Anatomy Midterm Review Comella

Intramembranous ossification is usually complete by _____________ years of age, whereas endochondral ossification is usually complete by ____________ years of age. a. 2, 20 b. 5, 18 c. 18, 5 d. 20, 2

a. 2, 20

The ___ major layers of the cutaneous membrane are the _______. a. 2: epidermis and dermis b. 3:epidermis, dermis, and the hypodermis c. 2: dermis and superficial fascia d. 4: corneum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale

a. 2: epidermis and dermis

Which of the following choices does not accurately describe a factor that may result in fatigue? a. An increase in lactic acid, which results in an increase in the pH level. b. Physical damage to the sarcomere c. Low oxygen levels of the environment d. All of the above accurately describe factors that result in fatigue

a. An increase in lactic acid, which results in an increase in the pH level.

The tropomyosin moves, uncovering the binding sites immediately after _____________. a. Ca2+ binds to the troponin C b. the troponin-tropomyosin complex slides toward the Z-lines c. myosin binds to the actin as the power stroke drives the actin toward the m-line d. Ach binds to the troponin A

a. Ca2+ binds to the troponin C

The hardness of bone matrix is due to the presence of __________. a. Ca3(PO4)2 b. Ca2(PO4)3 c. Ca3(PO2)4 d. Ca4(Po2)3

a. Ca3(PO4)2

Which answer describes the subcutaneous layer the best? a. It is not part of the skin b. Most of the stratified epithelial tissue of the body is found here c. Helps to anchor the papillary region directly to the underlying muscle or bone d. all of the above are good answers

a. It is not part of the skin

Which of the following answers does not describe the muscular system? a. Joints more stable as ligaments connect muscle to bone b. Production up to 85% of the body heat c. Functions through the contractions and relaxations of muscle tissue d. all are functions of the muscular system

a. Joints more stable as ligaments connect muscle to bone

The sensory receptors that play a role in 2-point discrimination are the ___________. a. Meissner's corpuscles b. free nerve endings c. Ruffini end organs d. Pacinian receptors

a. Meissner's corpuscles

During relaxation which of the following does not occur? a. Once Ca2+ is removed from the tropomyosin, the troponin covers the binding sites on the actin. b. ACh is destroyed by acetylcholinerase (AChE) c. Ca ions are transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum d. The myosin cross bridge detaches from the actin

a. Once Ca2+ is removed from the tropomyosin, the troponin covers the binding sites on the actin.

A patient comes into your office and describes the following: After a couple of days of having a fever and chills and staying into bed, he got up to go to the bathroom, got dizzy and fell to the floor but quickly recovered. How would you diagnose these symptoms? a. Orthostatic hypotension due to dehydration b. Hyperbatremia due to over hydration c. Orthostatic hypertension due to dehydration d. Hydronatremia due to over hydration

a. Orthostatic hypotension due to dehydration

Which of the following answers does not accurately describe the thick filaments? a. They have two binding sites, one actin and another for Ach b. They need ATP to bind to them to stop the contraction c. They have a golf club shape to them d. They are the myofilament that is also known as myosin

a. They have two binding sites, one actin and another for Ach

All 3 portions of the coxal bone (hip bones) fuse together at a central region called the a. acetabulum b. sciatic notch c. triquetrum d. postulum

a. acetabulum

This pathway for the regeneration or production of ATP is the most efficient and results in the production of the most ATP. a. aerobic respiration b. direct phosphorylation c. the creatine kinase phosphate cycle d. anaerobic respiration

a. aerobic respiration

The skeletal system can be divided into two parts, the _______ a. axial and appendicular b. axial and appendix c. axillary and the appendix d. axillary and appendicular

a. axial and appendicular

The thinnest layer (fewest number of cell layers) of the epidermis is the ____________. a. basale b. lucidum c. granulosum d. corneum

a. basale

Which combination of burns will result in 36% of the body being involved? a. both legs front and back b. the entire right arm and front of the trunk c. the entire front of the trunk only d. the lower portion of the left arm and the entire left leg

a. both legs front and back

Which hormone is responsible for the absorption of calcium and phosphate? a. calcitrol b. PTH c. thyroid hormone d. calcitonin

a. calcitrol

During bone repair which step is described as "a mass of tissue will form at the fracture site that plays a role in lining up the ends of the bones during the healing process"? a. calllus formation b. callus ossification c. hematoma formation d. bone remodeling

a. calllus formation

The mass of tissue that forms at the site of a fracture is called a _____________. There will be 2 of these, one internal and another that is external. a. callus b. hematoma c. chondrotoma d. remodel zone

a. callus

Which body system transports nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body and plays a role in body temperature regulation? a. cardiovascular b. endocrine c. integumentary d. lymphatic

a. cardiovascular

The sarcolemma is the __________. a. cell membrane of a muscle cell b. storage area for calcium c. tube associated with the ACh d. connective tissue around the muscle fiber

a. cell membrane of a muscle cell

Transverse foramen and a bifid spinous process are found in ______________ vertebrae. a. cervical b. thoracic c. lumbar d. sacral

a. cervical

Dermis is characterized by being __________, whereas epidermis is distinguished by being ___________. a. composed largely of dense connective tissue; composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue b. the outermost layer of the skin; under the dermis c. the outer most layer of the skin; composed of stratified epithelial tissue d. composed of stratified epithelial tissue; composed of dense connective tissue

a. composed largely of dense connective tissue; composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue

