithelial component of a GI tract wall layer that is composed of areolar connective tissue?
lamina propria
Which of the following properties found in nephrons contribute to the filtration of blood
large diameter afferent arteriole, small diameter of efferent arteriole and permeable visceral layer of the Bowman's capsule
Which of the following is not a primary organ of the gastrointestinal tract?
liver
What is the smallest, multicellular, microscopic, functional and anatomical unit of the lungs
lobule of the lung
With regard to regulating the pH of gastric juice, histamine has which of the following effects?
lowers the pH in the stomach
Lymphocyte
lymphoid stem cell derived WBC, such as a monocyte or macrophage
Osteocyte
maintains the bone matrix
Osteoblast
makes the bone matrix; makes new bone matrix
Urinary and reproductive system organs, tissues, and structures are primarily derived from:
mesoderm
Which GI tract wall layer (tunic) contains non-ciliated simple columnar epithelial cells?
mucosa
Agranulocyte
myeloid stem-cell derived WBC, such as a monocyte or a macrophage
Elbow (technical term)
olecranal
The scala vestibule is filled with _____ and most directly receives vibrations with the
perilymph/ stapes
Which of the following stomach cells secrete intrinsic factors
parietal cells
The male copulatory, collectively, is called
penis
Most nitrogenous wastes in humans comes from:
protein metabolism
Most blood returns to the heart from the lungs via _______ which primarily contains _________ blood
pulmonary veins/ oxygenated
Within lymphatic system, which tissue/organ is the site for origin of most of the body's T-lymphocytes
red marrow
What is the function of Renin
regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance
The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are collectively called the
renal corpuscle
What is the innermost surface of the eye that contains rods and cones as well as the macula lutea and optic disc
retina
Deschene Muscular Dystrophy
sarcolemma tears due to lack of protein that anchors it to actin
The bag that supports the testes is called the
scrotum
Osteon
structural and functional unit of compact bone; matrix arranged in concentric lamelle
What circulatory system structure is located directly posterior to the sternal angle
superior portion of the aortic arch
Which of the following characteristics of Vitamin B12 are incorrectly matched
synthesized by certain bacteria of the human colon- allows uptake of B12 directly in the colon
SLUDD
systems activated during parasympathetic control salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defaction
The outer bony labyrinth of the inner ear consists of a series of cavities in the ________ bone and contains the semicircular canals, cochlea, and ____________
temporal/ vestibule
Which of the following is the name of the muscles that support each testis
the cremaster muscle
Which of the following is the subcutaneous layer of muscle that makes up the enclosing, muscular component of the scrotum
the dartos muscle
Which of the following are paired organs of the urinary system?
the kidneys
Which of the following contains cells that are sensitive to the concentration of sodium chloride in relation to regulating blood volume, composition and pressure
the macula densa
Where are proteins digested into small peptides in the human GI tract
the stomach
Which of the following describes the composition of the endothelial lining the lower end of the ascending limb of loop of Henle
thin and lined with simple squamous epithelium
Sympathetic division of ANS is also structurally referred to as
thoracolumbar division
Sensory neurons from general sensory receptors are
unipolar
Which of the following is not reabsorbed at the lowest portion of the loop of Henle
urea
The primary nitrogenous waste in humans is _____ and is processed in the _______ and kidneys
urea/ liver
Which of the following structures do the male reproductive and urinary systems share as common pathways for each system's respective products and functions
urethra
The study of the urinary system is called
urology
Somatic nervous system innervates _________ effectors
voluntary