Anatomy Lab Test #2

Depressor Anguli Oris

Draws angle of mouth laterally and downward in opening mouth or sad expressions

Zygomaticus Major

Draws angle of mouth upward and laterally in laughing; I- Superolateral angle of mouth

Zygomatic Minor

Elevates upper lip, exposes upper teeth in smiling or sneering; I- muscles of upper lip

Hernia

any condition in which the viscera protrudes through a weak point in the muscular wall of the abdominopelvic cavity

Sarcomere

area from one Z disc to the next of a myofibril; the functional contractile unit of the muscle fiber; muscle shortens because these shorten and pull the Z discs closer to each other, and dystrophin and linking proteins pull on the extracellular proteins of the muscle; as the Z discs pull closer together, they pull on the sarcolemma to achieve overall shortening of the cell

Pectoralis Minor

arises by three heads from ribs 3 to 5 and converges on the carocoid process of the scapula; draws scapula laterally and forward around chest wall; with other muscles, rotates scapula and depresses apex of shoulder, as in reaching down to pick up a suitcase (protraction)

Pectoralis Minor

arises by three heads from ribs 3 to 5; converges on the carcoid process; draws scapula laterally and forward around crest wall; rotates scapula and depresses apex of shoulder, as in reaching down

Serratus Anterior

arises from heads on all or nearly all of the ribs, wraps laterally around the chest, passes across the back between the rib cage and scapula, and inserts on the medial border of scapula; scapula glides laterally and slightly forward around the ribs; "boxer's muscle"; draws scapula laterally and forward around chest wall; protracts scapula and is the prime mover in all forward-reaching and pushing actions; aids in rotating scapula to elevate apex of shoulder; fixes scapula during abduction of arm (protraction)

Sciatic Nerve

arises from sacral plexus; clinical applications; two nerves that run together (tibial and fibular nerves); can experience trauma

Serratus Anterior

arises from separate heads on all or nearly all ribs; wraps laterally around the crest, passes across the back between the rib cage and scapula and inserts on the medial border of the scapula; when it contracts, the scapula glides laterally and slightly forward around the ribs; "boxer's muscle" -- powerful thrusting movements of the arm

Pronater Teres

assists pronator quadratus in pronation, but only in rapid or forceful action; weakly flexes elbow; near the elbow; medial side of the antebrachium

Fascicle

a bundle of muscle fibers within a muscle; supplied by nerves and blood vessels and enclosing in a fibrous perimysium separating it from neighboring fascicles

Muscle

a contractile organ, usually attached to bones by way of tendons; composed of bundles of tightly packed, long, parallel cells; supplied with nerves and blood vessels and enclosed in a fibrous epimysium separating it from neighboring muscles

Fascia Lata

a fascia that forms a fibrous sheath around the thigh; subcutaneous stocking; tightly binds its muscles

Inversion

a foot movement that tips the soles medially, somewhat facing each other

Hyothenar Eminence

a group of muscles involved in the movement of the little finger; fleshy mass at the base of the little finger

Thenar Eminence

a group of muscles involved in the movement of the thumb; thick fleshy mass at the base of the thumb

Acetabular Labrum

a houseshoe-spaced ring of fibrocartilage that deepens the socket of the hip joint

Semimembranosus

a little smaller than the semitendinosus; flexor; posterior thigh

Dorsi flexion

a movement in which the toes are elevated

Flexion

a movement that decreases a joint angle

Extension

a movement that straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position

Eversion

a movement that tips the soles laterally, away from each other

Sphincter Muscle

a muscle that opens and closes a body opening

Diaphragm

a muscular dome between the thoracic and abdominal cavities; prime mover of inspiration (air intake); O- xiphoid process; I- central tendon; contraction flattens these and enlarges thoracic cavity; expiration (expelling air) rises in relaxation and shrinks the thoracic cavity

Arthroscopy

a procedure in which the inferior of a joint is viewed with a pencil-thin instrument inserted through a small incision

Muscle Fiber

a single muscle cell; slender, elongated, threadlike, enclosed in a specialized plasma membrane; contains densely packed bundles of contractile protein filaments, multiple nuclei, and an extensive network of specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum; enclosed in a thin fibrous sleeve called endomysium

Psoas Major

a thick cordlike muscle ascending from the lumbar region of the vertebral column over the iliacus muscle and converging with the iliacus on the lesser trochanter of the femur; acts on the thigh; flexor

