Anatomy II - Chapter 21

Hyperventilation leads to ______. 1) Respiratory alkalosis 2) Metabolic acidosis 3) Respiratory acidosis 4) Metabolic alkalosis

Respiratory alkalosis

Alkalosis is a condition that results from accumulation of ______ or loss of ______. 1) acids; bases 2) bases; acids

bases; acids

A condition where the blood has a pH of 7.46 or higher is called ______.

Alkalosis

Hyperventilation leads to respiratory ______. 1) Acidosis 2) Alkalosis

Alkalosis

Match each word element with its meaning.

-osis - state, condition, or process of -emia - blood condition -uria - urine condition

What value for blood pH would be classified as acidemia? 1) 7.30 2) 7.35 3) 7.45 4) 7.50

7.30

What blood pH suggests alkalosis? 1) 7.4 2) 7.5 3) 7.0 4) 6.9

7.5

Symptoms of respiratory alkalosis include ______. 1) Light headedness 2) Agitation 3) Tingling sensations 4) All of the answer choices are correct

All of the answer choices are correct

What is edema? 1) A response to dehydration 2) Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid 3) Decreased venous pressure 4) Hyperproteinemia

Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid

Alkalosis is a condition in which the pH of arterial blood is ______. 1) Above 7.35 2) Below 7.45 3) Above 7.45 4) Below 7.35

Above 7.45

A condition called ______ is due to an acid-base imbalance in which the arterial blood pH is lower than 7.35.

Acidosis

Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions are known as ______.

Acids

What causes movement of water between the fluid compartments? 1) Altering the pH levels 2) Altering the temperature 3) Altering the concentration of electrolytes

Altering the concentration of electrolytes

Acids that ionize completely and therefore release fewer hydrogen ions are called ______ acids. 1) Strong 2) Weak

Weak

When the quantity of electrolytes gained equals the quantity lost, the body is in electrolyte ______.

Balance

Acidosis is a condition in which the pH of arterial blood is ______. 1) Above 7.35 2) Above 4.5 3) Below 7.35 4) Below 4.5

Below 7.35

Which of the following provides the largest percentage of daily water intake? 1) Metabolic reactions 2) Beverages 3) Absorption through the skin 4) Moist food

Beverages

Indicate three major chemical buffer systems in the body. 1) Bicarbonate buffer system 2) Acid buffer system 3) Respiratory buffer system 4) Phosphate buffer system 5) Protein buffer system

Bicarbonate buffer system Phosphate buffer system Protein buffer system

A chemical that combines with excess acids or bases is called a ______.

Buffer

A(n) ______ helps minimize pH changes, typically by converting a strong acid or strong base to a weak one. 1) Indicator 2) Osmoreceptor 3) Buffer

Buffer

In red blood cells, carbonic anhydrase converts carbon dioxide and water to ______, which then dissociates into hydrogen ions and ______. 1) Bicarbonate ion; carbonic acid 2) Carbonic acid; bicarbonate ion

Carbonic acid; bicarbonate ion

Name the enzyme that converts HC2O3 to HCO3- and H+. 1) Carbaminopeptidase 2) Phosphatase 3) Catalase 4) Carbonic anhydrase

Carbonic anhydrase

Acid-base buffer systems minimize pH changes by ______. 1) Converting strong acids to weak acids 2) Increasing breathing rate 3) Promoting the excretion of hydrogen ions 4) Converting weak acids to strong acids

Converting strong acids to weak acids

Match each word element with its meaning.

De- separation from Edem- swelling Extra- outside Im- not Intra- within Neutr- neither one nor the other

A(n) ______ in water content of extracellular fluid leads to ______ osmolarity of blood and the sensation of thirst. 1) Decrease; increased 2) Increase; decreased 3) Increase; increased 4) Decrease; decreased

Decrease; increased

An abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid is called ______.

Edema

When lymph flow is blocked by a tumor, fluid cannot drain away. The resulting condition is called ______.

Edema

Indicate two mechanisms employed to maintain water and electrolyte balance. 1) Replace lost water only 2) Excrete any excess water and electrolyte 3) Replace lost water and electrolytes 4) Excrete excess water without the electrolytes

Excrete any excess water and electrolyte Replace lost water and electrolytes

All of the water and electrolytes outside of cell membranes collectively comprise the ______ fluid compartment. 1) Transcellular 2) Interstitial 3) Intracellular 4) Extracellular

Extracellular

This change in osmolarity means that the ______ is now more concentrated than the ______. 1) Extracellular fluid; intracellular fluid 2) Intracellular fluid; extracellular fluid

Extracellular fluid; intracellular fluid

Which of the following body compartments is correctly matched with its location in the body? 1) Intracellular: all fluids outside cells 2) Extracellular: fluid in tissue spaces, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels 3) Extracellular: fluid in cells 4) Transcellular: between the lipid layers of cell membranes

Extracellular: fluid in tissue spaces, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

True or false: Drugs called diuretics cause the body to retain water and reduce urine output.