Which of the following is true of incomplete tetanus? a. consists of a series of contractions in response to a series of stimuli b. the muscle lacks even a partial relaxation c. the stimulation occurs at a pace of 100-300 stimuli per second d. it is related to the number of motor units activated during the contraction

a. consists of a series of contractions in response to a series of stimuli

The layer of the epidermis that is characterized by being made up of completely dead and keratinized cells is the stratum ________. a. corneum b. basale c. granulosum d. lucidum

a. corneum

The thickest layer (most cell layers) of the epidermis is the __________. a. corneum b. lucidum c. granulosum d. basale

a. corneum

In the article about tissue generation, the molecules that were left behind in the extracellular matrix are called _____________ these have the ability to recruit ______ so regeneration of tissue can occur. a. crypteins: stem cells b. crypteins: alpha-1 proteinase c. disparate cells: stem cells d. disparate cells: alpha-1 proteinase

a. crypteins: stem cells

The terms reticular region and stratum granulosum describe the parts of the ____________. a. cutaneous membrane b. superficial fascia c. dermis d. all of the above

a. cutaneous membrane

Which of the following layers of the skin may eventually be used as leather? a. dermis b. subcutaneous c. epidermis d. reticular region

a. dermis

The __________ seperates the superior and inferior portions of the ventral cavity from each other. a. diaphragm b. serous membrane c. mediastinum d. sagittal membrane

a. diaphragm

In the skull of a newborn baby, the space between the developing bones is known as a(n) ______________. a. fontanel b. intramembranous fossa c. central membrane d. all the above

a. fontanel

The study of large body structures such as the bones and the heart is referred to as __________. a. gross anatomy b. surface anatomy c. cytology d. histology

a. gross anatomy

Which of the following answers is correct for describing the bones that are located in the arm? a. humerus b. radius and ulna c. humerus, radius, ulna, carpals d. humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, and metacarpals

a. humerus

Which layer is missing from skin with hair? a. lucidum b. spinosum c. granulosum d. none; it has all layers

a. lucidum

Ca and phosphate are necessary for proper bone growth and development. Which of the minerals listed below also plays a role in this? a. manganese b. copper c. zinc d. sodium

a. manganese

A fascicle consist of bundles of __________. a. muscle fibers b. sarcomeres c. myofibrils d. myofilaments

a. muscle fibers

Osteogenesis imperfect is caused by mutations ______________. a. of genes on either chromosome 17 and chromosome 7 b. of genes resulting in trisomy 21 c. of genes resulting in a missing Y chromosome d. of a gene but it is not known which gene

a. of genes on either chromosome 17 and chromosome 7

This type of fracture exposes the bone to the major possibility of a bacterial infection. a. open b. impacted c. complete d. comminuted

a. open

Which type of bone fracture is defined as consisting of a wound that extends through the skin and down to the fracture site? a. open b. closed c. comminuted d. spiral

a. open

Which answer describes compact bone? a. organized with osteons b. woven c. lamellar d. contains struts known as trabeculae

a. organized with osteons

During new bone formation, the cells that produce the matrix are the ___________. a. osteoblasts b. osteoclasts c. osteocytes d. osteoprogenitor cells

a. osteoblasts

During _____________ proteolytic enzymes act on the bone to release the stored minerals. a. osteolysis b. osteoporification c. ossification d. osteomalacia

a. osteolysis

Which disease is described as a reduction of bone mass that can compromise the normal function of bone as calcium depletion may result in an increase in fractures? a. osteoporosis b. rickets c. osteolysis imperfecta d. osteopetrosis

a. osteoporosis

The term ___________ refers to the skin becoming pale, which that may be an indication of being ill. a. pallor b. erythema c. jaundice d. cyanosis

a. pallor

When blood calcium levels decrease, which of the following hormones is released to stimulate the activity of the osteoclasts? a. parathyroid hormone b. calcitonin c. calcium hydroxyl hormone d. human growth hormone

a. parathyroid hormone

The study of the functions of the human body is the definition of a. physiology b. anatomy c. anatomy and physiology

a. physiology

Which answer correctly completes the following statement? An example of ___________ feedback is _______. a. positive feedback; your heart beating faster and faster due to chronic high blood pressure b. negative feedback; developing a fever to fight a virus c. positive feedback; your heart returning to normal as you cool off after exercising d. negative feedback; shivering to cool off

a. positive feedback; your heart beating faster and faster due to chronic high blood pressure

The epiphyseal plate is divided into 4 zones. The region where chrondrocytes divide and form columns like stacks of coins is the zone of ___________. a. proliferation b. resting cartilage c. calcification d. hypertrophy

a. proliferation

Insufficient amounts of vitamin D may result in a childhood condition known as ______________. a. rickets b. osteoporosis c. scurvy d. osteomyelitis

a. rickets

Oily skin is a result ________________. a. sebum being released from sebaceous glands b. sebum being released from eccrine glands c. sudor being release from sudoriferous glands d. sudor being released from ceruminous glands

a. sebum being released from sebaceous glands

Collectively, the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal membranes are known as the a. serous membranes b. caviteal membranes c. mediastinal membranes d. ventral membranes

a. serous membranes

The system of the body that is responsible for support, protection, and the storage of minerals and fats is the ______________. a. skeletal b. integumentary c. endocrine d. lymphatic

a. skeletal

The structure that divides the scapula into unequal superior and inferior portions ____________. a. spine b. transverse process c. scaphoid d. manubrium

a. spine

Which bone or set of bones does not belong with the other 3? a. thorax b. upper limbs c. lower limbs d. pelvic girdle

a. thorax

Your patellar tendon will attach to which structure? a. tibial tuberosity b. styloid process c. iliac crest d. spine of the scapula

a. tibial tuberosity

On the thin filament there is a small globular protein with 3 subunits . Which subunit binds to actin? a. troponin I b. troponin T c. troponin C d. troponin A

a. troponin I

The ability to activate a few motor units or many motor units allows us to use our muscles _________. a. with a graded response b. according to the all-or none principle c. as fast twitch or slow twitch muscles d. in an anaerobic environment