Abductor Pollicis Brevis

abducts through in sagittal plate of thumb; thenar group

Quadriceps Femoris

anterior aspect of thigh; large muscular mass; four heads; extensor; prime mover of knee extension and most powerful muscle of the body; extend the knee in standing, stepping, and kicking

Sartorius

anterior aspect of thigh; narrow straplike muscle that crosses from the upper lateral thigh to the lower medial thigh; longest muscle in the body; acts to cross legs; flexes the hip and knee joints and laterally rotates the thigh; "tailor's muscle"

Deltoid

anterior fibers flex and medially rotate arm; lateral fibers abduct arm; posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate arm; involved in arm swinging during actions as walking or bowling, and in adjustment of hand height for various manual tasks; thick triangular muscle that caps the shoulder; common site of drug injections

Extensor Digitorum Longus

anterior group of the leg proper; lateral to the tibialis anterior; extends the toes and dorsiflexes foot; tautens plantar aponeurosis

Tibialis Anterior

anterior group of the leg proper; long muscle immediately lateral to the tibia; dorsiflexes the foot and inverts foot; helps support medial arch of foot

Suprahyoid Group

chewing, swallowing, and vocalizing; digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid; cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VII (facial), and XII (hypoglossal) innervate these muscles

Supraspinatus

posterior side of scapula; above fossa on scapula; aids deltoid in abduction of arm; resists downward slippage of humeral head when arm is relaxed or when carrying weight; easily damages by strenuous circumduction or hard blows to the shoulder

Infraspinatus

posterior side of scapula; below fossa on scapula; modulates action of deltoid, preventing humeral head from sliding upward; rotates humerus laterally

Brachialis

prime mover of elbow flexion; underlying biceps brachii; generates about 50% more power than biceps brachii

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

prolonged, repetitive motions of the wrist and fingers can cause tissues in the wrist to become inflamed, swollen, or fibrotic; swelling puts pressure on the median nerve of the wrist, which passes through this region with the flexor tendons because the region cannot expand; the pressure causes tingling and muscular weakness in the palm and medial side of the hand and pain that may radiate to the arm and shoulder; treated with anti-inflammatory drugs, immobilization of the wrist, and sometimes surgical removal of part of all of the flexor retinaculum to relieve pressure on the nerve

Z disc

provides anchorage for the thin and elastic filaments; in the middle of the I band

Occipitalis

retracts scalp; fixes galea aponeurotica so frontalis can act on eyebrows

Sciatica

sciatic nerve trauma; a sharp pain that travels from the gluteal region along the posterior side of the thigh and leg as far as the ankle; 90% herniated disc or osteoarthritis; 10% injection error or pressure

Femoral Nerve

skin of anterior, medial, and lateral thigh and knee; skins of medial leg and foot; hip and knee joints; iliacus, pectineus, quadriceps fomoris, and Sartorius muscles; starts from lumbar plexus (formed from the anterior rami of nerves L1 to L4 and some fibers from T12)

Mylohyoid

spans mandible from side to side and forms floor of mouth; elevates floor of mouth in initial stage of swallowing; O- inferior margin of mandible; I- hyoid bone

Orbicularis Oculi

sphincter of the eyelids; closes eye in blinking, squinting, and sleep; aids in flow of tears across eye

Rotator Cuff

tendons of four scapular muscles; "SITS muscles"; three lie on the posterior side of the scapula and one lies on the anterior side; merge with the joint capsule of the shoulder as they cross it en route to the humerus; insert on the proximal end of humerus, forming a sleeve around it; reinforces the joint capsule and holds the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity; easily damaged

Glenohumeral Joint

the head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula; freely movable joint in the body

Genioglossus

unilateral action draws tongue to one side; bilateral action depresses midline of tongue or protrudes tongue; O- superior mental spine on posterior surface of mental protuberance; I- inferior surface of tongue; hypoglossal nerve

Sternocleidomastoid

unilateral action tilts head slightly upward and toward the opposite side, as in looking over one's shoulder; rotating head left or right; bilateral action draws head straight forward and down, as when reading or eating; O- manubrium of sternum, medial one-third of clavicle; I- mastoid process; accessory nerve

Scalenes

unilateral contraction causes ipsilateral flexion or contralateral rotation (tilts head toward same shoulder, rotates face away), depending on action of other muscles; bilateral contraction flexes neck; O- transverse processes of all cervical vertebrae; I- ribs 1-2