False

The body can acquire sufficient electrolytes by responding to ______ and thirst.

Hunger

By regulating ______, the body regulates electrolyte input. 1) Hunger and metabolism 2) Hunger and thirst 3) Sweat and urination 4) Thirst and urination

Hunger and thirst

The movement of water between fluid compartments is regulated primarily by ______. 1) Diffusion and osmosis 2) Pinocytosis and phagocytosis 3) Active and passive transport 4) Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure

Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure

Even slight changes in ______ ion concentration can effect enzyme action. 1) Sodium 2) Hydroxide 3) Calcium 4) Hydrogen

Hydroxide Hydrogen

List two causes of edema. 1) Hypoproteinemia 2) Blocked lymphatic vessels 3) Decreased permeability in the capillaries 4) Decreased blood pressure

Hypoproteinemia Blocked lymphatic vessels

The area of the brain called the ______ is the site of osmoreceptors, providing the sensation of thirst.

Hypothalamus

Where is the thirst center located? 1) Kidneys 2) Cerebrum 3) Hypothalamus 4) Stomach

Hypothalamus

The first effect of dehydration is ______ osmolarity of the extracellular fluid. 1) Decreased 2) Increased

Increased

Many patients with an excess of body fluid are prescribed a diuretic, which causes ______. 1) Increased water reabsorption by the kidneys 2) Decreased osmolarity of plasma 3) Increased urine output

Increased urine output

List two sources of water intake. 1) Respiratory 2) Perspiration 3) Ingestion 4) Cellular metabolism

Ingestion Cellular metabolism

What is the name of the fluid found in tissue spaces? 1) Lymph 2) Intracellular fluid 3) Interstitial fluid 4) Transcellular fluid

Interstitial fluid

The ______ fluid compartment includes all of the fluid found within the cells of the body.

Intracellular

The two major fluid compartments of the body are the ______ fluid compartment and the ______ fluid compartment.

Intracellular Extracellular

Rank the following fluid compartments from highest to lowest protein content.

Intracellular fluid Plasma Interstitial fluid

Therefore, fluid movement will occur, with water moving from the ______ to the ______. 1) Extracellular fluid; intracellular fluid 2) Intracellular fluid; extracellular fluid

Intracellular fluid; extracellular fluid

Indicate three conditions associated with thirst. 1) Gain of water by the body 2) Loss of water by the body 3) Increased blood osmolarity 4) Decreased blood osmolarity 5) Increased osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid 6) Decreased osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid

Loss of water by the body Increased blood osmolarity Increased osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid

Diabetes mellitus, in which fatty acids react to produce ketone bodies, leads to ______. 1) Metabolic acidosis 2) Metabolic alkalosis 3) Respiratory alkalosis 4) Respiratory acidosis

Metabolic acidosis

Which clinical condition can result from excessive vomiting in which stomach contents are emptied? 1) Respiratory alkalosis 2) Metabolic acidosis 3) Respiratory acidosis 4) Metabolic alkalosis

Metabolic alkalosis

What are electrolytes? 1) Neurotransmitters used to generate nerve impulses 2) Molecules that release ions in water 3) Compounds that contain genetic code 4) Vitamins used as coenzymes in metabolism

Molecules that release ions in water

Indicate three functions that require precise concentrations of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and calcium (Ca2+). 1) Respiratory control 2) Regulation of water transport 3) Nerve impulse conduction 4) Muscle fiber contraction 5) Maintenance of cell membrane potential

Nerve impulse conduction Muscle fiber contraction Maintenance of cell membrane potential

The ______ of a body fluid is defined as the concentration of dissolved particles in the fluid.

Osmolarity

When extracellular sodium concentrations change, water moves across cell membranes by the process of ______.

Osmosis

As water loss occurs in the body, what happens to the osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid? 1) Osmotic pressure of ECF increases 2) Osmotic pressure of ECF decreases

Osmotic pressure of ECF increases

Indicate the three lists that include electrolytes of greatest importance to cellular functions. 1) Iron, glucose, amino acids 2) Manganese, hydroxyl, iron 3) Phosphate, bicarbonate, hydrogen 4) Magnesium, chloride, sulfate 5) Sodium, potassium, calcium

Phosphate, bicarbonate, hydrogen Magnesium, chloride, sulfate Sodium, potassium, calcium

Indicate four fluids that are part of the extracellular fluid compartment. 1) Plasma 2) Interstitial fluids 3) Transcellular fluid 4) Lymph 5) Intracellular fluids 6) Cytosol