a. with a graded response

The bone that creates the lateral aspect of the eye socket is the ____________. a. zygomatic b. lacrimal c. nasal d. frontal

a. zygomatic

On average there are how many pairs of true ribs? a. 12 b. 7 c. 5 d. 24

b. 7

The entire length of the thick filaments is the same as the _____________. a. I-band b. A-band c. H-zone d. M-line

b. A-band

Which event occurs just before the "power stroke"? a. Ca binds to the troponin I b. ADP must "pop off" the myosin c. AChE is activated d. Calcium-ATPase performs its function

b. ADP must "pop off" the myosin

Which event happens immediately after the myosin binds to the actin? a. the sarcomere returns to its original length b. ADP pops off the myosin head c. the electrical impulse travels across the sarcolemma d. the "energized" myosin head is cocked and ready to go

b. ADP pops off the myosin head

While out hiking in the woods the temperature unexpectedly drops and you are unprepared for the sudden drop in temperature. As you get colder your ears turn white and then red. This pattern repeats itself over the next 30 minutes. Which answer explains what is happening to your ears? a. As your ears become cold, more blood flowed to them so they showed signs of pallor b. The blood flow to your ears will fluctuate as your body attempts to keep your core warm but occasionally makes sure your ears still have enough warmth so they do not freeze c. The white is a sign that the water in the outer layer of ear tissue has frozen and fallen off and the red is the new, underlying tissue that has not keratinized. d. Cold temperatures stimulate the free nerve endings resulting in pain from temperatures of less than 10 C

b. The blood flow to your ears will fluctuate as your body attempts to keep your core warm but occasionally makes sure your ears still have enough warmth so they do not freeze

You are standing with your upper limb hanging next to your body and the palm of your hand is against your leg, when you supinate your forearm which of the following is correct? a. The radius does not really change positions b. The radius rotates as the thumb moves laterally from the leg c. The radius rotates as the thumb moves medially toward the leg d. The radius rotates but is it limited by the styloid process

b. The radius rotates as the thumb moves laterally from the leg

After Ca2+ is reasbsorbed in the sarcoplamsic reticulum which of the following occurs? a. The myosin binds to the actin b. The sarcomere returns to its original length c. The synaptic vesicles bind to the cell membrane of the axon terminal d. The ATP releases its energy

b. The sarcomere returns to its original length

Which of the following answers is not one of the functions of the integumentary system? a. Cells filled with keratohyalin protect the underlying layers from chemical damage b. Urea, uric acid, and lactic acid contribute to the "acid mantle" that encourages bacterial growth c. Helps to produce vitamin D when the skin is exposed to sunlight d. Regulation of blood flow through the skin helps to regulate blood temperature

b. Urea, uric acid, and lactic acid contribute to the "acid mantle" that encourages bacterial growth

The neurotransmitter that is associated with the muscular system is ____________. a. seratonin b. acetylcholine c. calcium d. adenosine triphosphate

b. acetylcholine

Being a sign of sexually maturity is a possible reason the ________ glands become active during puberty. a. ceruminous b. apocrine c. eccrine d. sudoriferous

b. apocrine

The part of parts of the skeletal system that consist of the skull, ribs(thorax), and vertebral column is the _______. a. axillary skeleton b. axial skeleton c. appendicualr skeleton d. axillary and the appendicualr skeleton

b. axial skeleton

Weight training or exercise will increase the amount of stress on a bone. This will result in _____________. a. bones becoming thicker and longer b. bones becoming more dense and thicker c. bones becoming longer and more dense d. bones becoming thicker as they atrophy

b. bones becoming more dense and thicker

When blood calcium levels increase, which of the following hormones is released to remove calcium from the blood by placing it into the bones or excreting it into the urine? a. pituitary hormone b. calcitonin c. parathyroid hormone d. calcitrol

b. calcitonin

Spongy bone is another name for __________ bone a. compact b. cancellous c. lamellar d. spicular

b. cancellous

What type of bone is described by the words dense and smooth? a. smooth bone b. compact bone c. spongy bone d. none of the above

b. compact bone

The epidermis is characterized by being _________. whereas dermis is distinguished by being _______. a. the innermost layer of the skin; under the epidermis b. composed of stratified epithelial tissue; composed of dense connective tissue c. composed largely of connective tissue; composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue d. the outer most layer of the skin; composed of stratified epithelial tissue

b. composed of stratified epithelial tissue; composed of dense connective tissue

Which one of the following answers has the layers of the epidermis listed in the correct order, from the most superficial to the deepest, for hairy skin? a. corneum, lucidum, garnulosum, spinosum, and basale b. corneum, granulosum, spinosum , and basale c. basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum d. basale, spinosum, granulosum, and corneum

b. corneum, granulosum, spinosum , and basale

The outer layer of hair is described as a single layer of cells that overlap like shingles is the ___________. a. medulla b. cuticle c. cortex d. lunula

b. cuticle

The majority of the skeleton is formed during a process known as _______ a. intramembranous ossification b. endochondral ossification c. endochondral calcification d. intramembranous calcification

b. endochondral ossification

This hormone helps to suppress osteoclast activity and a reduction of it is responsible for an increase in osteoporosis _____________. a. PTH b. estrogen c. calcitonin d. thyroid

b. estrogen

A naturally good sprinter was probably born with more of these types of muscle fibers, ___________. a. slow twitch b. fast twitch c. intermediate

b. fast twitch

A passage or tunnel through a bone which contains nerves and/or blood vessels is called a ___________. a. sinus b. foramen c. meatus d. trochanter

b. foramen

Which type of bone fracture is defined as an incomplete fracture that is common in young children? a. closed b. greenstick c. comminuted d. spiral