Umbilical Hernia

viscera protrudes through the naval

Flexor Retinaculum

wrap around most tendons of the extrinsic muscles; a fibrous, braceletlike sheet on the anterior side of the wrist

Extensor Retinaculum

wraps around most tendons of the extrinsic muscles; a fibrous, braceletlike sheet on the posterior side of the wrist

Occipitofrontalis

muscle that overlies the dome of the cranium; divided into two parts connected by a broad aponeurosis, Galea Aponeurotica

Hip Flexors

muscles that flex the hip, raising the thigh as in a marching stance; or if the femur is fixed, they cause one to bend at the waist, as in taking a bow, bending forward in chair or sitting up in bed; balances trunk during sitting

Thin Filaments

myofilament; 7nm; composed primarily of two intertwined strands of a protein called F actin, which is a string of subunits called G actin; also has tropomyosin, another protein with a smaller binding protein called troponin

Intermediate Palmar Group

occupies the hallow of the palm; 11 small muscles divided into three groups-- Dorsal Interosseous, Palmar Interossesous, Lumbrial Muscles

Tendinous Intersection

pass transversely or obliquely across the abdominal muscle; they rarely extend completely through its substance and may pass only halfway across it; they are intimately adherent in front to the sheath of the muscle

Palmaris Longus

passes over the flexor retinaculm; medial side of the anterior compartment; anchors skin and fascia of palmar region; resists shearing forces when stress is applied to skin by such actions as climbing and tool use; weakly developed and sometimes absent; leads to palmar aponeurosis

Femoral Triangle

clinical landmark; femoral nerve (arises from lumbar plexus), femoral artery, femoral vein; pulse, stop bleeding, and nerve blocking

Risorius

draws angle of mouth laterally in expressions of laughing, horror, or disdain; O- Zygomatic Arch; I- modiolus; small horizontal muscle

Platysma

draws lower lip and angle of mouth downward in expressions of horror or surprise; may aid in opening mouth widely; O- fascia of deltoid and pectoralis major; I- Mandible, skin and subcutaneous tissue of lower face

Depressor Labii Inferioris

draws lower lip downward and laterally in chewing and expressions of melancholy or doubt

Styloglossus

draws tongue upward and posteriorly; O- styloid process of temporal bone and ligament from styloid process to mandible; I- superolateral surface of tongue; hypoglossal nerve

Olecranon Bursa

eases movement of tendons over the elbow joint

Levator Labii Superioris

elevates and everts upper lip in sad, sneering, or serious expressions; O- zygomatic bone and maxilla near inferior margin of orbit; I- muscles of upper lip

Mentalis

elevates and protrudes lower lip in drinking, pouting, and expressions of doubt or disdain; elevates and wrinkles skin of chin

Stylohyoid

elevates and retracts hyoid, elongating floor of mouth; roles in speech, chewing, and swallowing are not yet clearly understood; O- temporal bone; I- hyoid bone; facial nerve

Levator Anguli Oris

elevates angle of mouth as in smiling; O- Maxilla just below infraorbital foramen; I- muscles at angle of mouth

Frontalis

elevates eyebrows in glancing upward and expressions of surprise or fright; draws scalp forward and wrinkles skin of forehead

Palatoglossus

elevates root of tongue and closes oral cavity off from pharynx; forms arch at rear of oral cavity ; O- soft plate; I- lateral surface of tongue; accessory and vagus nerves

Levator Scapulae

elevates scapula if cervical vertebrae are fixed; flexes neck laterally if scapula is fixed; retracts scapula and braces shoulder; rotates scapula and depresses apex of shoulder; also a neck muscle

Masseter

elevation of the mandible, with smaller roles in protraction, retraction, and lateral and medial excursion; O- zygomatic arch; I- lateral surface of mandibular ramus and angle

Temporalis

elevation, retraction, and lateral and medial excursion of the mandible; O- temporal lines and temporal fossa of cranium; I- coronoid process and anterior border of mandibular ramus

Orbicularis Oris

encircles mouth, closes lips, protrudes lips as in kissing; uniquely developed in human for speech; O- modiolus of mouth; I- submucosa and dermis of lips; CN VII

Semispinalis Capitis

extend and contralaterally rotate head; O- articular processes of vertebrae, transverse processes; I- occipital bone between nuchal lines, spinous processes of vertebrae

Rectus Abdominis

extend from sternum to pubis; divided into segments by three transverse tendinous intersections; "six pack"; flexex waist, as in bending forward or doing sit-ups; stabilizes pelvic region during walking; compresses abdominal viscera

