Anatomy lecture exam- block 1
pair of chromosomes
1 maternal and 1 paternal chromosome. humans have 23 pairs
cellular level
a cell lowest level were we find living structures
diploid
a cell with 2 copies of each chromosome
haploid
a cell with a single copy of each chromosome
replicated chromosome
a chromosome that has already been duplicated. it has 2 copies of the DNA. humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes 2 sister chromatids joined at the centromere
tissue
a group of similar cells in an extracellular matrix that perform a common function
endoplasmic reticulum
a network of tubules used to transport and synthesize materials
homologous chromosomes
a pair of similar (not identical) chromosomes contain genes that code for the same cellular functions
nondisjunction
a process by which chromatids fail to properly separate
monosomy
a single copy of a chromosome
selectively permeable
acts as a gate keeper- allows some substances to enter the cell, but keeps other substances out
trisomy
an extra copy of a chromosome
spindle fibers split apart chromatids at centromere sister chromatids pulled to opposite ends of the cell each chromatid is now called single chromosome
anaphase
pairs of homologous chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposite sends of the cell each chromosome is still replicated
anaphase I
sister chromatids pulled apart become single stranded chromosomes
anaphase II
interphase
around 23 hours, normal metabolic activity cell is not dividing DNA is replicated during this time
cranial
at head end
chemical level
atoms and molecules not living structures
lateral
away from the midline of the body
creates 2 environments an maintains them gets to decide what goes in and out
benefits of having selectively permeable membrane
cranial cavity, vertebral cavity, thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity
body cavities in the body
glycocalyx
carbs that participate in cell-cell recognition personal ID card for the membrane and lets other cells know it isn't foreign
meiosis
cell division for sex cells
mitosis
cell division for somatic cells
inferior
closer to the feet
superior
closer to the head
cleavage furrow
closing structure that will create the separation and two new and identical daughter cells
serous membrane
composed of tissue and either cover or support organs or line the walls of some body cavities and secrete serous fluid
single chromosome
comprised of one chromatid, non-replicated DNA single chromatid and centromere
cytoplasm
consists of cytosol and organelles
organ level
consists of multiple tissues that come together to perform a common, complex function (an organ)
nucleus
contains DNA
because water can pass through, cells can become swollen would have to use energy to move something across membrane
disadvantages of having selectively permeable membrane
coronal plane
divides body into anterior and posterior portions
transverse or horizontal plane
divides body into superior and anterior portions
sagittal plane
divides body into the right and left portions (can be unequal)
midsagittal plane
divides the body into equal left and right halves
cytokinesis
division of cytoplasm
mitosis
division of nucleus
sister chromatids
each of the two generally identical copies of a replicated chromosome
body cavities
enclosed spaces within the body
lower extremity
femoral region, patellar region, popliteal region, cural region, foot
cytosol
fluid portion of the cytoplasm
move substances over cell surface
function of the cilia
lysosomes
garbage man contains digestive enzymes
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
has no ribosomes synthesizes lipids detoxifies drugs and alcohol
rough endoplasmic reticulum
has ribosomes on the walls synthesizes and distributes proteins
planes of reference
imaginary planes that may be used to section the body or an organ
posterior
in back of, toward the back of the surface
anterior
in front of or toward the front of the surface
cephalic region or head
includes these subregions: orbital, nasal, oral, mental, frontal, occipital
upper extremity
includes: deltoid region, brachial region, antecubital region, antebrachium region, carpal region, hand
thoracic region or thorax
includes: pectoral region, mammary region, sternal region, axillary region
pelvic region
inferior to abdominal region between the hip bones
mtDNA
inherited from mom, not dad
centrioles
involved in cell division and rod-shaped
ribosomes
involved in protein synthesis
cilia
larger hairlike projections
abdominal region
located inferior to diaphragm and superior to pevic brim of the hip bones
tay-sachs disease
lysosomal enzymes missing or dysfunctional, build up of wastes and cells leads to nervous system deterioration
mitochondria
make ATP contains its own DNA
nucleolus
makes the parts that form ribosomes in cells that have a high protein synthesis rate
1st meiotic division homologous pairs of chromosomes are separated results in two cells, each with only 23 pairs of replicated chromosomes
meiosis I
second meiotic division replicated chromosomes separated into single stranded chromosomes
meiosis II
chromosomes align along the center of the cell mitotic spindle extends from the centrioles
metaphase
pairs of chromosomes form two lines in the middle of the cell what side the paternal and maternal chromosomes go to is random spindle fibers attach to replicated chromosomes
metaphase I
replicated chromosomes align at the center of the cell
metaphase II
Golgi apparatus
modifies, packages and sorts newly synthesized proteins for secretion, inclusion, in new plasma membrane or lysosomal enzyme synthesis
miotic phase
much shorter than interphase mitosis then cytokinesis
organ system
multiple organs involved in a common function
microvilli
numerous tiny, thin plasma membrane folds the folds increase the SA on the external surface of the cell
ipsilateral
on the same side
liver and adrenal glands
organs with a lot of smooth ER
parietal layer, visceral layer, serous cavity
part of serous membrane
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
phases of mitosis
head tail
phospholipid has a hydrophillic _______ and a hydrophobic _______
mitosis
produces 2 cells, each containing 46 chromosomes daughter cells are identical to the original cell cells are diploid cell division occurs 1 time
meiosis
produces 4 cells, each with only 23 chromosomes daughter cells are genetically different from the parent cell haploid
replicated DNA condenses to form replicated chromosomes each chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids centrioles move to opposite ends of cell spindle fibers come from centrioles to chromatids breakdown of nuclear envelope
prophase
homologous pairs of chromosomes group together crossing over occurs
prophase I
replicated chromosomes gather crossing over does NOT occur
prophase II
tissue level
refers to a group of cells that perform a common function (a tissue)
proteins
scattered within membrane, some are attached, others float in the membrane also embedded, peripheral are lightly attached to the outside
cholesterol
strengthens the membrane
double layer of phospholipids
structure of the plasma membrane
plasma membrane
surrounds cell and gives it form, creates an outer boundary that separates internal from external environment
extracellular matrix
surrounds the cell of a tissue comprised of water, protein fibers, and dissolved molecules
nuclear envelope
surrounds the nucleus
nuclear envelope reforms in each developing cells cleavage furrow develops cytokinesis begins
telophase
cell finishes first meiotic division producing two daughter cells daughter cells only have 23 replicated chromosomes
telophase I
4 cells are produced each with 23 single stranded chromosomes
telophase II
organelles
tiny subcellular structures that do specific functions for the cell
dorsal
toward the back side of the human body
ventral
toward the belly side of the body
medial
toward the midline of the body
rostral
toward the mouth or nose
caudal
toward the tail end
interphase and miotic phase
two phases of the cell cycle
anatomic position
upright, feet parallel, eyes and palms forward
cervical region or neck
where cervix is