b. greenstick

Which of the following answers is not a characteristic of the epidermis? a. makes up part of the cutaneous membrane b. has a blood supply c. may consist of 4 or 5 layers d. parts of it are made up of dead cells

b. has a blood supply

One function of the skin is to act as a protective barrier and another to play a role in ________. a. respiration b. heat retention c. synthesis of vitamin E d. communication

b. heat retention

Bone growth in areas other than the skeletal system is called ___________. a. homotopic bone formation b. heterotopic bone formation c. heterosteonic growth d. homosteonic growth

b. heterotopic bone formation

Maintaining a stable internal environment is called a. hypostasis b. homeostasis c. hyperstasis d. heterostasis

b. homeostasis

According to the article Drink to Your Health, excessive exercise coupled with drinking too much water may result in a condition known as a. hypernatremia b. hyponatremia c. hydronatremia d. heteronatremia

b. hyponatremia

The hair root is the portion of the hair that ___________. a. extends above the skin b. is below the skin c. is surrounded by the cuticle d. is totally superior to the hair bulb

b. is below the skin

Endochondral ossification ________________. a. involves embryonic mesenchyme b. is the process that produces most of the skeletal system c. ends around 2 years of age d. all the above describe endochondral ossification

b. is the process that produces most of the skeletal system

All of the following answers describe the subcutaneous (membrane) layer except for ________. a. it helps to create the curves that help distinguish women from men b. it is the deepest layer of the skin c. it may contain up to half of the body's stored adipose tissue d. it is also known as the hypodermis

b. it is the deepest layer of the skin

The suture that separates the occipital bone from the parietal bones is the ______________. a. squamous b. lambdoid c. coronal d. sagittal

b. lambdoid

Normally there are 5 ________ . a. cervical vertebrae b. lumbar vertebrae c. coccyx vertebrae d. thoracic vertebrae

b. lumbar vertebrae

The whitish crescent at the base of a fingernail is called the ________. a. lanugo b. lunula c. root d. cuticle

b. lunula

The cells of the basale layer ______________. a. are made up of stable cells so they are capable of continued cell growth through life b. may take up to 45 days (give or take) to reach the surface and fall off c. are not present in hairless skin d. are located in the most superficial layer of the superficial fascia

b. may take up to 45 days (give or take) to reach the surface and fall off

The sternal body region is _______ compared to the acromial region. a. posterior and medial b. medial and inferior c. anterior and inferior proximal and anterior

b. medial and inferior

Moving ________ from the ears brings you to the eyes a. deep b. medially c. superficially d. superiorly

b. medially

Which pigment is the main pigment in determining your natural skin color? a. folic acid b. melanin c. hemoglobin d. carotene

b. melanin

Which of the following answers is in order from the smallest to the largest? a. myofibril, myofilament, muscle fiber, muscle fascicle, muscle b. myofilament, myofibril, muscle fiber, muscle fascicle, muscle c. muscle, muscle fascicle, myofibril, muscle fiber, myofilament d. muscle, muscle fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril, myofilament

b. myofilament, myofibril, muscle fiber, muscle fascicle, muscle

Which answer describes heterotopic bone formation? a. a condition caused by a decrease in osteoblast activity b. ossification of soft tissue on places other than the skeletal system c. a softening of the bone due to decrease of the Ca content d. all the above describe some aspect of heterotopic bone formation

b. ossification of soft tissue on places other than the skeletal system

Mature bones cells are called ____________. a. osteoblasts b. osteocytes c. osteoclasts d. osteoprogenitors

b. osteocytes

The process of building new bone is called ____________. a. osteoexodus b. osteogenesis c. osteolevitcus d. osteodeuteronomy

b. osteogenesis

The condition that occurs when the motor neurons are destroyed by a virus is __________ a. myasthenia gravis b. polio c. tetanus d. muscular dystrophy

b. polio

The epiphyseal plate is divided into 4 zones. The region where chondrocytes increase in number and are arranged like stacks of coins is the zone of ____. a. resting cartilage b. proliferation c. hypertrophy d. calcification

b. proliferation

The body region that is described as being the base of the spine, median to the coxal region is the a. lumbar b. sacral c. iliac d. acromial

b. sacral

The functional unit of the muscle is the ___________. a. sarcolemma b. sarcomere c. sarcoplasta d. sarcoplasmic reticulum

b. sarcomere

Excessive exposure of the skin to U.V. radiation may cause redness, bullae, and pain. The presence of bullae classifies this burn as _____________. a. first degree b. second degree c. third degree d. none of the above

b. second degree

Which fibers contain the myoglobin, resulting in dark meat? a. fast twitch b. slow twitch c. intermediate

b. slow twitch

The trabeculae are a defining characteristic of _____________. a. lamellar bone b. spongy bone c. compact bone d. smooth bone

b. spongy bone

Cells that do not divide after growth ceases but retain the ability to do so are classified as ___________. a. labile cells and neurons are a good example of this b. stable cells and bone is a good example of this c. granular cells and skin is a good example of this d. permanent cells and mucous membrane are a good example of this

b. stable cells and bone is a good example of this

When giving CPR it is helpful to have an understanding of __________ anatomy. a. developmental b. surface c. gross d. cytological

b. surface

The tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia and transfers the weight toward the toes is the _______. a. cuboid b. talus c. navicular d. temporal

b. talus

During puberty, _____________ hairs replaced the _________ hairs in the axillary region. a. vellus: languo b. terminal: vellus c. lunula: vellus d. lanugo: terminal

b. terminal: vellus

The bacteria disease that causes a muscular disease that results in the constant contraction of the affected fibers as the inhibitory actions are blocked is _________. a. botulism b. tetanus c. trichinosis d. myasthenia gravis

b. tetanus

Which answer describes the muscular system? The system of the body... a. that provides protection, reduces water loss, and produces vitamin D. b. that produces body movements, both internally and externally c. that provides protection and support, allows body movement, and produces blood cells d. that transports nutrients, waste products, and plays a role in body temperature regulation

b. that produces body movements, both internally and externally

Which answer best describes the skeletal system? The system of the body... a. that provides protection, reduces water loss, and produces vitamin D b. that provides protection and support, allows body movement, and produces blood cells c. that produces body movements, both internally and externally d. that transports nutrients, waster products, and plays a role in body temperature regulation

b. that provides protection and support, allows body movement, and produces blood cells