Adductors

extend from the pelvis to the inner thigh; draw the thighs together

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

extends and fixes wrist when fist is clenched or hand grips an object; aids in ulnar flexion of wrist

Teres Major

extends and medially rotates humerus; contributes to arm swinging; inferior angle of scapula to intertubercular sulcus of humerus

Triceps Brachii

extends elbow; long head extends and adducts humerus; three-headed muscle on the posterior side of the humerus and a prime mover of elbow extension

Patellar Ligament

extends from the patella to the tibial tuberosity; starts from the quadriceps tendon; is struck with a rubber reflex hammer to test the knee-jerk reflex

Inguinal Ligament

extends obliquely from the anterior superior spine of the ilium to the pubis; cordlike

Extensor Digiti Minimi

extends wrist and all joints of little finger; from lateral epicondyle of humerus

Tensor Fasciae Latae

extensor of the knee; located on the upper lateral portion of the thigh; attaches to the iliac crest and fascia lata

Internal Abdominal Oblique

fibers pass upward and anteriorly; unilateral contraction causes ipsilateral rotation of waist

Central Tendon

fibrous area where muscle fascicles of diaphragm extend; holes for things to pass through from thoracic to abdominal regions-- inferior vena cava, esophagus, aorta

Myofilaments

fibrous protein strands that carry out the contraction process; thick and thin filaments; filaments slide over each other to shorten each sarcomere; shortening of end-to-end sarcomeres shortens the entire muscle

Rectus Sheath

fibrous sheets of the abdominal wall that diverge and pass around anterior and posterior sides, enclosing the muscle in a vertical sleeve

Iliacus

fills the space on the anterior aspect of the ilium and attaches to the lesser trochanter of the femur; acts on the thigh; flexor

Infrahyoid Group

fix the hyoid bone and enable muscles to open mouth; omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternothyroid

Flexor Pollicis Brevis

flexes metacarpophalangeal joint of thumb; thenar group

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

flexes wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints depending on action of other muscles; anterior compartment; deep

Pectoralis Major

flexex, adducts, and medially rotates humerus, as in climbing or hugging; aids in deep inspiration; thick, fleshy muscle of the mammary region

Rotator Cuff

formed by tendons of four scapular muscles; "SITS muscles"; first three muscles lie on the posterior side of the scapula; merge with the join capsule of the shoulder as they cross it en route to the humerus; insert on the proximal end of the humerus, forming a partial sleeve around it; reinforces the joint capsule and hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity

Hyperextension

further extension of a joint beyond the zero position

5 and 4

glenohumeral joint is stabilized by ___ ligaments and _______ bursae (numbers)

Gluteus Maximus

gluteal region and posterior aspect of thigh; extensors; largest muscle of the buttock; produces the backswing of the leg in walking and provides most of the lift when you climb stairs

Gluteus Medius

gluteal region and posterior aspect of thigh; extensors; under the gluteus maximus and extending to the iliac crest; abduct and medially rotate thigh; walking, shifts weight of trunk toward limb with foot on ground as other foot is lifted

Coxal Joint

head of femur inserts into the acetabulum; weight bearing joint; more stable than shoulder; deeper socket; five ligaments; no bursa

Biceps Brachii

large anterior bulge on the arm and commands considerable interest among body builders; flexor and powerful forearm supinator; two heads-- short head and long head; elbow flexion

Vastus Lateralis

large lateral head between the rectus femoris and the gray fascia lata; anterior aspect of thigh; extensor

Vastus Medialis

large medial head between rectus fermoris and Sartorius; anterior aspect of thigh; extensor

Biceps Femoris

large muscle on the lateral side of the posterior thigh; two heads (long and short); converge on a single tendon that crosses the lateral side of the popliteal fossa (pit of the knee); flexor

Hamstring Muscles

large muscles on the back of the thigh; flexors of the knee; extend the hip during walking and running

Semitendinosus

largest muscle of the medial side of the posterior thigh; flexor

Knee Joint

largest, most complex hinge joint with gliding joint ability; medial and lateral ligaments; medial and lateral menisci; anterior and posterior crudiate ligaments

Fibularis Muscles

lateral group of the leg proper; pair of muscles; rotate the leg for a lateral view; plantar flexion and evert foot; standing on tip toes and providing lift and forward thrust each time you step