Plasma Interstitial fluids Transcellular fluid Lymph

Indicate three major cations that are required for nerve conduction, muscle contraction, and maintenance of cell membrane potential. 1) Potassium ion 2) Sodium ion 3) Calcium ion 4) Chloride ion 5) Bicarbonate ion

Potassium ion Sodium ion Calcium ion

Indicate the mechanisms that are part of the body's first line of defense against pH shifts. 1) Protein buffer 2) Urinary system 3) Respiratory system 4) Bicarbonate buffer 5) Phosphate buffer

Protein buffer Bicarbonate buffer Phosphate buffer

The hormone aldosterone promotes the ______. 1) Secretion of calcium ions 2) Secretion of sodium ions 3) Reabsorption of potassium ions 4) Reabsorption of sodium ions

Reabsorption of sodium ions

An acid-base buffer system stabilizes pH by ______ or ______, as needed. 1) Releasing H+ 2) Increasing oxygen concentration 3) Binding excess H+ 4) Producing CO2

Releasing H+ Binding excess H+

The two major types of alkalosis are ______ alkalosis and ______ alkalosis.

Respiratory Metabolic

The two types of physiological buffer systems are the ______ system and the ______ system.

Respiratory Urinary

Which acid-base imbalance can result from pneumonia, hypoventilation, or obstruction of airways? 1) Metabolic alkalosis 2) Metabolic acidosis 3) Respiratory alkalosis 4) Respiratory acidosis

Respiratory acidosis

What are the two main organ systems that regulate hydrogen ion concentration? 1) Respiratory system 2) Cardiovascular system 3) Urinary system 4) Digestive system

Respiratory system Urinary system

Excessive loss of carbon dioxide and subsequent loss of carbonic acid leads to ______ alkalosis, whereas excessive loss of hydrogen ions (or gain of bases) leads to ______ alkalosis. 1) Respiratory; metabolic 2) Metabolic; respiratory

Respiratory; metabolic

When sodium ions are reabsorbed in response to the action of aldosterone, potassium ions are ______. 1) Actively reabsorbed 2) Secreted 3) Reabsorbed 4) Passively reabsorbed

Secreted

Aldosterone increase reabsorption of ______ from the kidneys.

Sodium

What ion is at a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid? 1) Magnesium 2) Potassium 3) Sodium 4) Phosphate

Sodium

Indicate three effects of parathyroid hormone. 1) Stimulating osteoblasts 2) Stimulation of osteoclasts 3) Increased calcium absorption from food 4) Stimulating the thyroid gland 5) Increased calcium reabsorption from the kidneys

Stimulation of osteoclasts Increased calcium absorption from food Increased calcium reabsorption from the kidneys

A ______ base releases more hydroxide ions than a ______ base. 1) Weak; strong 2) Strong; weak

Strong; weak

What is a base? 1) Substance that removes hydrogen ions from solution 2) Substance that releases hydrogen ions into solution

Substance that removes hydrogen ions from solution

Indicate the type of acid that is produced during each metabolic process.

Sulphuric acid - product of oxidation of specific amino acids Phosphoric acid - product of hydrolysis of nucleic acids Carbonic acid - product of carbon dioxide (from aerobic metabolism) interacting with water Ketone bodies - product of incomplete oxidation of fatty acids Lactic acid - product of anaerobic metabolism

Indicate two routes by which electrolytes are lost from the body. 1) Sweat 2) Urine and feces 3) Bone loss 4) Metabolic reactions

Sweat Urine and feces

What is the importance of osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure in body fluid regulation? 1) They regulate fluid input and output, and thus, fluid balance 2) They contribute to movement between fluid compartments 3) They determine the electrolyte composition of each compartment

They contribute to movement between fluid compartments

What results when this change in fluid distribution occurs at the osmoreceptors? 1) Thirst is stimulated 2) Intestinal uptake of fluids is inhibited 3) Production of plasma proteins by the liver is inhibited 4) The kidneys are stimulated to excrete more water

Thirst is stimulated

True or false: Even small changes in the quantities of hydrogen ions in body fluids can be devastating.

True

True or false: Some regulation of the hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids is carried out by the respiratory center.

True

True or false: The primary regulator of water intake is thirst

True

A person in a moderate environment would lose the greatest volume of water in ______. 1) Feces 2) Mucus 3) Sweat 4) Urine

Urine

Control of urine volume regulates ______. 1) Water output 2) Water intake

Water output

When is a person in a state of water balance? 1) When water intake equals water output 2) When water intake is greater than water output 3) When water intake is less than water output

When water intake equals water output

Changes in kidney function alter water ______ while the thirst center regulates water ______. 1) intake; output 2) output; intake

output; intake