Which answer completes the following sentence? Just before Ca2+ is released from its reservoir _____. a. ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft b. the electric impulse travels down the t-tubule c. seratonin binds to the actin d. ATP is released from the vesicles of the axon terminal

b. the electric impulse travels down the t-tubule

It is theorized that lighter skin is an evolutionary response to _______. a. the need to protect vitamin D from ultraviolet rays in strong sunlight areas b. the need to produce vitamin D as the skin is exposed to sunlight in weak sun areas c. the need to protect folate as the skin is exposed to sunlight in weak areas d. the need to produce folate as the skin is exposed to sunlight in weak sun areas

b. the need to produce vitamin D as the skin is exposed to sunlight in weak sun areas

Tropomyosin is ________________. a. the rope like protein that covers the binding sites on the myosin b. the rope like protein that covers the binding site on the actin c. the protein that is made up of three subunits, 1 for actin, 1 for calcium, and 1 for myosin d. the protein that is made up of three subunits, 1 for actin, 1 for calcium, and 1 for ATP

b. the rope like protein that covers the binding site on the actin

This hormone will increase the metabolic rate of all tissues. a. estrogen b. thyroid hormone c. calcitonin d. calcitrol

b. thyroid hormone

Which vitamin is involved with the synthesis of calcitrol? a. vitamin C b. vitamin D c. vitamin A d. vitamin B12

b. vitamin D

Given these zones within the epiphyseal plate: 1. zone of hypertrophy 2. zone of resting cartilage 3. zone of calcification 4. zone of proliferation Arrange them in the correct order, from epiphysis to the diaphysis a. 1,2,3,4 b. 4,3,2,1 c. 2,4,1,3 d. 3,2,1,4

c. 2,4,1,3

Which statement is accurate concerning bone remodeling? a. Certain hormones will be released when the blood becomes hypercaloric b. More Ca will be deposited into the matrix when the blood is hypocalcemic c. Bones or parts of bones will become thicker and stronger in response to an increase in pull of gravity or the pull of muscles d. All the statements are accurate

c. Bones or parts of bones will become thicker and stronger in response to an increase in pull of gravity or the pull of muscles

Which of the following statements is not true? a. After exercise you breathe hard until your oxygen debt is repaid b. Muscle fatigue is the term that is sued when a muscle fiber will no longer contract despite continued neural stimulation c. Lactic acid is only recycled in the muscle fibers d. Moderate levels of exercise will not deplete ATP levels quickly because the three pathways of ATP production can work all the time

c. Lactic acid is only recycled in the muscle fibers

The reticular region of the integumentary system can be described as _______________________. a. Consisting of irregularly arranged layers of epithelial tissue that interlaces in a net-like fashion b. Consisting of small finger-like structures which greatly increase the surface area c. The thickest layer of the dermis d. may contain up to half of the body's stored fat

c. The thickest layer of the dermis

A muscle fiber is also known as _______________. a. a sarcomere b. a myofilament c. a muscle cell d. the collection of thin and thick filaments

c. a muscle cell

Osteomalacia is a disease or disorder of the bone that is characterized by _____________. a. a condition caused by a decrease in osteoclast activity, causing increased bone mass and skeletal deformities b. a reduction in bone mass that will compromise normal function c. a softening of the bone due to a decrease in Ca content d. painful bacterial infection of the bone which may lead to a complete destruction of the bone

c. a softening of the bone due to a decrease in Ca content

The thin filaments are also referred to as ___________. a. troponin I b. troponin A c. actin d. tropomyosin

c. actin

Special smooth muscles in the dermis that produce "goose bumps" when contracted are called ____________. a. root sheaths b. cuticular papillae c. arrector pili d. tissue papillae

c. arrector pili

The skin cancer that is the most common is ____________. a. melanoma b. benign carcinoma c. basal cell carcinoma d. actinic carcinoma

c. basal cell carcinoma

Cells of the stratum _______ can divide and push upward or downward as they grow and change into structures associated with the different layers of the integumentary system? a. granulosum b. spinosum c. basale d. corneum

c. basale

The heel of the foot is formed by the ____________ bone. a. talus b. patella c. calcaneus d. navicular

c. calcaneus

Which hormone is responsible for the absorption of calcium and phosphate? a. PTH b. thyroid hormone c. calcitrol d. calcitonin

c. calcitrol

The words dense and smooth describe ____________. a. spongy bone b. cancellous bone c. compact bone d. lamellar bone

c. compact bone

The terms papillary region and reticular region describe parts of the __________. a. epidermis b. subcutaneous layer c. dermis d. superficial fascia

c. dermis

The zone of growth in a long bone is the ______________. a. osteon b. articular surface c. epiphyseal plate d. diaphysis

c. epiphyseal plate

This term refers to a reddening of the face that may indicate embarrassment _________. a. jaundice b. cyanosis c. erythema d. pallor

c. erythema

In muscle tissue, the ability to be stretched is referred to as ______________. a. elasticity b. excitability c. extensibility d. contractility

c. extensibility

The sensory receptors that respond to pain and temperature are the ________. a. Meissner's corpuscles b. Ruffini end organs c. free nerve endings d. Pacinian receptors