Fibular Colateral Ligament

lateral ligament of knee

Flexor Carpi Radialis

lateral side of the anterior compartment; flexes wrist anteriorly; aids in radial flexion of wrist

Internal Intercostals

lie deep; extend from the margin of the sternum to the angles of the ribs; slope downward and posteriorly from each rib to the one below; elevates ribs compressing the thoracic cavity and expelling air; forceful expiration

Adductor Magnus

medial aspect of thigh; farthest medial muscle in this region; arises from the ischium, courses downward for a short distance an disappears under the gracilis; adductor

Gracilis

medial aspect of thigh; lies between adductor longus and magnus; most prominent medial thigh muscle; extends from the groin to the back of the knee; adductor

Adductor Longus

medial aspect of thigh; originates on the pubic symphysis; thick, prominent muscle that courses vertically from there and disappears under the Sartorius; adductor

Tibial Colateral Ligament

medial ligament of knee

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

medial side of the anterior compartment; flexes wrist anteriorly; aids in ulnar flexion of wrist

Linea Alba

median line between the rectus muscles

Sarcolemma

plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

Lateral Rotators

posterior aspect of thigh; a fanlike array of muscles on the lateral aspect of the hip inferior to the gluteus medius; abduct the thigh and rotates the femur laterally, when sitting with your knee together and then open your thighs

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus

posterior compartment on lateral side; extends wrist, aids in radial flexion of wrist

Extensor Digitorum

posterior compartment; extends wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and intterphalangeal joints; tends to spread digits apart when extending metacarpophalangeal joints; four distal tendons that can easily be seen when hand is strongly extended

Rhomboids

posterior group of shoulder muscles; starts at thoracic vertebrae; retracts scapula and braces shoulder; fixes scapula during arm movements

Soleus

posterior group of the leg proper; fatigue-resistant slow-twitch muscle that plantar flexes the foot

Gastrocnemius

posterior group of the leg proper; large, superficial "calf muscle" that forms most of the bulge on the rear leg; medial and lateral head; powerful and fast-twitch muscle that plantar flexes the foot

Thick Filaments

15nm; myofilament; contain the protein myosin; shaped like a golf club with two chains intertwined to form a shaft-like tail and a double globular head projecting from it at an angle

Splenius Capitis

acting unilaterally, produce flexion and slight rotation of head; extend when acting bilaterally; O- inferior half of nuchal ligament, spinous processes of vertebrae; I- mastoid process and occipital bone just inferior to superior nuchal line

Latissimus Dorsi

adducts and medially rotates humerus; extends the shoulder joint as in pulling on the oars of a rowboat; produces backward swing of arm; pulls body forward and upward; aids in deep inspiration, sudden expiration such as sneezing and coughing; a broad muscle of the back that extends from the waist to the axilla

Lateral Epicondylitis

an acute or chronic inflammation of the tendons that join the forearm muscles on the outside of the elbow; the forearm muscles and tendons become damaged from overuse — repeating the same motions again and again; this leads to inflammation, pain and tenderness on the outside of the elbow; tennis elbow; can lead to tears in extensor muscle tendons

Aponeurosis

broad fibrous sheets that continue medially and inferiorly; tendons of the oblique and transverse muscles

Multifidus

collective name for a series of tiny muscles that connect adjacent vertebrae to each other from the cervical to lumbar region; stabilization of adjacent vertebrae, maintenance of posture, control of vertebral movement when erector spinae acts on vertebral column

Iliotibial Band

combination of tendons of the gluteus maximus and tensor fasciae latae; extends from the iliac crest to the lateral condyle of the tibia

Buccinator

compresses cheek against teeth and gums; directs food between molars; retracts cheek from teeth when mouth is closing to prevent biting cheek; expels air and liquid; O- Alveolar Processes on lateral surfaces of mandible and maxilla; I- Orbicularis oris, submuscosa of cheek and lips; CN VII

Quadriceps Tendon

connection of all four quadriceps femoris heads; extends to the patella; continues as the patellar ligament and inserts on the tibial tuberosity

Galea Aponeurotica

connects frontalis and occipitalis muscles of the dome of the cranium

Sarcoplasm

cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

Vastus Intermedius

deep to rectus femoris; anterior aspect of thigh; extensor

Erector Spinae

deep; runs vertically for the entire length of the black from the cranium to the sacrum; thick muscle, easily palpated on each side of the vertebral column in the lumbar region; divides in the upper lumbar region into three parallel columns; aids in sitting and standing erect; straightens back after one bends at waist, and is employed in arching the back; unilateral contraction flexes waist laterally; ipsilateral rotation of the head