c. free nerve endings

During bone repair, which step is described as "blood vessels" from the periosteum are damaged and a blood clot appears? a. callus formation b. callus ossification c. hematoma formation d. bone remodeling

c. hematoma formation

Which answer has the major steps of bone repair in order? a. hematoma formation, bone remodeling, callus formation, and callus ossification b. callus formation, hematoma formation, callus ossification, and bone remodeling c. hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, and bone remodeling d. bone remodeling, callus ossification, callus formation, and hematoma formation

c. hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, and bone remodeling

If your blood calcium levels are low, you have ____________ a. hydrocalcemia b. hypercalcemia c. hypocalcemia d. none of the above

c. hypocalcemia

The increased surface area of the finger tips results _________. a. from the dermal papillae of the reitcular region b. partially from the folds of adipose tissue of the hypodermis c. in a better grip d. all the above

c. in a better grip

The mental region, compared to the mouth, is best described as being __________. a. distal b. lateral c. inferior d. acromial

c. inferior

The system of the body that serves as a protective layer, aids in heat retention and loss, and aids in the excretion of urea and uric acid is the ________________. a. digestive b. urinary c. integumentary d. endocrine

c. integumentary

Muscle contractions occur as a result of ______________. a. shortening of the I-band, which contains thin filaments only b. the interconnecting fibers of the Z-lines c. interactions between the thick and thin filaments of the sarcomere d. shortening of the A band that contains thick and thin filaments

c. interactions between the thick and thin filaments of the sarcomere

Contracting in more than 0.03 seconds, a large diameter, and large glycogen reserves is describing _________. a. fast twitch fibers b. slow twitch fibers c. intermediate fibers

c. intermediate fibers

Which substance causes the nucleus and organelles to start to deteriorate? a. melanin b. uric acid c. keratohyalin d. basale

c. keratohyalin

The vertebra in the picture below is from which level of the vertebral column? (Triangular/ 90 degrees) a. cervical b. thoracic c. lumbar d. sacrum

c. lumbar

The nervous system is described as: a. produces body movements and maintains posture, and produces body heat b. provides protection and support, allows for movement, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat c. major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiologic processes, and intellectual functions, spreads messages quickly d. major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, and reproduction, spreads messages slowly

c. major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiologic processes, and intellectual functions, spreads messages quickly

Where would you find the thinnest layer of the dermis? a. dorsal aspect of the arm b. lateral aspect of the arm c. medial aspect of the arm d. the dermis is of equal thickness all over the body

c. medial aspect of the arm

A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls is known as a ___________. a. graded response b. crossbridge c. motor unit d. synaptic cleft

c. motor unit

Replacement of tissue can be described as the _______. a. new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed and a scar develops b. new cells form a new type of tissue and normal function is restored c. new cells form a new type of tissue, a scar develops, and a loss of some function may develop d. new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed and normal function is restored

c. new cells form a new type of tissue, a scar develops, and a loss of some function may develop

The replacement of other tissues with bone is the definition of __________________. a. hematopoiesis b. osteogenesis c. ossification d. ossicalcification

c. ossification

Which of the following cells is characterized by containing up to 50 nuclei and releasing nucleic acids and proteolytic enzymes? a. osteocyte b. osteoblast c. osteoclast d. osteoprogenitor

c. osteoclast

Cells that produce acids and proteolytic enzymes are the _________________. a. osteocytes b. osteoblasts c. osteoclasts d. osteoprogenitors

c. osteoclasts

This bone makes up the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth. a. vomer b. ethmoid c. palatine d. maxilla

c. palatine

Which structure is not located on the temporal bone? a. styloid process b. carotid canal c. palatine d. mastoid process

c. palatine

When blood calcium levels decrease, which hormones will be released to stimulate the activity of the osetoclasts? a. calcitonin b. calcium hydroxyl hormone c. parathyroid hormone d. human growth hormone

c. parathyroid hormone

Which specific cavity can be described as being the medial cavity within the superior portion of the ventral cavity? a. pleural b. pelvic c. pericardial d. peritoneal

c. pericardial

If you break the lateral bone of your forearm, you have fractured your ______________. a. ulna b. humerus c. radius d. olecranon

c. radius

According to the article, Drink to Your Health, water performs several crucial functions. Which answer is not one of these functions? a. helps to eliminate wastes b. maintains blood volume and pressure c. regulates a normal respiration rate d. nourishes cells

c. regulates a normal respiration rate

Which answer is not associated with primary or secondary union of tissue repair. a. neutrophils b. granulation tissue c. reticular tissue d. fibrin

c. reticular tissue

A temporary condition in which a vitamin C deficiency results in weak and brittle bones is ______. a. rickets b. osteogenesis imperfecta c. scurvy d. osteomyelitis

c. scurvy

Which of the following is not a sweat gland or derivative of a sweat gland a. eccrine glands b. ceruminous glands c. sebaceous glands d. they are all sweat glands

c. sebaceous glands

Bones that are defined as being round and flat are ______. a. irregular bones b. flat bones c. sesamoid bones d. long bones

c. sesamoid bones

If you were organizing the body systems, which system would go under the heading of support and movement? a. endocrine b. digestive c. skeletal d. integumentary

c. skeletal

What type of bone tissue forms first and surrounds the medullary cavity? It is also found where bones have stress arriving from many different directions. a. compact bone b. medullary bone c. spongy bone d. replacement bone

c. spongy bone

The myosin head becomes "cocked" by ______________. a. the energy being released by the ATP binding to the myosin b. the energy being released by the ADP being removed from the action c. the energy being released by the ATP being split into ADP and P d. the energy being released by the action bring pulled toward the M-line

c. the energy being released by the ATP being split into ADP and P

The weight bearing bone of the lower leg is the _____________. a. fibula b. fibia c. tibia d. tibula

c. tibia

The restoration of tissue architecture and function is the definition of __________. a. tissue regeneration b. tissue replacement c. tissue repair

c. tissue repair

What large protein holds the myosin filaments in position and allow the sarcomere the stretch and recoil? a. nebulin b. f-actin c. titin d. tropimyosin

c. titin

Which answer is an example of an irregular bone? a. femur b. ribs c. vertebrae d. patella

c. vertebrae

Ca and phosphate are needed for proper bone growth and development. Which of the other minerals listed below do not play a role in this? a. magnesium b fluoride c. zinc d. iron

c. zinc

Ca and phosphate are needed for proper bone growth and development. Which of the other minerals listed below do not play a role in this? a. magnesium b. fluoride c. zinc d. iron

c. zinc

Which vitamin plays a role in the synthesis of collagen? a. D b. A c. E d. C

d. C

Which sentence accurately described melanin and skin color? a. A lack of enzyme tyrosinase will result in an over production of melanin, you can't stop making melanin b. The amount and type of melanin produced by your body is determined by the environment you are born into. c. When exposed to UV radiation, melanin production will increase to protect vitamin D d. Darker skinned people have the same number of melanocytes but produce more melanin than lighter skinned people

d. Darker skinned people have the same number of melanocytes but produce more melanin than lighter skinned people

Which of the following choices is not a characteristic of the dermis? a. Contains cells that may have migrated down from the stratum basale b. Consists of 2 layers c. Gives skin its strength d. Described as vascular because it lacks a blood supply

d. Described as vascular because it lacks a blood supply

Which answer is not an accessory structure of the integumentary? a. vellus hair b. nails c. sebaceous glands d. Merkel disks

d. Merkel disks

During a contraction which of the following answers does not describe the sarcomere? a. Myosin pulls the thin filaments toward the M line. b. The Z-lines get closer together c. The width of the I band decreases d. The A band gets smaller

d. The A band gets smaller

Which of the following is not true of secondary union? a. Healing and repair is similar to primary union b. Results in larger scars than primary union d. Stitches will be required to minimize scarring d. The amount of granulation tissue will be the same as primary union but there is less fibrin

d. The amount of granulation tissue will be the same as primary union but there is less fibrin

Which of the following statements best describes the anatomical position? a. The body facing forward with the fingers proximal to the carpals b. The body facing forward with the arms out to the side c. The body facing forward with the hands down by the side d. The body facing forward with the arms by the side and palms forward

d. The body facing forward with the arms by the side and palms forward

It is known that mechanical stress applied to a broken bone will increase osteoblast activity and speed up bone recovery. Which statement is also true? a. Weak pulses of light applied directly to the skin will speed up the healing of a bone b. Weak pulses of sound will speed up the healing of a bone c. Weak forces associated pulling on a broken bone will speed up the healing of a bone d. Weak pulses of electricity will speed up the healing of a bone.

d. Weak pulses of electricity will speed up the healing of a bone.

Which of the following best describes a lacuna in a bone? a. an indentation within a bone that houses an osteoclast b. a space within the bone for marrow development c. another term for the dipole of a flat bone d. a cavity within a bone to house an osteocyte

d. a cavity within a bone to house an osteocyte

A comminuted fracture is defined as _____________. a. a wound that extends down to the bone or when the bone protrudes from the skin b. a fracture that does not extend across the entire bone c. is very common in young children d. a complete fracture where there are multiple fragments

d. a complete fracture where there are multiple fragments

Eccrine glands are described as ________________. a. the most common type of endocrine gland b. modified glands that produce earwax c. glands that become active around puberty d. a type of sweat gland that opens directly to the surface of the skin

d. a type of sweat gland that opens directly to the surface of the skin

The folds in the papillary region ____________. a. are known as dermal papillae b. result in fingerprints c. increases surface area, so we can have more sensory nerves and a better grip on objects d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Bone remodeling may occur ________________. a. as bones grow longer and thicker b. as bones adjust to stress c. constantly during a person's lifetime d. all of these choices are correct

d. all of these choices are correct

Bone remodeling will occur __________________. a. as bones grow b. as bones adjust to stress c. throughout a person's lifetime d. all of these choices are correct

d. all of these choices are correct

A partial-thickness burn can be described as __________. a. consisting of 1st or 2nd degree burns b. should not leave a scar c. may be a result of a sunburn d. all the above

d. all the above

Anaerobic respiration may play a role in __________. a. the production of pyruvic acid b. the production of lactic acid c. muscle fatigue d. all the above

d. all the above

The total force exerted by a muscle as a whole depends on _____________. a. the rate of stimulation b. how many motor units are activated c. the availability of calcium ions d. all the above

d. all the above

Tissue damage and/or cell death caused by intense heat, electricity, or UV radiation is associated with _____. a. full-thickness burns b. first degree burns c. red and painful skin with blisters d. all the above

d. all the above

Normal muscle function requires the following: a. substantial energy supply b. a normal circulatory supply c. a normal blood oxygen level d. all the above are necessary

d. all the above are necessary

The part or parts of the skeletal system that contain the upper limbs and pelvic girdle is, or are, called the _____________. a. axial skeleton b. axillary skeleton c. axillary and the appendicular skeleton d. appendicular skeleton

d. appendicular skeleton

Which answer has the layers of the epidermis listed in the correct order from the deepest to the most superficial for hairless skin? a. basale, spinosum, granulosum, and corneum b. corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale c. corneum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale d. basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum

d. basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum

During which event will parts of the periosteum fold inward and become the endosteum? a. bones growing longer b. endochondral calcification c. intramembranoud ossification d. bones growing thicker

d. bones growing thicker

The communicating canals that allow information to be shared between osteocytes are __________. a. Volkmann's canals b. lamella c. Haversian canals d. canaliculi