Glenoid Labrum

deepens shallow glenoid cavity; fibrocartilage ring

Transverse Abdominis

deepest layer of abdominal muscles; horizontal fibers; compresses abdominal contents, but does not contribute to movements of vertebral column

Sternohyoid

depresses hyoid after it has been elevated; O- manubrium of sternum; medial end of clavicle; I- hyoid bone

Omohyoid

depresses hyoid after it has been elevated; O- superior border of scapula; I- hyoid bone

Thyrohyoid

depresses hyoid; with hyoid fixed, elevates larynx as in singing high notes; O- thyroid cartilage of larynx; I- hyoid bone

Sternothyroid

depresses larynx after it has been elevated in swallowing and vocalization; aids in singing low notes; O- manubrium of sternum, costal cartilage; I- thyroid cartilage of larynx

Geniohyoid

depresses mandible when hyoid is fixed; elevates and protracts hyoid when mandible is fixed; O- inferior mental spine of mandible; I- hyoid bone

Digastric

depresses mandible when hyoid is fixed; opens mouth widely, as when ingesting food or yawnging; elevates hyoid when mandible is fixed; O- mastoid notch of temporal bone; digastric fossa of mandible; I- Hyoid Bone via fascial sling

Hyoglossus

depresses tongue; O- body and greater horn of hyoid bone; I- lateral and inferior surfaces of tongue; hypoglossal nerve

Iliopsoas

iliacus and psoas muscles together

Subscapularis

modulates action of deltoid, preventing humeral head from sliding upward as arm is abducted; rotates humerus medially; anterior side of the scapula; above anterior fossa

Teres Minor

modulates action of deltoid; preventing humeral head from sliding upward as arm is abducted; rotates humerus laterally; posterior side of the scapula

Inguinal Hernia

most common; viscera enters inguinal canal (ring) or ever scrotum

Rectus Femoris

most medial head of the anterior thigh muscle; leads to the quadriceps tendon (which becomes patellar ligament); extensor; contributes to running by acting with the iliopsoas to flex the hip in each airborne phase of the leg's cycle of motion; flexes hip in actions like high kicks and stair climbing

External Abdominal Oblique

most superficial layer of abdominal muscles; fibers pass downward and anteriorly; supports abdominal viscera against pull of gravity, stabilizes vertebral column, maintains posture, compresses abdominal organs, aiding in deep breathing, unilateral contraction causes contralateral rotation of the spine, as in twisting at the waist

External Intercostals

most superficial layer; extend from the rib tubercle posteriorly almost to the beginning of the costal cartilage anteriorly; slopes downward and anteriorly from one rib to the next inferior one; elevates and protracts ribs 2-12 expanding the thoracic cavity and creating a vacuum causing inflow of air

Plantar Flexion

movement of the foot so the toes point downward, as in pressing the gas pedal of a car or standing on tiptoes

Medial Rotation

movement of the shoulder controlled by levator scapulae, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor; lowering the apex of the scapula

Elevation

movement of the shoulder controlled by levator scapulae, trapezius (superior part), rhomboid major & minor; shrugging the shoulders

Protraction

movement of the shoulder controlled by pectoralis minor and serratus anterior; pulling the shoulders forward

Retraction

movement of the shoulder controlled by rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, trapezius; pulling the shoulders back

Depression

movement of the shoulder controlled by trapezius (inferior part), serratus anterior; lowering the shoulders

Lateral Rotation

movement of the shoulder controlled by trapezius (superior part) and serratus anterior; rises apex of scapula

Trapezius

stabilizes scapula and shoulder during arm movements; elevates and depresses apex of shoulder; acts with other muscles to rotate and retract scapula; action depends on whether is superior, middle, or inferior fibers contract and whether it acts alone or with other muscles

Biceps Brachii

stabilizes the glenohumeral joint; arm muscle

SITS muscles

stabilizes the glenohumeral joint; rotator cuff

Abductors

standing with the feet apart in the military "at ease" stance

Hip Extensors

stepping downward or climbing stairs

Hiatal Hernia

stomach protrudes through diaphragm into thorax; often in ages 40+; overweight people

Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon

strongest tendon in the body; formed by the heads of the triceps surae muscle; connects to the heel bone; common site of sports injuries from sudden stress