d. canaliculi

The communicating canals that allow osteocytes to pass information along to each other within the same osteon are the _________________. a. Volkmann's canals b. lamella c. Haversian's canals d. canaliculi

d. canaliculi

The glands that produce earwax are the _____ glands. a. apocrine b. eccrine c. sudoiferous d. ceruminous

d. ceruminous

The bones can flex and twist due to the presence of _____________. a. calcium phosphate b. carbonate c. carcinogen d. collagen

d. collagen

Vitamin C plays a role in the formation of __________. a. calcitrol b. calcium phosphate c. calcitonin d. collagen

d. collagen

A fracture that results in at least 2 pieces is called a _________ fracture. a. closed b. spiral c. open d. complete

d. complete

All of the following structures are facial bones except for ____________. a. nasal b. maxilla c. vomer d. cuboid

d. cuboid

The ankle is _________ when compared to the knee a. proximal b. caudal c. inferior d. distal

d. distal

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds the muscle fiber is the _______________. a. epimysium b. perimysium c. exomysium d. endomysium

d. endomysium

During tissue repair "young cells" produce a substance that is needed for proper tissue repair. Which answer has this "young cell" properly matched up with a substance it produces? a. fibrin : cytoblasts b. prostaglandins : blood clots c. histamines : granulation tissue d. fibroblasts : collagen

d. fibroblasts : collagen

Which answer has the major steps of bone repair in order? a. hematoma formation, bone remodeling, callus formation, and callus ossification b. callus formation, hematoma formation, callus ossification, and bone remodeling c. bone remodeling, callus ossification, callus formation, and hematoma formation d. hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, and bone remodeling

d. hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, and bone remodeling

One of the functions of the skeletal system is to produce blood cells in a process called __________. a. osteopoiesis b. myopoiesis c. chrondropoiesis d. hematopoiesis

d. hematopoiesis

Which skin condition is caused by a bacterial infection that results in yellow crusty lesions? a. psoriasis b. vitiligo c. Markles syndrome d. impetigo

d. impetigo

An abnormal curvature of the upper spine is known as _______________. a. scoliosis b. alkalosis c. lordosis d. kyphosis

d. kyphosis

The rooms that osteocytes are found in are called _____________. a. osteons b. canaliculi c. lamella d. lacuna

d. lacuna

The "all-or-none" concept of skeletal muscle contractions means that __________. a. all muscles contract completely and not partially b. muscle fascicles contract completely c. all the action and the myosin molecules in the muscle contract d. muscle fibers contract completely

d. muscle fibers contract completely

A muscle that is voluntary and not striated is __________. a. skeletal b. cardiac c. smooth d. none of the above

d. none of the above

Hairless skin lacks which of the following layers? a. papillary b. lucidum c. spinosum d. none, all are present

d. none, all are present

Which of the following lists is in the correct order of decreasing levels of complexity? a. chemicals-cellular-tissues-organs-organ systems-organism b. cells-macromolecules-tissues-body-organs c. chemicals-tissues-cells-organ systems-organs-organism d. organism-organ system-organ-tissues-cellular-chemical

d. organism-organ system-organ-tissues-cellular-chemical

Immature bone cells are called ___________ a. osteoclasts b. osteocytes c. osteomytes d. osteoblasts

d. osteoblasts

Due to poor blood flow and a loss of capillaries, diabetics may suffer from this bacterial infection of the bone. a. rickets b. osteogenesis imperfect c. osteomalacia d. osteomyelitis

d. osteomyelitis

The portion of the coxal bone that is defined as being located inferior and anterior is _______________. a. ischium b. ilium c. femur d. pubis

d. pubis

During tissue repair, the presence of more ________ will result in larger scars. a. granulation tissue b. fibrin c. neutrophils d. reticular tissue

d. reticular tissue

The calcium reservoir of the muscle cell is called the __________________. a. sarcolemma b. sarcomere c. sarcoplasta d. sarcoplasmic reticulum

d. sarcoplasmic reticulum

The carpal bones are examples of a(n) _______ bones a. irregular b. flat c. long d. short

d. short

The term lateral refers to a structure that is toward the _________ a. front b. back c. middle d. side

d. side

The other name for cancellous bone is ___________ bone. a. compact b. lamellar c. modeled d. spongy

d. spongy

When seated a person's body weight is supported by which structure? a. the occipital condyles b. the lacrimal bone c. the coccyx d. the ischial tuberosity

d. the ischial tuberosity

The muscular system and the nervous system comes together at the ________. a. the neurolemma b. the sarcolemma c. the musculo-neuro junction d. the neuromuscular junction

d. the neuromuscular junction

Which layer or region of the integumentary system can be described as follows? "Consists of irregularly arranged connective tissue that interlaces in a net-like fashion." a. the subcutaneous layer of the epidermis b. the stratum spinosum of the subcutaneous region c. the papillary region of the dermis d. the reticular region of the dermis

d. the reticular region of the dermis

The plane that will divide the body into top and bottom portions is the _________ plane a. frontal b. midsaggital c. sagittal d. transverse

d. transverse

Which cavity listed, is the least specific for the correct location of the heart? a. pleural b. thoracic c. pericardial d. ventral

d. ventral

Which bone forms most of the nasal septum? a. sphenoid b. ethmoid c. nasal d. vomer

d. vomer

Which group of bones or structures is found exclusively in the axial skeleton? a. frontal bone, temporal bone, scaphoid, and coccyx b. manubrium, parietal bone, vertebrae, and lunate c. cranium, xyphoid process, mandible, and the scapula d. xyphoid process, occipital bone, lacrimal bone, and sphenoid

d. xyphoid process, occipital bone, lacrimal bone, and sphenoid

Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? a. support b. protection c. movement d. storage of minerals and fat e. all the above are functions

e. all the above are functions